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Structure analysis of electromagnetic waves absorbing material a

lanthanum manganite system of (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-x)/2ZnxFe(1-x)/2)O3
To cite this article: L Rumiyanti et al 2021 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1751 012069

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ICASMI 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1751 (2021) 012069 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1751/1/012069

Structure analysis of electromagnetic waves absorbing

material a lanthanum manganite system of
(La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-x)/2ZnxFe(1-x)/2)O3

L Rumiyanti1,2, I Wandira2, W A Adi3, Junaidi2, S Sembiring2

1
Graduate School of Physics, University of Lampung, Jl. Sumantri Brojonegoro no 1,
Bandar Lampung, Indonesia
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of
Lampung, Jl. Sumantri Brojonegoro no 1, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia
3
Center for Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, National Nuclear Energy
Agency,
Indonesia.

E-mail: leny.rumiyanti@fmipa.unila.ac.id

Abstract. Solid compound of lanthanum manganite system of (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-x)/2ZnxFe(1-

x)/2)O3 has been synthesized via conventional solid state reaction route using lanthanum oxide
(La2O3), barium carbonate (BaCO3), zinc oxide (ZnO), ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and manganese
carbonate (MnCO3) powders as it raw materials. High energy ball milling was used to mix the
material for 5 hours. It is then sintered at 1000°C for 5 hours. X-ray powder diffraction method
(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the change of structure
of the solid compound. The refinement pattern result of the XRD shown that a single phase
was occurred in the form of (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.4Zn0.2Fe0.4)O3. It has trigonal lattice crystal
structure of (r-3c) point group with lattice parameter of a = b = 5.515 Å and c = 13.551 Å, α =
β = 90° and γ = 120°, a volume unit cell of V = 356.904 Å3 and a density of ρ = 6.745 g.cm-3.
The SEM result shown that the surface morphology of (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.4Zn0.2Fe0.4)O3 has a
homogeneous sphere structure. The XRD and SEM structure analysis result of the lanthanum
manganite system of (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.4Zn0.2Fe0.4)O3 shown that the compound is feasible for
further studied.

1. Introduction
In recent years the use of electromagnetic waves based technology for applications are rapidly grown.
One of it was telecommunications technology. The growth of the telecommunications technology
provider is in line with the growth of the electromagnetic waves radiation on earth’s atmosphere. This
phenomenon has bad influence on other electronic devices that used the same technology, resulting
from noise to error [1]. It is believed that the electromagnetic waves radiation originated from cellular
phone signal could trigger the emergence of cancer cell [2]. It is also believed that a magnetic material
which resonate at certain frequency and absorb hazardous electromagnetic waves radiation could
reduce the problem, an electromagnetic waves absorbing material [3].

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1751 (2021) 012069 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1751/1/012069

An electromagnetic waves absorbing material must have high permeability (magnetic loss properties)
and high permittivity (dielectric loss properties) [4]. A modification of ferrite based magnetic material
resulting in high permeability [5] and manganese based magnetic material with perovskite crystal
structure resulting in high permittivity are the thriving studies of electromagnetic waves absorbing
material nowadays. This type of material combined with material structure engineering could create
prime material for electromagnetic waves absorbing material applications [6]. The modification of the
lanthanum manganite system by substituting certain element inside lanthanum manganite system ions
which in turn influence the magnetic properties and the material structure has been studied and done
[7-9].

The magnetic structure of LaMnO3 is anti-ferromagnetic. Magnetic interactions in this system

belong to the indirect exchange interaction, called superexchange mechanism. Superexchange
mechanism is the magnetic interaction between the adjacent Mn3+ ions mediated by nonmagnetic ions
O2- with electron spin pairing. The hysteresis curve of LaMnO3 measured at room temperature has a
linear magnetic pattern as a function of the applied magnetic field. Meanwhile the presence of Ba
substitution into La on this system causes a magnetic phase transformation. In contrary, the magnetic
structure of La0.8Ba0.2MnO3 is ferromagnetic. This magnetic phase transformation occurs due to the
presence in the mixed valence Mn through double-exchange mechanism. The mechanism of double
exchange is the magnetic interaction in which the displacement of the electron spin is parallel to the
nearest neighbor by doing twice hopping simultaneously from Mn3+ ions to Mn4+ ions through O 2-
ions. The hysteresis curve of La0.8Ba0.2MnO3 measured at room temperature has a nonlinear magnetic
pattern as a function the applied magnetic field [8].

