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MODULE 3 AND 4

What is GIS? DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF GIS

GIS is computer system designed to capture Store, Manipulate, Analysis, Manage and display spatial or
geospatial data

COMPONENTS OF GIS

A GIS divided into five components,

1. HARDWARE
2. SOFTWARE
3. DATA
4. PEOPLE
5. METHODS OR PROCEDURE all these components need to be in balance for the system to be
successful. no one part can run without the other

PEOPLE

The people are the component who actually makes the GIS work. They are responsible for maintenance
of the geographic database and provide technical support. People associated with GIS can be categorized
into viewers, general users and GIS specialists

General users are people who use GIS to conducting business, performing professional, services and
making decisions. They include facility managers, resource managers, planners, scientist, engineers,
lawyers, business, entrepreneurs etc.

GIS specialists are the people who make the GIS work. They include GIS managers, Database
administrators, and application specialists. System analysts and programmers.

METHODS OR PROCEDURE

They include how the data will be retrieved, input into the system, stored, managed, transformed,
analyzed and finally presented in a final output. The procedure are the steps taken to answered the
question need to be resolved

HARDWARE

Hardware: It consists of the equipments and support devices that are required to capture, store
process and visualize the geographic information. These include computer with hard disk,
digitizers, scanners, printers and plottersetc.

SOFTWARE:

Software is at the heart of a GIS system. The GIS software must have the basic capabilities of
data input, storage, transformations, analysis and providing desired outputs. The interfaces could

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be different for different software’s. The GIS software being used today belong to either of the
category –proprietary or open source. ArcGIS by ESRI is the widely used proprietary GIS
software. Others in the same category are MapInfo, Micro station, Geomedia etc. The
development of open source GIS has provided us with freely available desktop GIS such as
Quantum, uDIG, GRASS, Map Window GIS etc., GIS software’s.

DATA:

The data is captured or collected from various sources (such as maps, field observations,
photography, satellite imagery etc) and is processed for analysis and presentation.

Write brief note on objectives of GIS

Some of the major objectives of GIS are to

 Maximizing the efficiency of planning and decision making

 Integrating information from multiple sources
 Facilitating complex querying and analysis
 Eliminating redundant data and minimizing duplication
 Capacity to integrate information from many source

EXPLAIN THE ORIGIN AND MEANING OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

SCIENCE

GIS can answerer

Location information- means what exists at a point or particular location

Condition –identify location where certain condition exist

Trends- what has changed since?

Patterns -what spatial patterns exist?

Modeling- what if

Mapmaking (representation of geographical information) has evidences to show independent evolution of maps in
different parts of the earth. The direct evidence of mapping comes from Middle East in the form of Babylonian Clay
Tablets as early as 1000 B.C which depicted earth as a flat circular disk.

Around 200 B.C, Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of earth accurately. Later came, Ptolemy and Al-Idrisi
who made remarkable contributions in the field of cartography. Following them were Mercator and Newton, their
work paved way for the upcoming cartographers and geographers to better understand the earth and the geographical
phenomenon.

Putting layers of data on series of base maps to analyze things geographically has been into existence much longer
than the introduction of computers to the geographical world.

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The French cartographer Louis-Alexandre Berthier had drawn the maps of the Battle of Yorktown (1781) that
contained hinged overlays to show troop movements.

Early Developments in GIS

Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS)

 The earliest GIS, set up in mid 1960s by Roger Tomlinson and colleagues for Canadian
Land Inventory.

It was developed as a measuring tool (to measure area), a producer of tabular information
rather than a mapping tool.

Harvard Laboratory

 The Harvard laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis was established in
1964 by Howard Fisher at Harvard University.

The GIS packages developed were SYMAP, CALFORM, SYMVU, GRID, POLYVRT,
ODYSSEY

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Dual Independent Map Encoding (DIME)

 Developed by US Bureau of Census in 1967 to conduct the 1970 census of population.

Digital records of all US streets were created to support automatic referencing and
aggregation of census records.

Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI)

 Jack Dangermond founded ESRI in 1969 to undertake GIS projects.

In 1981, ESRI launched ArcInfo (major commercial GIS software system) based on
vector & relational database data model.

