SHYAMA PRASAD MUKHERJEE COLLEGE

Presentation
Of
The rise of modern west

Submitted by – Dimple
Roll no – 22/0238
Submitted to – Nirmala mam
Department of BA.hon History
 Index
•Introduction
• Scientific revolution
• Foundation of Scientific revolution
• Major contribution
• Major revolution of scientific revolution
•Other advancement in physics and
mathematics
•Conclusion
Introduction
The rise of modern science in Europe marks a pivotal
period in history, often associated with the Scientific
Revolution, which occurred roughly between the 16th and
18th centuries. It was characterized by a shift from
traditional, authority-based knowledge to empirical
observation and experimentation. Influential figures like
Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton challenged
prevailing beliefs about the cosmos, paving the way for
new scientific methods and discoveries that transformed
our understanding of the natural world. This period also
saw advancements in mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology, and chemistry, laying the foundation for the
modern scientific method and the rapid progress of
science in subsequent centuries.
Scientific revolution
The Scientific Revolution in Europe, roughly 1500 to 1700, was a
profound intellectual and cultural transformation that forever
altered humanity’s understanding of the natural world. The period
witnessed a seismic shift from medieval beliefs and superstitions
to an empirical and evidence-based approach to science and
exploration and saw significant breakthroughs and developments in
maths, physics, chemistry, and biology and the emergence of
modern science. Prominent figures like Nicolaus Copernicus,
Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton
challenged the geocentric model of the universe, developed the
laws of motion and gravitation, and laid the groundwork for
modern physics and astronomy. The Scientific Revolution paved the
way for the scientific method, critical thinking, and the notion that
scientific developments would improve our understanding of the
natural world.
 Foundation of scientific revolution
The scientific revolution started during the end of the
Renaissance period in Europe and continued until the late 18th
century. It also influenced the intellectual influencing social
movement called the “Enlightenment”. Ancient Greek learning
and the science prevalent during the Middle Ages served as
the foundation for the Scientific Revolution. Many popular
theories propounded by Aristotle and prominent philosophers
were transformed drastically. During the 17th century,
philosophers and scientists were able to collaborate and
interact with members of the astronomical and mathematical
communities to drive advancements in all fields. Academics
had access to a legacy of diversified scientific philosophical
fields, including Greek, European, and Middle Eastern. They
leveraged the theories belonging to this legacy to further
build advanced theorems or disapprove of a few to build
correct theories.
 Major contribution
Francis Bacon: Described as an empiricist, Francis Bacon propounded
the Baconian method. His work established and popularized inductive
methodologies related to scientific inquiry, sometimes known as
simply the scientific method.René Descartes: Described as a
rationalist, Descartes differentiated between the knowledge
obtained by the rationalist approacGalileo Galilei: He discovered the
principle of inertia that provided a rational view related to motion.
Besides this, Galileo Galilei shunned the dogma of the Church again,
suggesting that all movement in the universe is centred on Earth
based on his observation related to Jupiter’s four largest moons.h.
William Gilbert: He discovered that the Earth has magnetic poles,
and hence it acts like a huge magnet.Andreas Vesalius: Writer of De
humani corporis fabrica who prioritised dissection that became
popular as an “anatomical” view of the body and laid the foundations
related to the modern study of human anatomy.
William Harvey: He published De Motu Cordis,
and he provided a detailed analysis related to
the overall structure of the blood
circulHerman Boerhaave: He is reckoned as the
founder of clinical teaching. He is sometimes
also known as “the father of physiology.”ation
and heart. Thomas Hobbes, David Hume and
George Berkeley were the key exponents of
empiricism. They developed a redefined
empirical tradition as the foundation of human
knowledge. Pierre Fauchard: As a French
physician, he majorly contributed to dentistry
science and is known as “the father of modern
dentistry.”
 Major revolutions of the Scientific
Revolution
The heliocentric model: Copernicus’ 1543 work based on the
heliocentric model of the solar system demonstrated that it
was the sun that acted as the centre of the universe. The
discoveries of Galileo and Johannes Kepler further gave this
theory credibility. The work culminated in the Principia of
Isaac Newton creating the laws of universal gravitation and
motion. For the next three centuries, these revolutionary
theories dominated the view related to the physical universe.
Studying human anatomy by dissecting the human corpses
instead of relying solely on the animal dissections practised
since time immemorial. Discovering electric properties related
to various materials based on the studies of magnetism and
electricity.
Modernization of disciplines encompassing
physiology, dentistry, chemistry, and optics.
Invention of diversified tools that played a pivotal
role in gaining a deeper understanding related to
sciences. They included a mechanical calculator,
steam digester, reflecting and refracting
telescopes, mercury barometer, vacuum pump, and
beyond. Mathematizing: In the 16th and 17th
centuries, scientists in Europe began applying
quantitative measurements to the measurement
related to the physical phenomena on Earth.
Other Advancements in Physics and
Mathematics
• Galileo: Reckoned as the first modern thinker, Galileo clearly
stated that the laws of nature are mathematical. He grasped
the nuances of the parabola, both in terms of the ordinate x
and y and of conic sections. • Kepler: In 1604, Kepler published
Astronomiae Pars Optica (The Optical Part of Astronomy). He
described the inverse-square law that governed reflection by
flat, the intensity of light and curved mirrors, principles of
pinhole cameras, the astronomical implications related to
optics, including the apparent sizes related to heavenly bodies
and parallax. • Copernicus: Copernicus was an astronomer and
Renaissance mathematician who propounded a heliocentric
model pertaining to the universe, which positioned the sun,
instead of Earth, at the centre.
 Conclusion
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the developments in the
domain of science have conventionally been called the
“Scientific Revolution.” This phenomenal era began with
Nicolaus Copernicus and ended with Isaac Newton witnessing a
drastic change in the existing theories related to varied
disciplines encompassing life science, mathematics, astronomy,
medicine, physics, and whatnot. There are no qualms that the
scientific revolution paved the way for the advancement of all
these disciplines. It founded modern ideas about science by
achieving truth by questioning assumptions and analyzing
scientific data taking into consideration repeatable
experiments. The Scientific Revolution has contributed to a
great extent by reforming the Western world.
Thank
you