Notes on networking:

 Networking- A computer network is a collection of interconnected

autonomous computing devices in such a way that can exchange
information or share resources
Advantages Disadvantages
Resources (Printer, Scanner) The system becomes more
can be easily shared with sophisticated and complex
multiple devices.
Storage sharing is possible If networks are badly managed
services may become unstable
It also provide us the way to If the central server cells every
store of share software communication fails

 Component of Computer Network

1. Host or nodes
2. Servers
3. Clients
4. Networking Hardware (NIC, Router,Switch,Hub)
5. Communication Channel (Cables, Radio Links)
6. Software (Protocols, NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM )
7. Network services
 Types of network
A network can be small group Linked computer to a chain of hundred
of computers of different types spread around the world .Thus
network vary in size, complexity geographical span .
1. LAN(Local Area Network)
2. MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
3. WAN(Wide Area Network)
Network/Parameter PAN LAN MAN WAN
Area covered 10m 10km 100km Entire
Globe
Error Rate Lowest Lowest Moderate Highest
Transmission Speed Moderate High Moderate Low
Cost Negligible Inexpensive Moderately Expensive
 Peer to Peer Network(P2P)-
In this simplest form P2P network is created in two or more computers are
connected and shared resources with out going through a separate server
node.
 Client Server Network
A computer network in which one centralised and powerful resource (Server)
Is a hub to which many less powerful nodes or workstation are connected
(CLIENT).
 Differentiate btw P2P and Client server.
Client Server Peer to Peer
Server has the control ability while All computers have equal ability
clients don’t.
Higher Cabling cost Cheaper cabling cost
It is used in small and large It is used in small network only.
network
One powerful server needs to be No server is needed.
installed.
Installation of software is done Software has to be installed in
only in the server while client every nodes.
share the software.

 Types of network based on Communication Channel:

 Wired communication network- In wired computer
network the Host and other devices are Interconnected
through wiring or cable
Twisted Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Optical Fibre
Transmission of Transmission of Transmission of
signal takes place signal takes place signal takes place
in the electrical in the electrical in an Optical form
form over the form over the over class fibre
metallic inner conductor of
conducting wire cable
In this medium the Higher than Highest noise
noise immunity is twisted pair cable immunity as the
low light ray are
unaffected by
electrical noise
Cheapest medium Moderate Expensive
expensive
Low Bandwidth Moderately High Very High
Bandwidth Bandwidth
Installation very Installation fairly Installation is
easy easy difficult

 Wire less
1. Microwave-Are high frequency wave That can be used to
transmit data wirelessly over long distance. It consists of
transmitter, receiver and the atmosphere.
2. Radio wave-Radio wave are used to transmit television
and radio programme. It uses continuous sin waves to
transmit audio, video and data.
3. Satellite-Transmit data or signals transmitted from an
earth station and amplify them and retransmit them to
another earth station.
 Networking Devices –
 Network interface card(NIC)-NIC is a device that is
attached to each nodes or servers and help the
workstation to establish connection with the network NIC
 is also known as Terminal Access Point(TAP) Or Network
Interface unit(NIU) also known as Ethernet Card.
 WIFI Card- It is an internal or external LAN adaptors with
built in wireless radio antenna.
 Hub- It is a hardware device having multiple ports it is
used to connect several computers together. It is a device
that provide a central connection point for cables from
workstations servers and peripheral devices.
1. Active Hub
2. Passive Hub
 Switch- It is an intelligent Hub it has also multiple ports
which is used to connect several computers together.
Switch Hub
It is an intelligent Hub it has It is a hardware device
also multiple ports which is having multiple ports it is
used to connect several used to connect several
computers together computers together
It can have 24-48 ports It can have 4-12 ports
Switch maintain switch Do not maintain any table
Table
Unicasting Broad casting
 Bridge- It is a network device that connect multiple LAN
together to form a larger LAN . In process of arranging
networks is called bridging. A bridge connect Different
component so that they appear as part of single network.
 Gate way- It is a network device that connect dissimilar
network it establishes a intelligent connection btw local and
external network with completely different function.
 Router: It is a network device that can receive the data,
analyse it and transmit it to other network. Router connect
a local area network to the internet. A router can we wired
or wireless.