A modification of the lanthanum manganite system of (LaSr)MnO 3 with ferrite ion (Fe+3) as an
injector which result in the empirical formula of La0.8Sr0.2Mn1-yFeyO3 (0 < y < 0.2) has been done. The
ferrite (Fe) addition of y = 0.14 increase the material reflection loss value up to -34 dB with an
absorption percentage value of 98% and it is believed that the addition of ferrite ion gives huge
contribution to the magnetic properties of the material [9]. A research of lanthanum manganite system
of La1-xBaxMnO3 has been done and it resulting in two peak wave absorption which occurred at
frequency of 11.1 GHz and 14.2 GHz with reflection loss value of -4.8 dB and -6.8 dB and an
absorption percentage value of 55% [10].

In this research, we will present structural engineering materials called perovskite La 0.8Ba0.2MnO3,
where the element iron is substituted with manganese (Mn) to increase its permeability and zinc (Zn)
to increase the permittivity in the material. The focus of discussion is to determine the material
structure due to addition of iron and zinc.

2. Materials and methods

A lanthanum manganite system of (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-x)/2ZnxFe(1-x)/2)O3 with ferrite ion (Fe+3) and zinc
ion (Zn+2) as an injector will be synthesized via conventional solid state reaction route using
lanthanum oxide (La2O3), barium carbonate (BaCO3), zinc oxide (ZnO), ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and
manganese carbonate (MnCO3) powders as it raw materials. The mixing of these raw materials will be
done using stoichiometry principle as shown in equation;

0.8 La2O3 ( s )  0.2 BaCO3 ( s )  2 xMnCO3 ( s )  (1  x) ZnO ( s )  (1  x ) / 2 Fe2O3 ( s ) 

(1)
2 La0.8 Ba0.2 Mnx Zn(1 x )/2 Fe(1 x )/2O3 ( s )  zCO2
The concentration of ferrite ion (Fe+3) and zinc ion (Zn+2) injection into manganese ion (Mn+2) will be
varied which is x = 0, x = 0.2, x = 0.4 and x = 0.6. High energy ball milling with normal speed setting
at 90 minute, off time at 30 minute and on off cycle for one time will be used to mix the raw materials

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1751 (2021) 012069 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1751/1/012069

for 5 hours at room temperature. It is then sintered at 1000°C for 5 hours and then cooled at room
temperature.

The x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) instrument of PANalytical then used to identify the phase of each
sample compound. The Rietveld method with refinement parameter [11] will be used to analyze the
phase of each sample compound. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) instrument of scanning
electron microscope – energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) JEOL JSM-6510LA will be used to
analyze the surface morphology and compound compositions analysis of each sample compound.

3. Result and discussion

3.1 Phase analysis
Phase analysis of the compound with varied concentration of injector is determined by comparing and
matching the x-ray diffraction pattern data acquired of each compound with the data from
crystallography open database (COD). The x-ray diffraction pattern of lanthanum manganite system of
(La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-x)/2ZnxFe(1-x)/2)O3 for each compound is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. X-ray diffraction pattern of lanthanum manganite

system of (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-x)/2ZnxFe(1-x)/2)O3.

It is shown in Figure 1 that there are several phase occurred in each of the sample compound of the
lanthanum manganite system of (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-x)/2ZnxFe(1-x)/2)O3. The x-ray diffraction pattern for
sample compound with concentration x = 0 and it peaks identification shown that the pattern was not
of single phase. A phase of BaFe12O19 occurred and matches the data from COD No. 96-100-8327
alongside a phase of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 which matches the data from COD No. 96-400-2491. The x-ray
diffraction pattern for sample compound with concentration x = 0.2 and it peaks identification shown
that the pattern was of single phase. The only single phase was of La 0.7Ba0.3MnO3 which matches the
data from COD No. 96-400-2491. The x-ray diffraction pattern for sample compound with
concentration x = 0.4 and x = 0.6 and it peaks identification shown that the pattern was not of single
phase. A phase of MnO which matches the data from COD No. 96-411-7967 and a phase of ZnO
which matches the data from COD No. 96-230-0116 occurred alongside a phase of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3
which matches the data from COD No. 96-400-2491. In conclusion, the single phase occurred in the
lanthanum manganite system of (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.4Zn0.2Fe0.4)O3.

A refinement analysis process of the lanthanum manganite system of (La 0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-x)/2ZnxFe(1-

+3 +2
x)/2)O3 will be done to analyze the effect of ferrite ion (Fe ) and zinc ion (Zn ) injection to the
compound regarding its main structure element using Match!3 program and general structure analysis
system (GSAS) software.

