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Notes Functions

Python

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Mangesh Deshmukh
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9 views

Notes Functions

Python

Uploaded by

Mangesh Deshmukh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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In [10]: kingdom = {}

animals = ["Mammals", "Birds", "Reptiles", "Amphibians", "Fish"]


kingdom["animal"] = animals

#kingdom["animal"]
print(kingdom)

{'animal': ['Mammals', 'Birds', 'Reptiles', 'Amphibians', 'Fish']}

In [8]: a={ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }


#print(a.items()) #dict_items([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)])
​
print([(j,i) for i,j in a.items()]) #[(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')]
​

[(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')]

In [9]: keys = ['a', 'b', 'c']


values = [1, 2, 3]
dictionary = dict(zip(keys, values))
print(dictionary) #{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
​

{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}


In [19]: x = int(input('Enter the value of x: '))
if x==0:
print("Factorial of 0! is=",1)
else:
r=factorial(x)
print("factorial = ",r)
​
​
​
#Factorial Functions.....
def factorial(n):
f=1
for i in range(1,n+1):
f=f*i
return f
​
​
​

Enter the value of x: 4


factorial = 24

Default Arguments
In [20]: # function with 2 keyword arguments grade and school
def student(name, age, grade="Five", school="ABC School"):
print('Student Details:', name, age, grade, school)
​
# without passing grade and school
# Passing only the mandatory arguments
student('Jon', 12)
​
Student Details: Jon 12 Five ABC School

Keyword Arguments
In [21]: # function with 2 keyword arguments grade and school
def student(name, age, grade="Five", school="ABC School"):
print('Student Details:', name, age, grade, school)
​
# not passing a school value (default value is used)
# six is assigned to grade
student('Kelly', 12, 'Six')
​
# passign all arguments
student('Jessa', 12, 'Seven', 'XYZ School')
Student Details: Kelly 12 Six ABC School
Student Details: Jessa 12 Seven XYZ School

In [23]: # function with 2 keyword arguments


def student(name, age):
print('Student Details:', name, age)
​
# default function call
student('Jessa', 14)
​
# both keyword arguments
student(name='Jon', age=12)
​
# 1 positional and 1 keyword
student('Donald', age=13)
​
​
# both keyword arguments by changing their order
student(age=13, name='Kelly')
​
Student Details: Jessa 14
Student Details: Jon 12
Student Details: Donald 13
Student Details: Kelly 13

Positional Arguments
In [24]: def add(a, b):
print(a - b)
​
add(50, 10)
# Output 40
​
add(10, 50)
#output -40

40
-40

In [25]: def add(a, b):


print(a - b)
​
add(105, 561, 4)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
Input In [25], in <cell line: 4>()
1 def add(a, b):
2 print(a - b)
----> 4 add(105, 561, 4)

TypeError: add() takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given

In [26]: #Point 1: Default arguments should follow non-default arguments


def get_student(name, grade='Five', age):
print(name, age, grade)
Input In [26]
def get_student(name, grade='Five', age):
^
SyntaxError: non-default argument follows default argument
In [27]: #Point: Default arguments must follow the default argument in a function definition
def student(name, grade="Five", age):
print('Student Details:', name, grade, age)
​
student('Jon', 'Six', 12)

Input In [27]
def student(name, grade="Five", age):
^
SyntaxError: non-default argument follows default argument

In [34]: #Point 2: keyword arguments should follow positional arguments only.


def get_student(name, age, grade):
print(name, age, grade)
​
get_student(name='Jessa', 12, 'Six')
Input In [34]
get_student(name='Jessa', 12, 'Six')
^
SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument
In [37]: #Point 3: The order of keyword arguments is not important,
#but All the keyword arguments passed must match one of the arguments accepted by the function.
​
def get_student(name, age, grade):
print(name, age, grade)
​
get_student(grade='Six', name='Jessa', age=12)
# Output: Jessa 12 Six
​
get_student(name='Jessa', age=12, standard='Six')
Jessa 12 Six

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
Input In [37], in <cell line: 10>()
7 get_student(grade='Six', name='Jessa', age=12)
8 # Output: Jessa 12 Six
---> 10 get_student(name='Jessa', age=12, standard='Six')

TypeError: get_student() got an unexpected keyword argument 'standard'

In [38]: #Point 4: No argument should receive a value more than once


def student(name, age, grade):
print('Student Details:', name, grade, age)
​
student(name='Jon', age=12, grade='Six', age=12)
# Output: SyntaxError: keyword argument repeated
Input In [38]
student(name='Jon', age=12, grade='Six', age=12)
^
SyntaxError: keyword argument repeated: age

Variable-length arguments
In Python, sometimes, there is a situation where we need to pass multiple arguments to the function.
Such types of arguments are called arbitrary arguments or variable-length arguments.
​
We use variable-length arguments if we don’t know the number of arguments needed for the function
in advance.
in advance.
​
Types of Arbitrary Arguments:
​
arbitrary positional arguments (*args)
arbitrary keyword arguments (**kwargs)
​
The *args and **kwargs allow you to pass multiple positional arguments or keyword arguments to a function.

Arbitrary positional arguments (*args)


Arbitrary positional arguments (*args)
​
We can declare a variable-length argument with the * (asterisk) symbol.
Place an asterisk (*) before a parameter in the function definition to define an
arbitrary positional argument.
​
we can pass multiple arguments to the function. Internally all these values are represented
in the form of a tuple. Let’s understand the use of variable-length arguments with an example.

In [39]: def percentage(sub1, sub2, sub3):


avg = (sub1 + sub2 + sub3) / 3
print('Average', avg)
​
percentage(56, 61, 73)

Average 63.333333333333336
In [40]: # function with variable-length arguments
#Note: args is just a name. You can choose any name that you prefer, such as *subjects.
def percentage(*args):
sum = 0
for i in args:
# get total
sum = sum + i
# calculate average
avg = sum / len(args)
print('Average =', avg)
​
percentage(56, 61, 73)

Average = 63.333333333333336

Arbitrary keyword arguments (**kwargs)


The **kwargs allow you to pass multiple keyword arguments to a function. Use the **kwargs if you want to handle
named arguments in a function.
​
Use the unpacking operator(**) to define variable-length keyword arguments. Keyword arguments passed to a
kwargs are accessed using key-value pair
(same as accessing a dictionary in Python).

In [41]: # function with variable-length keyword arguments


def percentage(**kwargs):
sum = 0
for sub in kwargs:
# get argument name
sub_name = sub
# get argument value
sub_marks = kwargs[sub]
print(sub_name, "=", sub_marks)
​
# pass multiple keyword arguments
percentage(math=56, english=61, science=73)
math = 56
english = 61
science = 73

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