 Modem: Modem stands for MODULATOR and

DEMODULATOR. It refers a device used for conversion
between analogue signal and digital bits. Modems are
connected to both the source and destination nodes. The
modem at the sender’s site acts as modulator(Convert
digital data into analogue signals) and at the receiver site
acts as a demodulator(Converts analogue signals into digital
signals).

 RJ45(Registered Jack 45): It is an 8 pin connector that is

used with ethernet cables for networking . It is small plastic
plug that fits into RJ45 jacks of the ethernet card present in
various computing devices.

 Repeater: Data carried in the form of signal over the cable

this signals can travel a specified distance (usually 100m)
signals lose their strength beyond this limit in such
condition a Repeater is installed. It is an analogue device
that works with signals on the cables which it is connected.
The weakened signals appearing on the cable is
regenerated and put back on the cable by the repeater.


 Networking Topology: The arrange ment of
computer and other peripheral devices In a network is
called topology
 Mesh topology: In this networking Topology each
communicating device is connected with every other device
in the network. Such a network can handle large amount of
traffic as multiple nodes can transmit data simultaneously.
Advantage: Secure, Smooth transfer of data
Disadvantage: Complex wiring, Costly
 Ring Topology: Each node is connected to Two other
devices, one each on either side. The node is connected to
each other forming a ring.
 Advantage: Direct data transmission, clockwise or
anticlockwise data transmission
 Disadvantage: It can hamper whole topology if any of
devices or the cable is damaged.
 Bus topology: Each communicating device connects to a
transmission medium known a Bus.
Advantage: Nodes can be added or removed anytime
Disadvantage: It can hamper whole topology if main the
cable is damaged.
 Star Topology: Each communicating device is connected to
a central node which is a networking device like Hub/Switch
 Advantage: Very effective, efficient and fast
 Disadvantage: If the central node is damaged the entire
network fails.
 Tree Topology: In this topology multiple branches and each
branch having a star/ring topology structure forming tree
topology. It is a hybrid topology that can transmit data from
source (Centralised device ) and passes through every
branch which can have links for more nodes.
 Mac Address: (Media access control)
It is the physical or hardware address , is a
unique value associated with a network
adaptor called NIC .Each Mac address is a 12
digit Hexadecimal number (48 bits in length) of
which the first six digit (24 bits) contain the
manufacture ID called OUI(organisational
unique identifier) and the later 6 digits (24
bits) represent the serial number assign to the
card by the manufacturer.
Eg. FC:F8:AE:CE:7B:16
 IP Address(Internet Protocol address):
It is also a unique address that can be used to uniquely
identify each node in a network. The IP address are
assigned to communicate with other computer any where
in the world
Unlike MAC address IP address can be changed if a node is
removed from one network connected to another network.
The initial IP address called version 4(IPV4) is a 32 bit
numeric address written as 4 numbers separated by (:)
where each number is the decimal represented for an 8 bit
binary number .Each can take value from 0-255.
 Eg. 192:168:0:178
 WORLD WIDE WEB:
 HTML(Hyper text mark up language): it is a language which
is used to design webpages and web contains.
 URI(Uniform Resource Identifier)/URL:
 IT IS A UNIQUE ADDRESS to locate the website.
 HTTP/HTTPS(Hyper text transfer protocol/secure):
 DNS(domain naming system):Each website has an IP
address it is very difficult to remember whole IP address for
websites so DNS or Host name is assigned to each IP
addresses
 DNS Server:
 Conversion of domain name of each webserver to its
corresponding IP address is called domain name server.