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1751 (2021) 012069 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1751/1/012069

Figure 2. X-ray diffraction refinements pattern Figure 3. X-ray diffraction refinements pattern
of lanthanum manganite system of of lanthanum manganite system of
(La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.5Fe0.5)O3 (x = 0) (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.4Zn0.2Fe0.4)O3 (x = 0.2)

It is shown in Figure 2 that there are two phases occurred in the lanthanum manganite system of
(La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.5Fe0.5)O3 (x = 0) which is a phase of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 and a phase of BaFe12O19. A
phase of BaFe12O19 occurred because at injector concentration of x = 0, the ferrite ion (Fe +3) already
injected into the lanthanum manganite system of (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-x)/2ZnxFe(1-x)/2)O3. It is shown in
Figure 3 that there is a single phase occurred in the lanthanum manganite system of
(La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.4Zn0.2Fe0.4)O3 (x = 0.2) which is a phase of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3. A phase of
La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 is belongs to the trigonal lattice crystal structure of (r-3c) point group. One cell of
trigonal lattice contain 18 oxide ion (O-2), 6 lanthanum ion (La+3), 6 barium ion (Ba+2) and 6
manganese ion (Mn+2). The lanthanum (La), barium (Ba), manganese (Mn) and oxygen (O) atom
occupied the Wyckoff position of 6a, 6a, 6b and 18e respectively.

Figure 4. X-ray diffraction refinements pattern Figure 5. X-ray diffraction refinements pattern
of lanthanum manganite system of of lanthanum manganite system of
(La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.3Zn0.4Fe0.3)O3 (x = 0.4) (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.2Zn0.6Fe0.2)O3 (x = 0.6)

It is shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 that there are three phases occurred in the lanthanum manganite
system of (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.3Zn0.4Fe0.3)O3 (x = 0.4) and (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.2Zn0.6Fe0.2)O3 (x = 0.6) which is
a phase of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3, a phase of MnO and a phase of ZnO. The injection of ferrite ion (Fe +3) and
zinc ion (Zn+2) with concentration of x = 0.4 and x = 0.6 into the lanthanum manganite system of
(La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-x)/2ZnxFe(1-x)/2)O3 generated a new phase of MnO and a phase of ZnO. The phase
identification method for the lanthanum manganite system of (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-x)/2ZnxFe(1-x)/2)O3 with

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ICASMI 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1751 (2021) 012069 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1751/1/012069

injector concentration of x = 0, x = 0.2, x = 0.4 and x = 0.6 in this research is in accordance with the
referenced literature [12,13].

The lattice structure parameter value, criteria-of-fit (Rwp) value, goodness-of-fit (χ2) value and the
mass fraction of phase formed of the lanthanum manganite system of (La 0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-x)/2ZnxFe(1-
x)/2)O3 for each sample compound is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. The lattice structure parameter value, criteria-of-fit (Rwp) value, goodness-of-fit (χ2) value
and the mass fraction of phase formed of the lanthanum manganite system of (La 0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-
x)/2ZnxFe(1-x)/2)O3

Sample Latice parameter (Å) V ρ Fraction Rwp

Phase χ2
(x) a b C (Å3) (g/cm3) Wt% (%)
La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 5,543 5,543 13,508 359,512 6,726 94,1
0 4,95 1,275
BaFe12O19 5,886 5,886 23,146 694,488 10,752 5,9
0,2 La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 5,515 5,515 13,551 356,904 6,745 100 6,08 1,179
La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 5,538 5,538 13,500 358,593 7,044 90
0,4 MnO 3,006 3,006 5,257 51,146 13,139 5,5 6,94 2,184
ZnO 3,245 3,245 5,198 47,413 17,394 4,5
La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 5,535 5,535 13,516 358,668 7,164 80
0,6 MnO 3,382 3,382 5,198 52,014 13,588 12,2 7,80 2,500
ZnO 3,245 3,245 5,197 47,409 17,396 7,8

It is shown in Table 1 that the criteria-of-fit (Rwp) value and the goodness-of-fit (χ2) value of the
single phased lanthanum manganite system of (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.4Zn0.2Fe0.4)O3 (x = 0.2) is 6.08% and
1.179 respectively. The goodness-of-fit (χ2) value of the single phased lanthanum manganite system of
(La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.4Zn0.2Fe0.4)O3 (x = 0.2) is below the allowed value of the referenced literature which is
1.3 [14]. The change of the lattice structure parameter on each sample compound shown that the
injection of the ferrite ion (Fe+3) and zinc ion (Zn+2) into the manganese ion (Mn+2) of the lanthanum
manganite system of (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-x)/2ZnxFe(1-x)/2)O3 is successfully accomplished.

In addition, the single-phase sample that is formed can be used as the best material for electromagnetic
wave absorber materials [15]. The presence of ferrite ion (Fe3+) and zinc ion (Zn2+) in the sample
results in a mixed valence of manganese ions between Mn3+ and Mn4+ ions, causing magnetic
interactions. Magnetic interactions occur double exchange and super exchange between Mn3+/Mn3+
and Mn3+/Mn4+ ions, respectively. As a result of this super exchange phenomenon, the sample can be
used as an electromagnetic wave absorber [16].

