All objects emit and absorb infrared radiation.

1
(a) Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.

The best
darkemitters
matt of infrared radiationlight
dark shiny havematt light shiny

......................................................................... surfaces.

The worst emitters of infrared radiation have

......................................................................... surfaces.
(2)

(b) Diagram 1 shows a sphere which is at a much higher temperature than its surroundings.

Diagram 1

Energy is transferred from the sphere to the surroundings.

The table shows readings for the sphere in three different conditions, A, B and C.

Temperature of Temperature of
Condition
sphere in °C surroundings in °C

A 70 5

B 80 0

C 90 30

Page 1 of 66
 In each of the conditions, A, B and C, the sphere transfers energy to the
surroundings at a different rate.

Put conditions A, B and C in the correct order.

Give a reason for your answer.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Diagram 2 shows a can containing water.

A student investigates how quickly a can of water heats up when it is cooler

than room temperature.

Diagram 2

The student has four cans, each made of the same material, with the following
outer surfaces.

dark matt dark shiny light matt light shiny

Page 2 of 66
 The student times how long it takes the water in each can to reach room

temperature. Each can contains the same mass of water at the same

starting temperature.

(i) Which can of water will reach room temperature the quickest?

Give a reason for your answer.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Apart from material of the can, mass of water and starting temperature, suggest three
control variables for the student’s investigation.

1 ............................................................................................................

................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................

................................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
(3)

(d) The photographs show two different foxes.

Fox A Fox B

By Algkalv (Own work) [CC-BY-3.0], ©

EcoPic/iStock via Wikimedia Commons

Page 3 of 66
 Which fox is better adapted to survive cold

conditions? Give reasons for your answer.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................
...............
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

2 (a) A company is developing a system which can heat up and melt ice on roads in
the winter. This system is called ‘energy storage’.

During the summer, the black surface of the road will heat up in the

sunshine. This energy will be stored in a large amount of soil deep

under the road surface.

Pipes will run through the soil. In winter, cold water entering the pipes will be warmed and
brought to the surface to melt ice.

The system could work well because the road surface is

black. Suggest why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) (i) What is meant by specific latent heat of fusion?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Calculate the amount of energy required to melt 15 kg of

ice at 0 °C. Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.4 × 105

J/kg.

...............................................................................................................
Page 4 of 66
...............................................................................................................

Energy =.................................J
(2)

Page 5 of 66
(c) Another way to keep roads clear of ice is to spread salt
on them. When salt is added to ice, the melting point of
the ice changes.

A student investigated how the melting point of ice varies with the mass of

salt added. The figure below shows the equipment that she used.

The student added salt to crushed ice and measured the temperature at which
the ice melted.

(i) State one variable that the student should have controlled.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) During the investigation the student stirred the crushed ice.

Suggest two reasons

why. Tick ( ) two

boxes.

Tick ( )

To raise the melting point of the ice

To lower the melting point of the ice

To distribute the salt throughout the ice

To keep all the ice at the same temperature

To reduce energy transfer from the surroundings to

the ice
(2)

Page 6 of 66
 (iii) The table below shows the data that the student obtained.

Mass of salt added in grams 0 10 20

Melting point of ice in °C 0 -6 -16

Describe the pattern shown in the table.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Undersoil electrical heating systems are used in greenhouses. This system
could also be used under a road.

A cable just below the ground carries an electric current. One greenhouse
system has a power output of 0.50 kW.

Calculate the energy transferred in 2 minutes.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Energy transferred =..............................J

(3)

Page 7 of 66
(e) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information
clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

A local council wants to keep a particular section of a road clear of ice in the

winter. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of keeping the road clear of

ice using:

• energy storage

• salt

• undersoil electrical heating.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Extra space ....................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................
...............
(6)
(Total 18 marks)

Page 8 of 66
3 Figure 1 shows one way that biscuit manufacturers cook large quantities of

biscuits. The uncooked biscuits are placed on a moving metal grid.

The biscuits pass between two hot electrical heating elements inside

an oven. The biscuits turn brown as they cook.

Figure 1

The oven has two control knobs, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

Power Speed of moving metal grid

0 3500 watts Slow Fast

(a) Which type of electromagnetic radiation makes the biscuits turn brown?

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Suggest two ways of cooking the biscuits in this oven, to make them turn browner.