Communication Media:
 Bandwidth of a channel is the range of frequency available
for transmission of data through the channel.
 Bandwidth is measured in Herdz(Hz).
 1KHz=1000Hz
 1000KHz=1MHz
 Data transfer rate: Is the number bits transmitted between
source and destination in one second.(Bit rate/BPS).
 1024BPS=1KBPS=2^10kbps
 1024kbps=1mbs
 1024mbps=1Gps
  Eg.A user wants to upload a text document at the rate of
10 pages per 20 sec. what will be the required data rate of
the channel?(Assume that 1 page contains 1600 characters
and each character is of 8 bits)
 Ans= Required data rate = (10*1600*8)/20=6400

 Data communication :
 Simplex communication=It is unidirectional communication
between two devices in which one device is sender and
other one is receiver.
 Half duplex: It is bidirectional communication between two
device in which both devices can send and receive data
control in both direction but not at the same time.
 Full duplex: It is bidirectional communication between two
device in which both devices can send and receive data
control in both direction simultaneously. e.g computer
communication.

Protocol: It is a set of standard rules between sender and

receiver which need to be followed properly.
 FTP(File transfer protocol):For transferring files from one
machine to another.
 PPP(Point to Point Protocol): It is a communication
protocol which establishes direct connection between two
communicating devices the communicating devices should
have duplex mode for using this protocol.
 SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for email
services.
 TCP/IP(Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol): It
is a set of standardised rule that uses a client server model
of communication in which a client request a service by a
server in the network .The IP protocol ensure that each
node connected to the internet is assigned a IP address
.TCP ensures that the message is broken into smaller chunks
called IP packets each of the packet are transmitted through
the internet.
 POP3: (post office protocol 3) it is a simple protocol that
only allows downloading messages from inbox to local
computers. Unidirectional all messages downloaded at
once
 TelNet-It is used to access to remote computer /network it
is one of the protocol that is used to virtually access the
computer and provide collaborative communication
channel
 VOip(Voice over internet protocol): it is a protocol that
allows you to make voice calls using a broadband internet
connection instead of regular phone line

NETWORK Layout:
The plan or design of network wings and nodes to be layed
out is known as network layout.
Features-
1. Communication speed
2. File sharing
3. Software hardware sharing
 4. Security
5. Scalability
Eg.A corporation FTC is planning to set up their new offices
in India with its Hub at Udaipur. As a network advisor you
have to understand their requirement and suggest them
the best network layout.
Block(From) Block (To) Distance
Human Resource Conference 110m
Human Resource Finance 40
Conference Finance 80
Solution= Possible Bus topology:
Human resource – Conference-Finance= 110+80=190m
Finance-Human resource-conference=110+40=150m
Conference-Finance-Human resource=80+40=120m
Star Topology:
Human resource

Conference Finance
110+40=150m

Finance:

Conference
Human resource
 80+40=120m
So either bus topology or star topology can be implemented here.
Here best layout is Finance to conference and finance to human resource
As it require minimum cable length.

How to decide server location-

Block(From) Computers
Human Resource 25
Finance 120
Conference 90
Server will be installed at Finance Block as the maximum number of
computer are used here.

How to decide repeaters location?

 When the total length of a single span of
network cable (Twisted Pair) exceeds 100m
 For coaxial cable exceeds 500m
 Optical fibre 80-100km
How to decide Hub or Switch?
 Answer is always Switch.
Difference between Circuit switching and Packet
Switching
Circuit Switching Packets Switching
It is method of switching It is the method of switching
which is used for where no dedicated path is
establishing a dedicated established from the sender
communication path and receiver
between the sender and
receiver
Data is processed and Data is processed and
transmitted at the source transmitted not only at the
only. source but at each switching
station
It is more reliable Less reliable
The connection is There is not steps , data
established ,then the data is transfer take places directly
going to be transferred and
lastly the connection is
releases
Entire path of data is known The destination Address is
by every unit known to data unit and the
intermediate path is decided
by routers
XML(Extensible Markup HTML(Hyper text Markup
language) Language)
Tags are not predefined, Tags are predefined
User defined
XML stores and tranfers data HTML is about displaying data
Dynamic in Nature Static in nature