Astm F 788-05

Designation: F 788/F 788M – 05
Standard Specification for

Surface Discontinuities of Bolts, Screws, and Studs, Inch
and Metric Series1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 788/F 788M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This specification establishes allowable limits for the 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2
various types of surface discontinuities that may occur during E 340 Test Method for Macroetching Metals and Alloys
the manufacture and processing of bolts, screws, and studs, F 1470 Guide for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechani-
including heat-treated machine screws, tapping screws, and cal Properties and Performance Inspection
sems (the washers of screw-washer assemblies are excluded). F 1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical Fasteners
This specification covers metric series products with nominal 2.2 ISO Standard:3
diameters of 4 mm and larger and with specified minimum ISO 6157/I Fasteners, Surface Discontinuities on Bolts,
tensile strengths of 800 MPa and greater; and inch series Screws and Studs
products with nominal diameters of No. 5 (0.1250 in.) and
larger and with specified minimum tensile strengths of 90 000 3. Ordering Information
psi and greater. 3.1 Orders for bolts, screws, and studs requiring disconti-
1.2 The values stated in either SI (metric) or inch-pound nuity control shall include the following:
units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values 3.1.1 ASTM designation and date of issue of this specifica-
stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each tion.
system must be used independently of the other. Combining 3.1.2 Special requirements, for example, closer discontinu-
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values from the two systems may result in nonconformance ity limits (1.3.1) and inspection sampling plan (6.2).
with the specification.
1.3 When the engineering requirements of the application 4. Types of Surface Discontinuities (see Terminology
necessitate control of surface discontinuities on bolts, screws, F 1789 for definitions not provided)
or studs, the purchaser shall specify conformance to ASTM 4.1 Crack
Specification F 788/F 788M, in the original inquiry and pur- 4.1.1 Quench Cracks—Typical quench cracks are shown in
chase order. Fig. 1. Limits are specified in 5.2.
1.3.1 When the engineering requirements of the application 4.1.2 Forging Cracks—Typical forging cracks are shown in
necessitate that surface discontinuities on bolts, screws, and Fig. 2. Limits are specified in 5.3.
studs be controlled within limits closer than those specified in 4.2 Burst—Typical bursts are shown in Fig. 3. Limits are
this specification, the purchaser shall specify the applicable specified in 5.4.
limits in the original inquiry and purchase order. 4.2.1 Shear Burst—A shear burst is an open break in the
1.4 The allowable limits established in this specification for metal located at approximately a 45° angle to the product axis.
metric bolts, screws, and studs with nominal diameters from 4 Shear bursts occur most frequently at the periphery of products
to 24 mm inclusive, are essentially identical with requirements having flanged or circular heads. Shear bursts may also occur
given in ISO 6157/I. There are no ISO standards for surface on the sides of hex-head products. Typical shear bursts are
discontinuities on any inch-series products. shown in Fig. 3. Limits are specified in 5.4.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.93 on Quality Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Assurance Provisions for Fasteners. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originally Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F 788/F 788M – 02. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
Copyright ASTM International 1

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved);
Reproduced by IHS under license with ASTM Licensee=Instituto Mexicano Del Petroleo/3139900100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 10/26/2005 13:33:48 MDT
Reproduction authorized per License Agreement with Kathe Hooper (ASTMIHS Account); Mon Oct 24 13:44:35 EDT 2005
F 788/F 788M – 05
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FIG. 1 Typical Quench Cracks
mum) or head diameter (specified maximum) of circular head