Longley et al (2001) have described the period from1980 to 2000 as the era of
commercialization in the field of GIS. The period marks the establishment of commercial
GIS industries, research centers, GPS, OpenGIS Consortium, Internet GIS products
along with publications on GIS and allied fields. The period after 2000 is referred to as
the era of exploitation. In 2000, it was estimated that GIS was being used by one million
core users and five million casual users.

Importance of GIS

GIS informs not only about the activities and the events but also where they exist. The
solutions to problems often require access to several types of information that can only be
linked by geography. GIS allows to store and manipulate information using geography
and to analyze patterns, relationships, and trends in that information to help in making
better decisions.

Application of GIS

GIS is involved in various areas. These include topographical mapping, socioeconomic

and environment modeling, and education. The role of GIS is best illustrated with respect
to some of the representative application areas that are mentioned below:

Tax Mapping: Raising revenue from property taxes is one of the important functions of
the government agencies. The amount of tax payable depends on the value of the land
and the property. The correct assessment of value of land and property determines the
equitable distribution of the community tax. A tax assessor has to evaluate new properties
and respond to the existing property valuation. To evaluate taxes the assessor uses details
on current market rents, sale, maintenance, insurance and other expenses. Managing as
well as analyzing all this information simultaneously is time consuming and hence comes
the need of GIS. Information about property with its geographical location and boundary
is managed by GIS. Land units stored in parcel database can be linked to their properties.
Querying the GIS database can locate similar type of properties in an area. The
characteristics of these properties can then be compared and valuation can be easily done

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Business: Approximately 80 percent of all business data are related to location.

Businesses manage a world of information about sales, customers, inventory,
demographic profiles etc. Demographic analysis is the basis for many other business
functions: customer service, site analysis, and marketing. Understanding your customers
and their socioeconomic and purchasing behavior is essential for making good business
decisions. A GIS with relevant data such as number of consumers, brands and sites they
go for shopping can give any business unit a fair idea whether their unit if set up is going
to work at a particular location the way they want it to run.

Environment: GIS is being increasingly involved in mapping the habitat loss, urban
sprawl, land-use change etc. Mapping such phenomena need historical landuse data,
anthropogenic effects which greatly affect these phenomena are also brought into GIS
domain. GIS models are then run to make predictions for the future.

Logistics: Logistics is a field that takes care of transporting goods from one place to
another and finally delivering them to their destinations. It is necessary for the shipping
companies to know where their warehouses should be located, which routes should the
transport follow that ensures minimum time and expenditures to deliver the parcels to
their destinations. All such logistics decisions need GIS support.

EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENT STEPS INVOLVED IN GIS

SPATIAL DATA INPUT

ATTRIBUTE DATA MANAGEMENT

DATA DISPLAY

DATA EXPLANATION

DATA ANALYSIS

GIS MODELLING

1. Analysis and modeling in a GIS requires input of relevant data. The data consist of two
types: spatial data representing geographic features (points, lines and areas) and attribute
data (descriptive information). Data input should be done with utmost care, as the results
of analyses heavily depend on the quality of the input data. In ILWIS data can be entered
by: −
2. Digitizing, if you want to use data from analog (paper) maps; −
3. Keyboard entry, for entering tabular data; −
4. Scanning, if you want to use paper prints of satellite images, aerial photographs, maps
5. pictures; − Importing existing data files from other sources.

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Maps aerial sensors field photographs observation

Computer digitations stereo scanners magnetic key board and plotter

Data input

Data base

Geographic database

Location

Topology attribute

Management system

Data storage and data base management sorcess the way in which data about the location,
linkages and attributes of geographical elements ( points, lines, atreas and more complex entities
representing objects on the earth surface) are structured and organized, both with respect to the
way they must be handled in the computer and how they are perceived by the uses of the system.
The computer program used to organize the database is known as a database management system
(DBMS)

DATA OUTPUT AND PRESENTATION:- concern the ways the data are displayed and how the
results of analyzer are reported to the user. Data may be presented as maps, table in a variety of
ways ranging from the ephemeral images on the computer screen through the hard copy, output
drawn on the printer or plotter to information recorded on magnetic media in digital form

Data output display and reporting

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Computer printer paper of optical and

