50 terminologies to study!

Good Luck on your Final periodical test on May 16,

2024

Open Coding:

 Definition: Open coding is the initial stage of qualitative data analysis where
researchers read through transcripts line by line, identify concepts, and generate
initial codes without preconceived categories.
 Sample: In a study on customer feedback, open coding may involve identifying
themes like "customer satisfaction," "product quality," and "customer service
responsiveness" from interview transcripts.

Axial Coding:

 Definition: Axial coding is a process in qualitative data analysis where researchers

organize codes into categories and subcategories to establish relationships between
concepts.
 Sample: In a study on employee motivation, axial coding may involve categorizing
codes like "recognition," "career growth," and "work-life balance" under the broader
category of "motivational factors."

Selective Coding:

 Definition: Selective coding is the final stage of data analysis in grounded theory
where researchers focus on core categories, develop a storyline, and refine the
grounded theory.
 Sample: In a study on leadership styles, selective coding may involve refining the
core category of "transformational leadership" and developing a narrative that links it
to subordinate motivation and organizational performance.

Theoretical Unsaturation:

 Definition: Theoretical unsaturation occurs when no new concepts or insights

emerge during data collection or analysis, indicating that theoretical saturation has
been reached.
 Sample: In a study on student engagement, theoretical unsaturation may occur
when no new themes or patterns related to student motivation or learning outcomes
are observed after analyzing multiple interviews.

Case Study:

 Definition: A case study is a research method that provides an in-depth analysis of a

single individual, group, event, or phenomenon, offering detailed insights and
understanding of the subject.
 Sample: A case study on a successful marketing campaign may involve analyzing
the strategies, target audience, and outcomes of a specific advertising initiative to
draw lessons for future campaigns.

Trends, Issues, Mission:

 Definition: Trends refer to patterns or developments observed over time, issues are
topics of concern or debate, and mission outlines the purpose or goal of the research
study.
  Sample: In a study on environmental sustainability, trends may include increasing
awareness of climate change, issues could be related to plastic pollution, and the
mission may be to propose eco-friendly solutions.

Research Rationale:

 Definition: Research rationale explains the reasons behind conducting the study,
outlining the significance, relevance, and potential impact of the research.
 Sample: The research rationale for a study on mental health stigma may highlight
the need to address misconceptions, improve support systems, and enhance well-
being for individuals facing mental health challenges.

8. Ethnographic Research:

 Definition: Ethnographic research is a qualitative research method that involves

studying people and cultures in their natural environment to understand social
phenomena.
 Sample: Conducting ethnographic research in a rural village to explore the daily
lives, traditions, and social interactions of the community.

9. Training:

 Definition: Training refers to the process of teaching or developing skills,

knowledge, or competencies in individuals or groups.
 Sample: Providing training sessions for teachers on effective classroom
management techniques to enhance student engagement and learning outcomes.

10. Provide an action plan into the formulation of a teacher education model for
indigenous peoples:

 Definition: Developing a detailed strategy or roadmap for creating a specialized

teacher education program tailored to the needs and cultural context of indigenous
communities.
 Sample: Designing a curriculum that integrates indigenous knowledge, language
preservation, and community engagement in teacher training programs.

11. Aeta Teachers:

 Definition: Aeta teachers refer to educators belonging to the Aeta indigenous group
in the Philippines, known for their unique cultural heritage and practices.
 Sample: Interviewing Aeta teachers to understand their teaching methods,
challenges, and perspectives on education within their community.

12. Past 10 years:

 Definition: Refers to a timeframe spanning the previous ten years from the current
date, indicating a historical period for data collection or analysis.
 Sample: Analyzing educational trends and advancements in teacher training
programs among Aeta communities over the past 10 years.

13. Review of Related Literature:

  Definition: Review of related literature involves examining existing scholarly works,
studies, and publications relevant to the research topic to establish a theoretical and
empirical foundation.
 Sample: Conducting a review of related literature on indigenous education, teacher
training models, and cultural preservation practices among marginalized
communities.

14. Review of Related Studies:

 Definition: Review of related studies entails exploring previous research projects,

investigations, or inquiries that are closely connected to the current study.
 Sample: Examining studies on inclusive education, indigenous knowledge systems,
and community-based teacher training initiatives as part of the review of related
studies.

15. Focus-group Discussion:

 Definition: Focus-group discussion is a qualitative research method involving a

moderator-led conversation among a small group of individuals to gather insights,
opinions, and perspectives on a specific topic.
 Sample: Conducting a focus-group discussion with Aeta community members to
explore their views on educational needs, challenges, and aspirations for teacher
training programs.

16. In-depth Interview:

 Definition: An in-depth interview is a qualitative research method involving a one-

on-one conversation between the researcher and the participant to gather detailed
and rich information.
 Sample: Conducting in-depth interviews with teachers to explore their experiences,
perspectives, and challenges in implementing innovative teaching methods.