3.2 Surface morphology analysis and compound compositions analysis

The surface morphology analysis result of the lanthanum manganite system of (La 0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-
x)/2ZnxFe(1-x)/2)O3 with injector concentration of x = 0, x = 0.2, x = 0.4 and x = 0.6 is shown in Figure 6.

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1751 (2021) 012069 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1751/1/012069

(a) Composition x = 0 (b) Composition x = 0.2

(c) Composition x = 0.4 (d) Composition x = 0.6

Figure 6. The surface morphology of the lanthanum manganite system of (La 0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-x)/2ZnxFe(1-
x)/2)O3

It is shown in Figure 6 (a) that the surface morphology of the sample compound was an
inhomogeneous sphere. It is in accordance with the phase analysis result that the sample compound
has two phases. It is shown in Figure 6 (b) that the surface morphology of the sample compound was a
homogeneous sphere. It is in accordance with the phase analysis result that the sample compound has
single phase. It is shown in Figure 6 (c) and Figure 6 (d) that the surface morphology of the sample
compounds was an inhomogeneous sphere with some clump visibly seen. These visibly seen clumps
are assumed to be a different phase from the rest. It is in accordance with the phase analysis result that
the sample compound has three phases.

The compound compositions analysis result of the lanthanum manganite system of (La 0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-
x)/2ZnxFe(1-x)/2)O3 with injector concentration of x = 0, x = 0.2, x = 0.4 and x = 0.6 is shown in Table 2.

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1751 (2021) 012069 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1751/1/012069

Table 2. The compound compositions analysis result of the lanthanum manganite system of
(La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-x)/2ZnxFe(1-x)/2)O3

Sample Mass (%) Atom (%)

Element
(x) Observation Calculation Observation Calculation
0 La 44,90 45,92 17,00 16
Ba 12,13 11,35 4,64 4
Fe 15,18 11,54 14,30 10
Mn 11,72 11,35 11,22 10
O 16,07 19,84 52,83 60
0.2 La 47,80 45,55 21,08 16
Ba 11,59 11,25 5,17 4
Zn 6,27 5,36 5,88 4
Fe 12,42 9,16 13,62 8
Mn 10,95 9,01 12,21 8
O 10,97 19,67 42,03 60
0.4 La 47,01 45,18 22,91 16
Ba 8,68 11,17 4,28 4
Zn 20,37 10,63 21,09 8
Fe 8,93 6,81 10,82 6
Mn 7,54 6,70 9,26 6
O 7,47 19,51 31,60 60
0.6 La 37,52 44,81 18,19 16
Ba 21,65 11,08 10,62 4
Zn 26,79 15,82 27,61 12
Fe 2,75 4,50 3,33 4
Mn 2,44 4,43 2,98 4
O 8,85 19,36 37,27 60

It is shown in Table 2 that the compound composition of each sample compound is in accordance with
the compound composition at the preparation stage. The mass fraction percentage and the atom
fraction percentage are relatively equal for the observed and calculated portion. The atom fraction
percentage of the manganese atom (Mn) and the ferrite atom (Fe) is decreased for sample with injector
concentration of x = 0.4 and x = 0.6 while the zinc atom (Zn) is increased. It is caused by the
lanthanum manganite system of (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn(1-x)/2ZnxFe(1-x)/2)O3 used.

4. Conclusions
The conclusion based on this research is as follow. The lanthanum manganite system of
(La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.4Zn0.2Fe0.4)O3 (x = 0.2) is the most suitable compound to be considered for an
electromagnetic waves absorbing material based application. The refinement pattern result of the x-ray
powder diffraction method (XRD) shown that a single phase was occurred in the sample compound of
the lanthanum manganite system of (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.4Zn0.2Fe0.4)O3. It has trigonal lattice crystal
structure of (r-3c) point group with lattice parameter of a = b = 5.5147 Å and c = 13.5507 Å, α = β =
90° and γ = 120°, a volume unit cell of V = 356.904 Å 3 and a density of ρ = 6.745 g.cm-3. The
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) result shown that the surface morphology of
(La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.4Zn0.2Fe0.4)O3 has a homogeneous sphere structure with compound composition
relatively homogeneous. The XRD and SEM structure analysis result of the lanthanum manganite
system of (La0.8Ba0.2)(Mn0.4Zn0.2Fe0.4)O3 shown that the compound is feasible for further studied.

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1751 (2021) 012069 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1751/1/012069

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Acknowledgement
The Author would like to acknowledge Arganindya Adiswara for the helpful discussions and comment
regarding this article. This research was supported by (i) Research and Community Service Institute,
University of Lampung, Indonesia; (ii) The Center for Science and Technology of
Advanced Materials, National Nuclear Energy Agency for the research facilities.