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    Introduction to Nutrition 2012

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    tanveer husssain
    Nutrition

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    Introduction to Nutrition 2012

    Uploaded by

    tanveer husssain
    5 views9 pages
    Nutrition

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Nutrition

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views9 pages

    Introduction to Nutrition 2012

    Uploaded by

    tanveer husssain
    Nutrition

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 9

    Dairy Nutrition

    • Considerations
    – Nutrient requirements
    – Nutrient content of feeds
    • Sampling for accuracy
    – Processing of feeds
    – Cost of feed
    • Availability
    • Contracting
    – Management style
    – Data evaluation

    Understanding Dairy Nutrition


    • Nutrients
    • Dietary formulation
    – Sampling feed ingredients
    • Feeding management
    • Cow observation

    Early Mid lactation Late

    Dry Matter Intake

    Milk
    Production

    Body Weight

    0 1 3 9-11 12 13 14
    Month

    Page 1
    Nutrient Requirements
    (NRC)
    Nutrient needs of animal
    •Based on body weight, milk
    production, milk fat content,
    pregnancy and growth
    Feed tables with “book” values
    •Nutrient content of feeds

    http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9825#toc

    Milk Rules of Thumb


    • Peak
    – 30 to 70 days postpartum
    • Second month on DHI test
    – Heifers (1st lactation) possibly later
    – Peak times 200 equals lactation total potential
    • Example: 100 # X 200 = 20,000#
    • Persistency
    – 1st lactation cows drop 6% per month after peak
    – Older cows drop 9% per month after peak

    Nutrition Based on Dry Matter

    Dry matter = as fed x % dry matter

    Dry matter % = dry matter x 100%


    as fed

    Dry matter intake is always less than as fed


    intake!

    Page 2
    Dry Matter Intake Guides
    Dry Cows: (B.W. x .0185)
    23 pounds of DM for maintenance (1250#)

    Milk Cows:
    (.0185 x B.W.) + (.305 x lb 4% FCM)
    4% FCM = (0.4 X lb Milk) + (15 X lb Fat)
    1 lb of DM  milk yield 2 - 2.5 lb

    NRC Dry Matter Intake


    lb DMI per day

    4% FCM
    Milk Yield
    (lb) 880 lb BW 1,100 lb BW 1,320 lb BW 1,540 lb BW
    44 32 35 38 40
    66 39 43 46 49
    88 48 51 53 55
    110 NA 59 62 63
    132 NA NA 71 74

    Changes in Nutrient Requirements


    Body Wt + NEL CP Ca
    Milk (3.5%) (Mcal) (lb) (lb)

    1400 lb BW 10.12 0.932 0.057

    1400 lb BW + 10.12 + 0.932 + 0.057 +


    60 lb/d 18.6 = 5.04 = 0.18 =
    28.72 5.972 0.237

    1400 lb BW + 10.12 + 0.932 + 0.057 +


    150 lb/d 46.5 = 12.6 = 0.45 =
    56.62 13.532 0.507

    Page 3
    Dilution of Maintenance Costs
    (% of nutrient for milk)
    Body Wt + NEL CP Ca
    Milk (3.5%) (Mcal) (lb) (lb)

    1400 lb BW 10.12 0.932 0.057

    1400 lb BW + 28.72 5.972 0.237


    60 lb/d (64.8%) (84.4%) (75.9%)

    1400 lb BW + 56.62 13.532 0.507


    150 lb/d (82.1% (93.1%) (88.8%)

    Energy Sources

    • Carbohydrates (Fermentable)
    – Fiber (Cell wall)
    • Cellulose, hemicellulose
    – Non-Fiber (Cell contents)
    • Starch, sugars
    • Fats and Oils (Not fermentable)

    Diagram of a plant cell showing cell wall structure

    Cell Content
    Protein
    Sugar
    Primary
    Fats Wall
    Starch
    Pectins Secondary
    Wall