1 .....................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

2 .....................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 9 of 66
 (c) The inside and outside surfaces of the oven are light-coloured and shiny.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................
...............
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

4 The diagram shows the design of a solar cooker. The cooker heats water using
infrared radiation from the Sun.

(a) Why is the inside of the large curved dish covered with shiny metal foil?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 10 of
(b) Which would be the best colour to paint the outside of the metal cooking pot?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

black silver white

Give a reason for your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Why does the cooking pot have a lid?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Calculate how much energy is needed to increase the temperature of 2 kg

of water by 80 °C.

The specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg °C.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Energy =............................................................J
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 11 of
5 The diagram shows a car radiator. The radiator is part of the engine cooling system.

Liquid coolant, heated by the car engine, enters the radiator. As the coolant passes
through the radiator, the radiator transfers energy to the surroundings and the
temperature of the coolant falls.

(a) Why is the radiator painted black?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 12 of
(b) Different radiators have different numbers of cooling fins along the length of the radiator.

The sketch graph shows how the number of cooling fins affects the rate of
energy transfer from the radiator.

The number of cooling fins affects the rate of energy transfer from the

radiator. Explain how.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) When the car engine is working normally, 2 kg of coolant passes through the
radiator each second. The temperature of the coolant falls from 112 °C to 97
°C.

Calculate the energy transferred each second from the

coolant. Specific heat capacity of the coolant = 3800 J/kg °C.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Energy transferred each second =.................................................J

(3)

Page 13 of
 (d) On cold days, some of the energy transferred from a hot car engine is used to
warm the air inside the car. This is a useful energy transfer.

What effect, if any, does this energy transfer have on the overall efficiency of
the car engine?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

decreases the does not change the increases the

efficiency efficiency efficiency

Give a reason for your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................
...............
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

6 The diagram shows the apparatus that a student used to investigate the heating
effect of different wavelengths of light.

(a) (i) The student put thermometer D outside of the light spectrum.

Suggest why.

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 14 of
 (ii) The table gives the position and reading of each thermometer 10
minutes after the investigation started.

Thermometer Position of thermometer Temperature in °C

A in violet light 21

B in green light 22

C in red light 24

D outside the spectrum 20

What should the student conclude from the data in the table?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(b) A similar investigation completed in 1800 by the scientist Sir William

Herschel led to the discovery of infrared radiation.

Suggest how the student could show that the spectrum produced by the glass
prism has an infrared region.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) A person emits infrared radiation at a frequency of 3.2 x 1013 Hz.

Calculate the wavelength of the infrared radiation that a person

emits. Take the speed of infrared radiation to be 3.0 x 108 m/s.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Wavelength =.........................................m
(2)

Page 15 of
(d) A thermal imaging camera detects infrared radiation. Electronic circuits inside
the camera produce a visible image of the object emitting the infrared
radiation.

At night, police officers use thermal imaging cameras to track criminals running
away from crime scenes.

Thermal imaging cameras work better at night than during the

day. Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................
...............
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 16 of
7 A wood burning stove is used to heat a room.

Photograph supplied by iStockphoto/Thinkstock

The fire in the stove uses wood as a fuel. The fire heats the matt black metal case of the stove.

(a) The air next to the stove is warmed by infrared radiation.

How does the design of the stove help to improve the rate of energy transfer by
infrared radiation?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 17 of
(b) Burning 1 kg of wood transfers 15 MJ of energy to the stove. The stove then
transfers 13.5 MJ of energy to the room.

Calculate the efficiency of the stove.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Efficiency = .................................................
(2)

(c) Some of the energy from the burning wood is wasted as the hot gases leave
the chimney and warm the air outside the house.

Name one other way energy is wasted by the stove.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Some people heat their homes using electric heaters. Other people heat their
homes using a wood burning stove.

Give two environmental advantages of using a wood burning stove to heat a

home rather than heaters that use electricity generated from fossil fuels.

1 .....................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

2 .....................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 18 of
(e) The metal case of the stove gets hot when the fire is lit.

Here is some information about the stove.

Mass of metal case 100 kg

Starting temperature of metal case 20 °C

Final temperature of metal case 70 °C

Specific heat capacity of metal case 510 J/kg °C

Calculate the energy required to raise the temperature of the metal case to

70 °C. Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Energy required =
..............................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 19 of
8 The diagram shows the equipment a student used to investigate how the colour of a
surface affects how fast it emits (gives out) heat.

