PHYSICS Investigatory project for grade 12th

SHRI RAM GLOBAL SCHOOL
PHYSICS PROJECT
Submitted By:
Pramod Chouhan
Grade: XII D
Roll.NO: 34
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Master Pramod Chouhan of Grade XII,

with Roll Number 34 of Shri Ram Global School, Bangalore
has completed his project in the subject of Physics for class
XII Practical examination of CBSE for the academic year
2024-25 under my supervision. He has taken great care and
shown utmost sincerity in the completion of the project.
I further certify that this project is up to my expectation and

is as per CBSE requirements.
Internal Examiner External Examiner
Principal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my

biology teacher Mrs. Anupama Ma’am for her vital
support, guidance, and encouragement without
which this project would not have come forth. I
would also like to thank Mr. Shivram Pal for his
continued support and for providing the facilities
required to execute this project.
Last, but not least, I would like to thank my parents
for their undivided support and interest which
always inspires me.
Pramod Chouhan
INDEX
S.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1 AIM 1
2
Introduction 2-3
3 Theory 4-9
4
Observation 10
5 Conclusion 11
6 Applications 12
7
Precautions 13
8
Bibliography 14
.
Electro Magnet:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced
by electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned
off.
Induction:
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the conductor in
a changing magnetic field is called induction.
Electromagnetic Induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference (voltage)
across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field causes molecules
in another object to flow. Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in
ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).
Finally, it is referring to the phenomenon where an emf is induced when the

magnetic flux linking a conductor changes.
Magnetic Flux is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density and
the area normal to the field through which the field is passing. It is a
scalar quantity and its S.I. unit is the weber (Wb).
φ=BA
Principle:
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a process where a
conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor moving
through a stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a voltage
across the conductor. This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn,
causes an electrical current - it is said to induce the current.
Invention:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831
though it may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi
in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made a similar discovery, but
did not publish his findings until later
Induced e.m.f.s :
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f. will be generated in

the coil. This effect was first observed and explained by Ampere and Faraday
between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered that an e.m.f. could be
generated either by, (a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each
other or by (b) changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in
some way. Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is changing.
For example, consider two coils as shown in Figure 1.
Coil A is connected to a galvanometer and coil B is connected to a battery

and has direct current flowing through it. Coil A is within the magnetic field
produced by B and an e.m.f. can be produced in A by moving the coils
relative to each other or by changing the size of the current in B. This can be
done by using the rheostat R, switching the current on or off, or (c) using an
a.c. supply for B.
(An e.m.f. could also be produced in coil A by replacing coil B with a

permanent magnet and moving this relative to coil A.)
Representation:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference (voltage)
across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
Working and Construction:

Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through a magnetic field
because the magnetic lines of force are applying a force on the free electrons
in the conductor and causing them to move. This process of generating
current in a conductor by placing the conductor in a changing magnetic field
is called induction. This is called induction because there is no physical
connection between the conductor and the magnet. The current is said to be
induced in the conductor by the magnetic field.
One requirement for this electromagnetic induction to take place is that the
conductor, which is often a piece of wire, must be perpendicular to the
magnetic lines of force in order to produce the maximum force on the free
electrons. The direction that the induced current flows is determined by the
direction of the lines of force and by the direction the wire is moving in the
field. In the animation above the ammeter (the instrument used to measure
current) indicates when there is current in the conductor.
If an AC current is fed through a piece of wire, the electromagnetic field that

is produced is constantly growing and shrinking due to the constantly
changing current in the wire. This growing and shrinking magnetic field can
induce electrical current in another wire that is held close to the first wire.
The current in the second wire will also be AC and in fact will look very similar
to the current flowing in the first wire.
It is common to wrap the wire into a coil to concentrate the strength of the
magnetic field at the ends of the coil. Wrapping the coil around an iron bar
will further concentrate the magnetic field in the iron bar. The magnetic field
will be strongest inside the bar and at its ends (poles).
Lenz's Law:
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to
Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a
current whose magnetic field opposes the change which produces it. The
induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the
magnetic flux in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is
increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the
induced field acts in the direction of the applied field to try to keep it
constant.
Applications of electromagnetic Induction
Electrical Generator:
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to relative movement
of a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying electrical
generators. When a permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or
vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire is connected through
an electrical load, current will flow, and thus electrical energy is generated,
converting the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy
Electrical transformer
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for electrical
transformers. When the electric current in a loop of wire changes, the
changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A second wire in reach
of this magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic field as a
change in its coupled magnetic flux, d ΦB / d t. Therefore, an electromotive
force is set up in the second loop called the induced EMF or transformer EMF.
If the two ends of this loop are connected through an electrical load, current
will flow.
Magnetic flow meter:
Faraday's law is used for measuring the flow of electrically conductive liquids
voltage ℇ generated in the magnetic field B due to a conductive liquid moving at

and slurries. Such instruments are called magnetic flow meters. The induced
velocity v is thus given by:
where ℓ is the distance between electrodes in the magnetic flow meter.

Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and

published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth
century, describes a very important electro-magnetic
concept. Although its mathematical representations
are cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s is not hard to
grasp: it relates an induced electric potential or
voltage to a dynamic magnetic
field. This concept has many
far-reaching ramifications that
touch our lives in many ways:
from the shining of the sun, to
the convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity
to power our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound
impact Faraday’s Law has on
us.
The principles of electromagnetic induction are
applied in many devices and systems, including:
• Electrical generators
• Induction motors
• Induction sealing
• Inductive charging
• Transformers
• Wireless energy transfer
Keep yourself safe from high voltage.

Use & handle lab instruments with care.
Do not scratch insulated copper wire while

making loop.
Do not use digital voltmeter for above

demonstration.
• Wikipedia.com
• Google search engine
• Physics Ncert book for class XII

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SHRI RAM GLOBAL SCHOOL

This is to certify that Master Pramod Chouhan of Grade XII,

I further certify that this project is up to my expectation and

Internal Examiner External Examiner

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my

S.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

Finally, it is referring to the phenomenon where an emf is induced when the

If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f. will be generated in

For example, consider two coils as shown in Figure 1.

Coil A is connected to a galvanometer and coil B is connected to a battery

(An e.m.f. could also be produced in coil A by replacing coil B with a

Working and Construction:

If an AC current is fed through a piece of wire, the electromagnetic field that

voltage ℇ generated in the magnetic field B due to a conductive liquid moving at

velocity v is thus given by:

where ℓ is the distance between electrodes in the magnetic flow meter.

Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and

Keep yourself safe from high voltage.

Do not scratch insulated copper wire while

Do not use digital voltmeter for above

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