products. For metric series products, D and Dc are in millime-
tres; for inch-series products, D and Dc are in inches.
5.2 Quench Cracks—Quench cracks of any depth, any
length, or in any location are not permitted.
5.3 Forging Cracks—Forging cracks on the top of the head
of bolts and screws are permitted, provided that (a) no crack
shall have a length exceeding 1.0 D, and (b) no crack shall have
FIG. 2 Typical Forging Cracks a width or depth exceeding 0.04 D. See Note 1.
NOTE 1—Forging cracks within the limits of this specification may be
unsightly, but do not affect the mechanical properties or functional
4.3 Seam—Typical seams are shown in Fig. 4. Limits are requirements of the bolt.
specified in 5.5.
4.4 Fold—Typical folds are shown in Fig. 5 a, b, and c. 5.4 Bursts and Shear Bursts (see Note 2):
Limits are specified in 5.6. 5.4.1 For hex-head bolts and screws, bursts and shear bursts
4.5 Thread Lap—Limits are specified in Supplementary are permitted, provided that: (1) no burst or shear burst in the
Requirement S.1.1. flats extends into the crown (chamfer) circle on the top of the
4.6 Void—A void is a shallow pocket or hollow on the head or into the underhead bearing circle, (2) no burst or shear
surface of a bolt or screw due to nonfilling of metal during burst located at the intersection of two wrenching flats reduces
forging. Voids are produced by marks or impressions of chips the width across corners below its specified minimum, and (3)
(shear burrs) or by rust formation on the raw material. They are no burst or shear burst has a width or depth greater than .06D
not planished during forging. Typical voids are shown in Fig. but not to exceed .062 in. (1.6 mm).
6. Limits are specified in 5.7. 5.4.2 For flange bolts and screws and products with circular
4.7 Tool Marks—Tool marks are longitudinal or circumfer- heads, bursts and shear bursts at the periphery of the flange or
ential grooves of shallow depth produced by the movement of head are permitted, provided that: (1) not more than one burst
manufacturing tools over the surface of the bolt or screw. or shear burst has a width greater than 0.04 Dc , and (2) the
Typical tool marks are shown in Fig. 7. Limits are specified in width of the one burst or shear burst that exceeds a width of
5.8. 0.04 Dc does not have a width greater than 0.08 Dc.
4.8 Gouge—A gouge is an indentation on the surface of a 5.4.3 For indented head bolts and screws, bursts and shear
bolt, screw, or stud produced by the forceful abrasion or the bursts in the raised periphery of the indented head are
impact of a product coming into contact with another product permitted, provided that: (1) no burst or shear burst has a width
or manufacturing equipment during manufacture, handling, or greater than 0.06 D, and (2) no burst or shear burst has a depth
transport. Limits are specified in 5.9. extending below the indented portion.
NOTE 2—Bursts and shear bursts within the limits of this specification
5. Allowable Limits may be unsightly, but do not affect the mechanical properties or functional
requirements of the bolt.
5.1 Letter Definitions—Throughout the following require-
ments, D designates the nominal size (basic major diameter of 5.5 Seams:
thread) of bolts, screws, and studs, except for products with 5.5.1 Seams in the shanks of bolts, screws, and studs are
shoulders, in which case D designates the largest shoulder permitted provided that no seam has a depth greater than 0.03
diameter; and Dc designates flange diameter (specified maxi- D.

Reproduced by IHS under license with ASTM Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Licensee=Instituto Mexicano Del Petroleo/3139900100
F 788/F 788M – 05
FIG. 3 Typical Bursts and Shear Bursts
FIG. 4 Typical Seams
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FIG. 5 Typical Folds
5.5.2 Seams extending into the heads and flanges of bolts 5.6.1 Folds located at interior corners that are at or below
and screws are permitted, provided that they do not open the underhead bearing surface, for example, at the junction of
beyond the limits specified for bursts and shear bursts in 5.4. head to shank, are not permitted, except for cloverleaf folds
5.6 Folds:

F 788/F 788M – 05
5.7.2 The method for determining the area of voids on the
bearing surface shall be as agreed upon between the purchaser
and the producer.
5.8 Tool Marks:
5.8.1 Tool marks on the underhead bearing surface are
permitted, provided the surface roughness measurement does
not exceed 3.2 µm or 125 µin., determined as the arithmetic
average deviation from the mean surface.
5.8.2 Tool marks on other surfaces of the product are
permitted.
5.9 Nicks and Gouges—Nicks, gouges, dents, and scrapes
are permitted, provided that the functionability of the product
is not impaired.
6. Inspection and Evaluation
6.1 Bolts, screws, and studs shall be inspected for surface
discontinuities in accordance with the procedure in 6.2, 6.3,
and 6.4.
6.2 The purchaser shall specify in the original inquiry and
FIG. 6 Typical Voids purchase order the inspection sampling requirements that the
producer must satisfy to demonstrate the acceptability of bolts,
screws, and studs with respect to surface discontinuities.
6.3 In the absence of purchaser instructions (6.2), inspection
and evaluation shall be in accordance with 6.5.
6.4 For referee purposes, unless other procedures have been
specified by the purchaser (6.2), inspection and evaluation shall
be in accordance with 6.5.
6.5 Inspection Procedure:
6.5.1 Visual Inspection:
6.5.1.1 A random sample shall be taken from the lot in
accordance with F 1470 and examined visually (magnetic
FIG. 7 Typical Tool Marks
particle or fluid penetrant are recommended) for the presence
of quench cracks, forging cracks, bursts, shear bursts, seams,
folds, voids, tool marks, and nicks and gouges. Visual inspec-
occurring at the intersection of non-circular shoulders with tion can include the use of devices that provide up to, and
head bearing face (see Fig. 5a). including, 10-power magnification.
5.6.2 Folds located at interior corners that are above the 6.5.1.2 If, during this inspection, any products are found
underhead bearing surface, for example, at the junction of the with quench cracks in any location or with folds at interior
hex head with the top of flange of flange bolts and screws, are corners that are at or below the underhead bearing surface, the
permitted (see Fig. 5b). lot may be rejected by the purchaser.
5.6.3 Folds located at exterior corners are permitted (see 6.5.1.3 If, during this inspection, any products are found
Fig. 5c). with any other surface discontinuity, each discontinuity shall
5.7 Voids: be measured, and if any is found that exceeds the allowable
5.7.1 Voids on the surfaces of bolts, screws, and studs are dimensional limits for that discontinuity as specified in Sec-
permitted, provided that: (1) depth of voids does not exceed tion5, the lot may be rejected by the purchaser.
0.25 mm or 0.010 in. or 0.02 D, whichever is greater, and (2)
the combined area of all voids on the underhead bearing 7. Keywords
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surface of bolts and screws does not exceed 10 % of the 7.1 bolts; crack; discontinuities (surface); fold; screw (ma-
specified minimum bearing surface area. chine, sems, tapping); seam; studs; thread lap; void

F 788/F 788M – 05
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
One or more of the following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified by the
purchaser in the inquiry and order. Supplementary Requirements shall in no way negate any
requirement of the specification itself.
S1. Assemblies Subject to Severe Dynamic Stresses S1.2.1 Visual Inspection—A random sample shall be se-
S1.1 Laps in Screw Threads: lected from the lot in accordance with F 1470. The sample
S1.1.1 Laps of any depth and any length which originate selected shall be surface etched in a 50 % solution of HCl and
below (or originating above and extending below) a point H2O at approximately 180°F (no more than 5 min of etch time
located at a distance equal to or less than 20 % of the thread should be employed as excessive etching may remove shallow
height, measured from the minor diameter, are not permitted. thread laps). After etch, the samples shall be examined under a
See 4.5 and the Fig. S1.1 and Fig. S1.2. 10 3 magnification for the presence of laps.
S1.1.2 Surface discontinuities of threads caused by the S1.2.2 Microscopic Examination—If laps are present, one of
thread rolling process, as in Fig. S1.2, shall be excluded from the samples shall be sectioned longitudinally on the center line
these requirements provided the discontinuities do not exceed of the bolt/screw and on a plane passing through the point at
the depth of 0.5 % 3 nominal diameter and are essentially which any lap extends closest to the minor diameter of the
parallel to the adjacent thread contour and are not directed thread. The section shall be etched for microscopic examina-
toward the screw or bolt axis. tion in accordance with Test Method E 340. Acceptance shall
S1.2 Thread Lap Inspection: be based on the requirements of S1.1.
FIG. S1.1 Typical Thread Laps
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F 788/F 788M – 05
NOTE 1—Laps which originate below (or originate above and extend below) 20 % thread height are not permissible discontinuities except as shown
in Fig. S1.2.
FIG. S1.2 Typical Starting Serrations
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Designation: F 788/F 788M – 05

Standard Specification for

1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents

Copyright ASTM International 1

FIG. 1 Typical Quench Cracks

mum) or head diameter (specified maximum) of circular head

Copyright ASTM International 2

FIG. 3 Typical Bursts and Shear Bursts

FIG. 4 Typical Seams

FIG. 5 Typical Folds

Copyright ASTM International 3

Copyright ASTM International 4

FIG. S1.1 Typical Thread Laps

Copyright ASTM International 5

Copyright ASTM International 6

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