An equal volume of boiling water was poured into each metal can. The student then
recorded the temperature of the water in each can every minute for ten minutes.

(a) (i) Which of the following was a control variable in this investigation?

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.

The volume of boiling water.

The decrease in temperature of the water.

The outside colour of the metal can.

(1)

(ii) Give one advantage of using a temperature sensor and datalogger

rather than a thermometer to measure the temperature of the water.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 20 of
(b) The student’s results for both cans are plotted on the graph.

Which line, A or B, shows how the temperature of the water inside the black-
coloured metal can changed?

Draw a ring around your answer. A B

Explain the reason for your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Some gardeners make soil darker by digging black soot into the soil. Other
gardeners use straw to protect plants from the cold.

(i) Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box.

On a warm day, the temperature of darker coloured soil will increase

slower

than as the temperature of lighter coloured soil.

fast as
(1)

(ii) Give a reason for your answer to part (c)(i).

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 21 of
 (iii) The statement in the box is false.

Straw keeps plants warm by trapping air.

This is because air is a good
conductor.
Change one word in the statement to make the statement true.

Write down your new statement. The answer has been started for you.

This is because air is a

............................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

9 (a) Use the words from the box to complete the following sentences.

(i) The transfer of thermal energy (heat) by the movement of hot liquids
conduction convection radiation
is called ............................................. .
(1)

(ii) The transfer of thermal energy (heat) from one particle to another

is called ............................................. .
(1)

Page 22 of
(b) A student set up the following equipment. The 3 metal plates are the same
distance from the heater. The surfaces of each of the 3 metal plates are
different colours.

The student switched the heater on for 10 minutes. The thermometers were
read before the heater was switched on. The thermometers were read again
just after the heaters were switched off.
The readings are shown in the table.

Temperature before Temperature after

switching on in °C switching on in °C

1 19 21

2 19 29

3 19 23

(i) Which set of readings, 1, 2 or 3, is most likely to have been taken

from the thermometer labelled L?

........................................

Give a reason for your answer.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

Page 23 of
 (ii) Which one of the following was not a control variable in this experiment?

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.

the distance between the heater and the metal plates

the power of the heater

the temperature before the heater was switched on

the colour of the metal plates

(1)

(iii) Suggest one advantage of using a temperature sensor, data logger and
computer, rather than a thermometer to carry out this experiment.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(c) The picture shows a fire fighter putting out a forest fire. The fire fighter’s
clothing has thick thermal padding inside and a light coloured, fire proof,
shiny layer outside.

(i) What is the main way that heat is transferred through the air from the
fire to the fire fighter?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 24 of
 (ii) Why is the outside layer of the clothing shiny?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(d) The graph shows the result of a laboratory test on two types of thermal
padding. Each type of padding was put onto a very hot metal surface and the
temperature inside the padding was taken every minute.

Which type of padding, M or N, would it be best to use inside the fire fighter’s clothing?

..........................................................................................

Give a reason for your answer.

........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................
...............
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 25 of
10 A student investigated the effect of shape and colour on heat transfer.

The student used metal containers with the same volume but with different shapes
and outside colour. The containers were each filled with water at 100 °C.
After 20 minutes the temperature of the water inside each container was measured.

A B
C D

The results from the investigation are given in the table.

Temperature after Temperature fall

Container Colour
20 minutes in °C in °C

A White 86 14

B Black 86 14

C White 73 27

D Black 60 40

(i) The student uses the results in the table to see if shape has affected heat transfer.

Which containers should the student compare to do this?

...............................................................................................................

Give a reason for your answer.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 26 of
 (ii) Explain why the temperature of the water in both containers A and B fell
by the same amount.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(iii) A central heating system has several radiators joined together. The hot water
goes from the boiler, through each radiator in turn and then back to the boiler
for reheating.

Give one reason, other than appearance, why it might not be a good idea to
paint radiators black.

...............................................................................................................

.................................................................................................
..............
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

11 The diagram shows a simple type of portable shower. The water container is a strong
plastic bag that is black on one side and white on the other. To warm the water, the
bag is placed on the ground in direct sunlight, with the black side facing the Sun.

(a) (i) Name the process by which heat is transferred from the Sun to the
outside of the bag.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 27 of
 (ii) Explain why the black side of the bag and not the white side should face the Sun.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(b) The graph shows how the temperature of the water inside a full bag increases
after the bag is placed outside on a sunny day.

