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    UNIT 20:capacitors and Dielectric UNIT 20:capacitors and Dielectric

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    Liyanna Blanda
    Capacitors are devices that can store electric charge between two conducting plates separated by an insulator. The capacitance of a capacitor depends on the plate area, distance between plates, and the dielectric material. Parallel plate capacitors have a capacitance given by C=εA/d, where ε is the permittivity of the dielectric, A is the plate area, and d is the distance. Examples show how to calculate charge, electric field, and other properties of parallel plate capacitors using this equation.

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    UNIT 20:capacitors and Dielectric UNIT 20:capacitors and Dielectric

    Uploaded by

    Liyanna Blanda
    45 views15 pages
    Capacitors are devices that can store electric charge between two conducting plates separated by an insulator. The capacitance of a capacitor depends on the plate area, distance between plates, and the dielectric material. Parallel plate capacitors have a capacitance given by C=εA/d, where ε is the permittivity of the dielectric, A is the plate area, and d is the distance. Examples show how to calculate charge, electric field, and other properties of parallel plate capacitors using this equation.

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    Chapter 1.1

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    Capacitors are devices that can store electric charge between two conducting plates separated by an insulator. The capacitance of a capacitor depends on the plate area, distance between plates, and the dielectric material. Parallel plate capacitors have a capacitance given by C=εA/d, where ε is the permittivity of the dielectric, A is the plate area, and d is the distance. Examples show how to calculate charge, electric field, and other properties of parallel plate capacitors using this equation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    45 views15 pages

    UNIT 20:capacitors and Dielectric UNIT 20:capacitors and Dielectric

    Uploaded by

    Liyanna Blanda
    Capacitors are devices that can store electric charge between two conducting plates separated by an insulator. The capacitance of a capacitor depends on the plate area, distance between plates, and the dielectric material. Parallel plate capacitors have a capacitance given by C=εA/d, where ε is the permittivity of the dielectric, A is the plate area, and d is the distance. Examples show how to calculate charge, electric field, and other properties of parallel plate capacitors using this equation.

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    UNIT 20:Capacitors and Dielectric

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    20.1 Capacitor
    A capacitor is a device that is capable of storing electric charges or electric potential energy energy. It is consist of two conducting plates separated by a small air gap or a thin insulator (called a dielectric such as mica, ceramics, paper or even oil). The conducting plates could be in the shape of Cylindrical Spherical Parallel plate The electrical symbol for a capacitor is + or

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    20.1.1 Uses of Capacitors Capacitors are commonly used in many electronic circuits. Some examples are : Photoflash unit capacitor stores large amount of energy which can be released in a flash when triggered. Giant lasers large amount of energy stored in capacitors could power large lasers. as switches in computer On-off switches low energy capacitors can be used motherboards. Smoothen d.c. voltages are obtained from the rectification of a.c.voltages. Computer keyboard and etc..
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    20.1.2 Capacitance, C
    The capacitance of a capacitor is defined as the ratio of the charge on either plate to the potential difference between them. them Mathematically, Q
    where

    V Q : charge on one of the plates V : potential difference across the two plates

    C=

    It is a scalar quantity and the unit of capacitance is farad (F) OR coulombs per volt (CV-1). 1 farad is defined as the charge of 1 coulomb stored on each of the conducting plates as a result of a potential difference of 1 volt between the two plates. 1 coulomb i.e. 1 farad = 1 volt Capacitance is always a positive quantity.
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    By rearranging the equation from the definition of capacitance, we get

    Q = CV

    where the capacitance of a capacitor, C is constant then

    Q V
    (The charges stored, Q is directly proportional to the potential difference, V across the conducting plate.)
    o

    Note : o Unit conversion for capacitance are :

    1 F = 10 6 F 1 pF = 10 12 F = 10 6 F = 1 F
    o

    The greater capacitance of a capacitor, the more charge is required.