17. Dyads:

 Definition: Dyads refer to in-depth interviews or discussions involving two

individuals, providing a unique opportunity to explore shared experiences,
interactions, or perspectives.
 Sample: Conducting dyadic interviews with students and their parents to understand
family dynamics and its impact on academic performance.

18. Observation:

 Definition: Observation is a qualitative research method where researchers directly

observe and document behaviors, interactions, and phenomena in natural settings.
  Sample: Observing classroom dynamics and teacher-student interactions to analyze
teaching practices and student engagement.

19. Paired Interviews:

 Definition: Paired interviews involve conducting interviews with two participants

simultaneously, allowing for interactions, comparisons, and joint reflections on a
shared experience.
 Sample: Engaging in paired interviews with mentor-mentee pairs to explore the
dynamics of professional development and knowledge transfer.

20. Structured Interview:

 Definition: A structured interview is a standardized interview format where the

interviewer asks a predetermined set of questions in a specific order.
 Sample: Administering a structured interview with healthcare professionals to
assess their knowledge of new medical protocols.

21. Semi-structured Interview:

 Definition: A semi-structured interview combines predetermined questions with the

flexibility to explore new topics or delve deeper into responses during the interview.
 Sample: Conducting a semi-structured interview with community leaders to gather
insights on local development initiatives.

22. Unstructured Interview:

 Definition: An unstructured interview is an informal conversation where the

interviewer allows the discussion to flow naturally without a predetermined set of
questions.
 Sample: Engaging in an unstructured interview with artists to explore their creative
process and inspiration.

23. Focused Interview:

 Definition: A focused interview is a targeted and in-depth conversation that aims to

gather specific information on a particular topic or issue.
  Sample: Conducting a focused interview with educators to explore their perspectives
on integrating technology in the classroom.

24. Conversational Interview:

 Definition: A conversational interview is a relaxed and informal discussion that

mimics a natural conversation between the interviewer and the participant.
 Sample: Engaging in a conversational interview with community members to
understand their cultural practices and traditions.

25. Data Reduction:

 Definition: Data reduction involves simplifying and condensing large volumes of

data to extract key themes, patterns, or insights for analysis.
 Sample: Applying data reduction techniques to condense survey responses into
manageable categories for thematic analysis.

26. Thematic Analysis:

 Definition: Thematic analysis is a method of qualitative data analysis that involves

identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns or themes within the data.
 Sample: Using thematic analysis to identify recurring themes such as resilience,
coping strategies, and social support in interviews with cancer survivors.

27. Data Display:

 Definition: Data display refers to presenting qualitative data in a visual format, such
as charts, graphs, tables, or matrices, to facilitate analysis and interpretation.
 Sample: Creating a matrix to display themes and sub-themes identified through
thematic analysis of interview transcripts.

28. Conclusion Drawing and Data Verification:

 Definition: Conclusion drawing and data verification involve synthesizing findings,

drawing conclusions, and ensuring the accuracy and validity of the data through
member checking or peer review.
 Sample: Engaging participants in member checking to validate the interpretation of
themes and conclusions drawn from the qualitative data.

29. Introduction-Method-Results-Discussion (IMRAD):

  Definition: IMRAD is a common structure used in research papers, where the
content is organized into sections: Introduction, Methodology, Results, and
Discussion.
 Sample: Structuring a research article on the impact of social media on mental
health following the IMRAD format to present the study's background, methodology,
findings, and implications.

30. Abstract:

 Definition: An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper that provides an

overview of the study's purpose, methods, results, and conclusions.
 Sample: Writing an abstract for a qualitative study on workplace diversity,
highlighting the research objectives, key findings, and implications for organizational
practices.

31. Summary:

 Definition: A summary is a brief and condensed overview of the main points,

findings, and conclusions of a research paper or study.
 Sample: Writing a summary of a qualitative study on healthcare disparities, outlining
the key themes and implications for policy and practice.

32. Findings:

 Definition: Findings refer to the results and outcomes of a research study, including
the key discoveries, patterns, and insights obtained from data analysis.
 Sample: Presenting the findings of a qualitative study on community engagement,
highlighting themes of collaboration, empowerment, and social impact.

33. Conclusion:

 Definition: The conclusion section of a research paper summarizes the main

findings, discusses their implications, and provides recommendations for future
research or practice.
 Sample: Concluding a qualitative study on teacher professional development by
discussing the significance of mentorship, reflective practice, and ongoing support in
enhancing teaching effectiveness.

34. Sample:
  Definition: A sample refers to a subset of the population selected for research
purposes to represent the larger group and provide data for analysis.
 Sample: Recruiting a diverse sample of educators from urban and rural schools to
explore perceptions of technology integration in the classroom.

