MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

1. Introduction 2. Importance of Manufacturing 3. Agriculture and Industry

• Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw • helps in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our Agriculture and industry are dependent on each other.
materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. economy. Also, reduces the heavy dependence of people on
agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and • Industries give a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity
• Manufacturing industries fall in the secondary sector. tertiary sectors. by providing their tools and products such as fertilisers etc.

• The economic strength of a country is measured by the • helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty from the country. • Industry depends on agriculture for raw materials and sell their
development of manufacturing industries. products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides
• Export of manufactured goods brings foreign exchange. plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers.

• helps in transforming raw materials into a wide variety of furnished

goods of higher value.

4. Classification of Industry 5. Agro Based Industries

Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil industries are based on agricultural raw materials.

a. On the basis of source b. According to their c. On the basis of capital

of raw materials used: main role: investment: Textile Industry Cotton Textiles
o Small scale industry: Such
o Agro based: cotton, woollen, o Basic or key industries o It contributes significantly to industrial production,
industry which requires the o In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with
jute, silk textile, rubber and which supply their products employment generation and foreign exchange
maximum investment up to hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques.
sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil. or raw materials to earnings.
rupees 1 crore. It employs a
manufacture other goods
small number of labourers. o After 18th century, power -looms came into use.
o Mineral based: iron and e.g. iron and steel and o It is the only industry in the country, which is
steel, cement, aluminium, copper smelting. self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from
o Large scale industry: o Our traditional industries suffered a setback during
machine tools, Investment is more than raw material to the highest value added products the colonial period because they could not compete
petrochemicals o Consumer industries
1 crore with the mill-made cloth from England.
that produce goods for
direct use by consumers –
o The first successful textile mill was established in
sugar, toothpaste.
Mumbai in 1854.
Jute Textiles
o Spinning continues to be centralised in Maharashtra,
o In India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute
Gujarat and Tamil Nadu however weaving is highly
goods and stands at second place as an exporter
decentralised to provide scope for incorporating
d. On the basis of ownership: after Bangladesh.
traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton,
o Public sector: Industries which are owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc. silk, zari, embroidery, etc.
o The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at
Rishra.
o Private sector: Industries owned and operated by private individuals – TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd.
Most of the mills are located in West Bengal, mainly Sugar Industry
o Joint sector: jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly along the banks of the Hugli River, in a narrow belt,
owned by public and private sector. because: o India is the second largest producer of sugar in the
• Presence of the jute producing areas world and largest producer of gur and khandsari.
o Cooperative sector: owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. • Inexpensive water transport
• Supported by a good network of railways, roadways o In 2010-11 there were over 662 sugar mills in the
and waterways to facilitate movement of raw country spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
material to the mills
e. Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods: • Abundant water for processing raw jute o Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
• Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states Pradesh and Gujarat along with Punjab, Haryana
o Heavy industries such as iron and steel of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. and Madhya Pradesh.
• Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking,
o Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical industries. insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods. o 60 % mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
 6. Mineral based Industries 7. Chemical Industries
Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral-based industries. o This Industry in India is fast growing and diversifying.

o It comprises both large and small-scale manufacturing units.

1 Iron and Steel Industry Aluminium smelting

2 o Organic and inorganic sectors of the Chemical industry are rapidly growing.

• Organic chemicals include petrochemicals (used for manufacturing of synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics,
• The iron and steel Industry is the basic • Second most important metallurgical dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals).
industry as it provides all types of industry in India.
machinery to run all the other industries. • Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilisers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives,
• The raw material used in the smelters is paints, dye-stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic
• Steel is needed to manufacture a variety called Bauxite. soda.
of engineering goods, construction
material, defence, medical, telephonic, • It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good
scientific equipment and a variety of conductor of heat, mallable and becomes 8. Fertiliser Industry
consumer goods. strong when it is mixed with other metals. o This industry is centred on the production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium
phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K).
• Production and consumption of steel is • Used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and
often regarded as the index of a country’s wires. o The potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium
development. compounds in any form.
• located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala,
• Chhotanagpur plateau region has the Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra o After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to several other parts of the country.
maximum concentration of iron and steel and Tamil Nadu.
industries. o Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute towards half of the fertilizer production.

o Other significant producers are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa,
Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka

9. Cement Industry 10. Automobile Industry 11. Information Technology and Electronics Industry
o Used for construction activity such as building houses, factories, o This industry provides vehicles for quick transport of good services o The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from
bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments. and passengers. transistor sets to Televisions, telephones, cellular telecom, pagers,
telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipment
o This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, o Foreign Direct Investment brought in new technology and aligned the required by the telecommunication industry.
silica, alumina and gypsum. industry with global developments.
o Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India.
o The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat. o The industry is located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai,
Kolkata, Lucknow,Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru o Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi,
o The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904. Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore

o Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and other policy reforms o The IT industry has employed a mass number of people.
led the cement industry to make rapid strides in capacity, process,
technology and production.

o This industry is doing well in terms of production as well as export.

12. Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

The growth of industries contribute significantly to India’s economic growth and development but also causes serious problem, the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise and resulting degradation of the environment.

Industries are responsible for four types of pollution:

(a) Air

(b) Water

(c) Land

(d) Noise
 a. Air pollution b. Water Pollution c. Thermal pollution d. Noise pollution
o It is caused by the presence of high o It is caused by organic and inorganic o It occurs when hot water from factories o Industrial and construction activities,
proportion of undesirable gases, such as industrial wastes and effluents discharged and thermal plants is drained into rivers machinery, factory equipment, generators,
sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. into rivers. and ponds before cooling. and electric drills also make a lot of noise.

o Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper o Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron and o It causes hearing impairment, increased
factories, brick kilns, refineries and steel slags are the major solid wastes in heart rate and blood pressure among
smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels India. other physiological effects.
in big and small factories that ignore
pollution norms.

o It adversely affects human health,

animals, plants, buildings and the
atmosphere as a whole.

13. Control of Environmental Degradation

Some suggestion to reduce

Measures to control air
the industrial pollution of Measures to control
pollution:
fresh water are: noise pollution:
• Particulate matter in the air
• Minimising use water for can be reduced by fitting • Machinery and
processing by reusing and smoke stacks to factories equipment can be used
recycling it in two or more with electrostatic and generators should
successive stages precipitators, fabric filters, be fitted with silencers.
scrubbers and inertial
• Harvesting of rainwater to separators. • Noise absorbing material
meet water requirements may be used apart from
• Smoke can be reduced by personal use of earplugs
• Treating hot water and using oil or gas instead of and earphones.
effluents before releasing coal in factories.
them in rivers and ponds.