Screen film plotter magnetic
media

Maps Tables Graphs Video

DATA transformation embraces two classes of operation, namely transformation

added to remove error from the data as bring them up to data or to match them to other data sets
and the lorge assay of analysis methods that may be applied to the data in order to achieve
answer to the function asked of the GIS. Transformation can operate on the spatial, topological
and the non spatial aspects of the data, either separately or in combination

Transformation

Maintenance Utilization and analyzer

And updating

The interaction between user and GIS for data and query input and the writing of models for the
data analysis in an aspect that has been neglected until recently. The introduction of the
personal computer, the mouse or pointing device and multi windowing has made it much easier
for many people to use completes through typing skills are still essential for most tasks.

Organizational context

Organizational aspect or context nothing but the way the information flows and the way in which
the analysis is done. The organizational context involve three sub components

a. data data isnothing but information bring used for the analysis
b. b. people the people involved in the analysis and the creation of the information system.
If also involve the uses
c. methods the methods is nothing but the steps, procedure which are used for the analysis
and in the making of the information system

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Management

Aims and furrier from

Information for
management
management

Geographical
information system

Data gathering

Explain in detail on the different types of data utilize in GIS technology

DATA TYPE

Spatial data

Also known as geospatial data or geographic information it is the data or information that
identify of geographic location information system like feature and boundaries on earth such as
natural or constructed featute oceans and more, spatial data is usually stored as co ordinate and
topology and is data that can be mapped spatial data often accessed manipulated or analyzed
through GIS

DEFINITION 1 The conversion or abstraction of the earth and its properties to adatabase that
define location and properties of individual features of interest

DEFINITION 2. Duplicating the real world in the computer by collecting information about
things and where these things are located

Spatial data is : an inventory os assets land cover. Land use and other natural resources can be
considered assets

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Or

Non spatial data/a spatial/attribute data

In a GIS like any other information system all the usual data type’s ie Boolean nominal ordinal
integer real and also topological data can be considered

Usual data type (a spatial data ) Allowed values Allowed operations

Boolean 0 to 1 Logical and indicator
operation truth vs false hood
Nominal Any name Logival operation
classification and
identification
Ordinal Numbers of 0 to ∞ Logical and ranking operation
comparison of magnitude
Integers Whole numbers -∞ to +∞ Logical operation integer,
attribute
Real Real numbers All logical and numerical
operation
GIS Specific data type Whole numbers Indicates links between
topological entities

Spatial data and non spatial data

Spatial data

Spatial data of geo reference data is commonly characterized by the presence of two
fundamental components

1. the physical dimension or class i.e the phenomena being reported

for example height of the forest canopy, demographic class, rock type , vegetation type details
of a city etc,

2. the spatial location of the phenomena

for example specified with reference to common co ordinate system

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Non spatial/attribute/a spatial or tabular data

These are usually data tables that contain information about the spatial components of the GIS
theme . these can be numeric and or character data such as timber type, timber volume , road size
, well depth etc. the attribute are related back to the spatial feature by use of residual identifiers
that are stored both with the attribute table and the feature qualitative (low, medium, high
income) or quantitative the database allows use to manipulate information in many ways from
simple listing of attributes, sorting feature by some attribute grouping by attribute and singling
out groups by attribute

Non spatial data s is divided into

Vector data and raster data

Vector data: - a vector data based gis is defined by the vectorial representation of the geographic
data. The most common representation of map is using vector data that is consists of Point, line
and polygon

Vector data

Point data:- layer described by point( or event) described by X,Y (LAT, LONG;
EAST,NORTH )

Line / polyline data:- Layer described by x,y points ( line segments and polylines )

Polygon data – layers of closed line segments enclosing area that are described by attribute

PONTS LINE POLY LINE POLYGON

Polygon data can be multipart like the islands of the state Hawaii

b. Raster data consists of a matrix of cells organized into rows and columns where each
cell contains a value’ representing information. Each as temp, raster’s are digital aerial
photographer, imagery from satellites, digital pictures or even scanned images

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Explain conceptual module of spatial information

1. Entities
2. Continuous fields
3.

Explain geometric modeling and temporal modeling

4. Geometric modeling

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