35. Reflexivity:

 Definition: Reflexivity in qualitative research refers to the researcher's awareness of

their own biases, perspectives, and influence on the research process and findings.
 Sample: Reflecting on personal biases and experiences that may impact the
interpretation of data during a qualitative study on cultural identity.

36. Phenomenology:

 Definition: Phenomenology is a qualitative research approach that focuses on

exploring and understanding individuals' lived experiences and perceptions of a
particular phenomenon.
 Sample: Conducting a phenomenological study on the lived experiences of
healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic to uncover their emotional
responses and coping strategies.

37. Historical Research

 Definition: Historical research involves studying past events, trends, and contexts to
understand their impact on current phenomena or to trace the development of a
specific topic.
 Sample: Conducting historical research on the evolution of women's rights
movements in the 20th century to analyze the progress and challenges faced by
gender equality advocates.

38. Grounded Theory:

 Definition: Grounded theory is a qualitative research methodology focused on

developing theories or explanations based on the data collected, allowing themes
and concepts to emerge from the data itself.
 Sample: Using grounded theory to explore the experiences of first-generation
college students in navigating higher education challenges and success factors.

39. Internal Validity:

 Definition: Internal validity in research refers to the extent to which the study
accurately measures the relationship between variables without the influence of
confounding factors.
 Sample: Ensuring internal validity in a study on the effectiveness of a new teaching
method by controlling for extraneous variables that could impact the results.
40. To validate findings with participants:

 Definition: Validating findings with participants involves sharing the research results
with participants to confirm the accuracy and authenticity of the interpretations.
 Sample: Presenting the key themes and conclusions of a study on patient
experiences with healthcare services to participants for their feedback and
validation.

41. Protecting participants' confidentiality:

 Definition: Protecting participants' confidentiality involves safeguarding the privacy

and anonymity of individuals involved in the research to maintain their trust and
confidentiality.
 Sample: Ensuring that all participant data is anonymized and stored securely to
protect their identities in a study on sensitive topics like mental health.

42. To provide detailed context and meaning:

 Definition: Providing detailed context and meaning involves offering comprehensive

explanations and background information to enhance the understanding of research
findings.
 Sample: Including rich descriptions and narratives in a study on cultural traditions to
provide context and depth to the research findings.

43. Phenomenology:

 Definition: Phenomenology is a qualitative research approach that focuses on

exploring and understanding individuals' lived experiences and perceptions of a
particular phenomenon.
 Sample: Conducting a phenomenological study on the lived experiences of
individuals living with chronic pain to uncover the subjective meanings and impacts
of their condition.
44. To understand the essence of a phenomenon:

 Definition: Understanding the essence of a phenomenon involves capturing the core

meanings, experiences, and significance of a particular concept or phenomenon in
qualitative research.
 Sample: Exploring the essence of resilience in cancer survivors through in-depth
interviews to uncover the fundamental qualities and factors that contribute to their
ability to cope and thrive.

45. Focus groups:

 Definition: Focus groups are qualitative research sessions where a small group of
participants engage in guided discussions to explore their perspectives, opinions, and
experiences on a specific topic.
 Sample: Conducting focus groups with parents to gather insights on their
perceptions of online learning and its impact on children's education during the
pandemic.

46. Structured Interview:

 Definition: A structured interview is a research method where the interviewer asks a

predetermined set of questions in a standardized format to all participants.
 Sample: Conducting structured interviews with healthcare professionals to gather
standardized responses on patient care practices in a hospital setting.

47. Semi-structured Interview:

 Definition: A semi-structured interview is a flexible research method that combines

predetermined questions with the opportunity for open-ended discussions and
exploration of new topics.
 Sample: Using semi-structured interviews to gather insights from teachers about
their experiences with remote teaching and learning strategies during the COVID-19
pandemic.

48. Unstructured Interview:

  Definition: An unstructured interview is an informal and open-ended conversation
between the interviewer and participant, allowing for free-flowing discussions without
a set script.
 Sample: Conducting unstructured interviews with community leaders to explore
their perspectives on environmental conservation and sustainability initiatives in the
region.

49. Data Reduction:

 Definition: Data reduction involves condensing and summarizing large volumes of

data into manageable units or themes to facilitate analysis and interpretation.
 Sample: Using data reduction techniques to identify key themes and patterns in
survey responses related to customer satisfaction in a service industry study.

50. To acknowledge the researcher's influence on the study:

 Definition: Acknowledging the researcher's influence on the study involves

recognizing and reflecting on the researcher's biases, perspectives, and
preconceptions that may impact the research process and outcomes.
 Sample: Addressing the researcher's personal experiences and beliefs that may
have influenced the interpretation of qualitative data in a study on community
resilience after a natural disaster.