    Hemicellulose
    Cell NDF
    Wall Lignin
    ADF
    Cellulose

    Page 4
    ADF
    (Acid Detergent Fiber)

    * Lignin and cellulose


    * Cell wall of the plant
    * Digestibility is lower
    * Increases as plant matures
    * Predicts energy level

    NDF
    (Neutral Detergent Fiber)
    * Total cell wall
    * ADF + hemicellulose
    * Modest digestibility
    * Dry matter intake control
    * Increases as plant matures

    Total Digestible Nutrients


    (TDN)
    Expressed as % or lb
    • Older system; moving to each “nutrient” needs

    • Digestible Protein (70%)


    • Digestible Crude Fiber (30 - 40%)
    • Digestible Nitrogen Free Extract (80%)
    • Digestible Ether Extract (60 - 80%) X 2.25

    Page 5
    Net Energy Basis
    Expressed as Mcal/lb

    • Net Energy Maintenance NEM


    • Net Energy Lactation NEL
    • Net Energy Growth NEG

    Partitioning of ration (60% Alfalfa & 40% Corn) energy and losses in a
    lactating cow

    Net Energy (40%)


    Metabolizable NE
    Energy (60%)

    Digestible ME
    Energy (70%) Losses as heat (20%)
    1. Fermentation
    DE 2. Nutrient metabolism
    Gross Energy
    in feed (100%)

    GE Losses in urine (5%)


    and in gas (5%)
    Loss in feces
    (30%)

    Net energy system

    Forage Analysis
    Proteins, Ether Extract (Lipids), Ash (Minerals)
    Cell Contents
    Sugars, Starches, Pectins
    Nitrogen-Free
    Extract Hemicellulose

    Alkali-Soluble
    NDF
    Alkali-Insoluble Cell
    ADF Wall
    Crude Fiber
    Cellulose

    Forage analysis showing Crude Fiber


    (Green) versus Van Soest (Yellow)

    Page 6
    Protein

    Total Crude Protein

    • CP = Nitrogen (N) x 6.25


    • 100 lb CP = 16 lb N
    • 100 / 16 = 6.25
    • Example: Alfalfa hay =
    3% N x 6.25 = 18.75% CP

    Available Protein

    • Protein available for digestion


    • Should be 90% or more of CP
    • Less than 90% CP available indicates:
    – Heat damage
    – Excessive maturity at harvest

    Page 7
    Unavailable Protein
    • Protein unavailable for digestion
    • Should be less than 10% of CP
    • If greater than 10% of CP indicates:
    – Heat damage
    • Malliard Reaction
    • Carmelized protein
    – Pay attention to distillers grains and other
    heated protein sources
    – Bound protein
    – ADF-N (ADIN)

    Avoid Heating & Carmelization in Silages

    • Proper stage of maturity


    • Correct moisture content
    – Oxygen-limiting (45 - 50%)
    – Conventional (55 - 60%)
    – Bunkers & bags (65 - 70%)
    • Length of chop
    • A tight silo or pack well
    • Fill rapidly
    • Seal if needed

    Crude Protein (CP) = Nitrogen x 6.25


    Contains Protein & NPN

    Unavailable CP
    • Bound or ADF-CP (ADIN)
    Available CP •  when protein is overheated
    • Mostly undigestible & excreted in feces

    Rumen Degradable CP Rumen Undegradable CP


    May be soluble or insoluble Largely insoluble and
    • Used by microbes passes to small intestine

    Digestible CP in intestines & Undigestible CP in intestines


    supplies amino acids to cow & excreted in feces

    Page 8
    Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN)
    • N not in a protein
    • True protein is N in a long chain of
    amino acids
    • NPN must be incorporated into
    microbial protein to be beneficial
    • Examples of NPN
    – Urea
    – Monoammonium phosphate
    – Free amino acids

    Sources

    • Some slides adapted from Dairy


    Nutrition & Management (ANSCI
    200/492), University of Illinois at
    Urbana-Champaign, Dr. Mike Hutjens

    Page 9

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