    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    20.1.3 Parallel-plate Capacitors


    Consider a two parallel metallic plates capacitor of equal area A are separated by a distance d and the space between plates is vacuum or air as shown in Figure 4.1.
    positive terminal

    +Q

    V
    Q
    negative terminal Figure 4.1

    r d E

    When the capacitor is charged its plates have charges of equal charged, magnitudes but opposite signs + Q and Q then the potential signs: and difference V across the plates is produced produced.
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    Since d << A so that the electric field strength E is uniform between the plates. The magnitude of the electric field strength within the plates is given by Q E= and =

    where

    Since Q=CV and V=Ed (Uniform E) then equation (4.1) can be written as

    A 0 Q (4.1) E= A0 : surface charge density on either plate (unit : C m 2 and a scalar quantity)

    CV E= A0 CEd E= A0

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    ParallelParallel-plate capacitor separated by a vacuum

    0 A C= d
    and

    (4.2)

    ParallelParallel-plate capacitor separated by a dielectric material where

    A C= d
    0 : permittivity of free space

    (4.3)

    ( 0 = 8.85 10 12 C 2 N 1 m 2 )

    : permittivity of dielectric material d : distance between the two plates A : area of each plate
    From equations (4.2) and (4.3), The capacitance, C of a parallel-plate capacitor is proportional to the area, A of its plates and inversely proportional to the plate separation, d.
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    Example 1 :
    A parallel-plate capacitor has plates of area 280 cm2 are separated by a distance 0.550 mm. The plates are in vacuum. If a potential difference of 20.1 V is supplied to the capacitor, determine a. the capacitance of the capacitor. b. the amount of charge on each plate. c. the electric field strength was produced. d. the surface charge density on each plate. (Given permittivity of free space, 0 = 8.85 1012 C2 N1 m2) Solution : A = 280 10 4 m 2 ; d = 0.550 10 3 m; V = 20.1 V a)

    C = 4.51 10 10 F
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    Solution : A = 280 10 4 m 2 ; d = 0.550 10 3 m; V = 20.1 V b. The amount of charge on each plate is given by

    Q = 9.07 10 9 C
    c. From the relation between uniform E and V , therefore

    E = 3.66 10 4 V m 1
    d. The surface charge density on each plate is

    = 3.24 10 7 C m 2
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    Example 2 : A circular parallel-plate capacitor with radius of 1.2 cm is connected to a 6.0 V battery. After the capacitor is fully charged, the battery is disconnected without loss of any of the charge on the plates. If the separation distance between plates is 2.5 mm and the medium between plates is air. a. Calculate the amount of charge on each plate. If their separation is increases to 50 mm after the battery is disconnected, determine b. the amount of charge on each plate. c. the potential difference between plates. d. the capacitance of the capacitor. (Given permittivity of free space, 0 = 8.85 x 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2)

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    Solution : A = 280 10 4 m 2 ; d = 0.550 10 3 m; V = 20.1 V b. The amount of charge on each plate is given by

    Q = 9.07 10 9 C
    c. From the relation between uniform E and V , therefore

    E = 3.66 10 4 V m 1
    d. The surface charge density on each plate is

    = 3.24 10 7 C m 2
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    Example 2 :
    A circular parallel-plate capacitor with radius of 1.2 cm is connected to a 6.0 V battery. After the capacitor is fully charged, the battery is disconnected without loss of any of the charge on the plates. If the separation between plates is 2.5 mm and the medium between plates is air. a. Calculate the amount of charge on each plate. If their separation is increase to 8.0 mm after the battery is disconnected, determine b. the amount of charge on each plate. c. the potential difference between the plates. d. the capacitance of the capacitor. (Given permittivity of free space,

    0 = 8.85 1012 C2 N1 m2)

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    Solution : r = 1.2 10 2 m; V = 6.0 V; d = 2.5 10 3 m a. The area of each plate is The amount of charge on each plate is given by

    Q = 9.60 10 12 C
    Given d1= 8.0103 m b. The amount of each plate remains unchanged i.e. because
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    Solution : c. From the relation between uniform E and V , therefore

    V1 = 19.2 V
    d. The new capacitance of the capacitor is

    OR

    C1 = 5.0 10 13 F 0 A C1 = d1
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