(i) How long does it take for the water to reach 37 °C?

............................................
(1)

(ii) Describe how the temperature of the water changes during the three hours.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(c) A different manufacturer makes the same type of portable shower but uses a
bag with a larger surface area. The bag is made from the same coloured
plastics and holds the same amount of water.

(i) To compare the efficiency of the two bags at heating water, several
variables need to be controlled.

Name two variables that need to be controlled.

1 ............................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................
(2)

Page 28 of
 (ii) The second bag has a larger surface area.
Draw a line on the graph to show how the temperature of the water inside
the second bag would change over the first hour.
Assume that the two bags are tested in exactly the same way.
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

12 A vacuum flask is designed to reduce the rate of heat transfer.

(a) (i) Complete the table to show which methods of heat transfer are reduced
by each of the features labelled in the diagram.

The first row has been done for you.

Feature Conduction Convection Radiation

vacuum * *

silveredsurfaces

plastic cap
(2)

(ii) Explain why the vacuum between the glass walls of the flask reduces heat
transfer by conduction and convection.

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 29 of
(b) The diagram shows a gas flame patio heater.

(i) Explain why the top surface of the reflecting hood should be a light,
shiny surface rather than a dark, matt surface.

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Most of the chemical energy in the gas is transformed into heat. A small
amount of chemical energy is transformed into light.

Draw and label a Sankey diagram for the patio heater.

(2)

(iii) State why the total energy supplied to the patio heater must always
equal the total energy transferred by the patio heater.

...................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................
..............
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 30 of
13 (a) The graph compares how quickly hot water cooled down in two glass beakers
with different surface areas.

The volume of water in each beaker was the same.

Describe how the surface area of the water affected how fast the water cooled down.

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Some foxes live in a hot desert environment.

This type of fox has very large ears.

Explain how the size of the fox’s ears help it to keep cool in a hot desert.

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 31 of
 (c) Polar bears and reindeer are adapted to live in cold environments.

Use the words in the box to complete the following sentences.

(i) The whiteconduction

colour of a polar bear’s fur helps to keep
convection the polar bear warm by
radiation

reducing the heat lost by .................................................. .

(1)

(ii) The hairs of a reindeer are hollow. The air trapped inside the hairs reduces the

heat lost by
.................................................. .
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

14 The diagram shows a fridge-freezer.

(a) By which method is heat transferred through the walls of the fridge-freezer?

.............................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 32 of
 (b) The inside of the fridge is at 4 °C. The inside of the freezer is at –

18 °C. Into which part of the fridge-freezer will the rate of heat

transfer be greater? Draw a ring around your answer.

the fridge the freezer

Give a reason for your answer.

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) The outside surface of the fridge-freezer is white and shiny.

Give two reasons why this type of surface is suitable for a fridge-

freezer. 1

.......................................................................................................

.........

.............................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................
...............
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

15 (a) Infra red radiation can be reflected, absorbed and transmitted by glass.

(i) What percentage of infra red is absorbed by the glass?

...................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 33 of
 (ii) Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the
correct word or phrase.

increases
Theabsorbed infra red does not the temperature of the glass.

change
(1)

(b) Two of the following statements are true. One of the statements is false.

Tick ( ) the boxes next to the two true statements.

All objectsabsorb infra red radiation.

Blacksurfaces are poor emitters of infra red radiation.

A hot objectemits more infra red than a cooler object.

(1)

(c) The following statement is false.

Change one word in this statement

Blacksurfaces to make it
are good reflectors of infra red

true. Write down your new statement.

.............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................
...............
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

Page 34 of
16 A student was asked to investigate the heat loss from two metal cans, L and M. The
cans were identical except for the outside colour.

The student filled the two cans with equal volumes of hot water. He then placed the
temperature sensors in the water and started the data logger. The computer used
the data to draw the graph below.

(a) Which one of the following is a categoric variable?

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.

the outside colour of the cans

the starting temperature of the hot water

the time

the volume of hot water

Page 35 of
 (1)

(b) For can L, state the temperature drop of the water:

(i) in the first two-minute interval

...................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) in the second two-minute interval.

...................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) In both cans the water cooled faster at the start of the investigation than at
the end of the investigation. Why?

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) One can was black on the outside and the other can was white on the outside.

What colour was can L? ..............................................

Explain the reason for your answer.

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................
...............
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

17 The drawing shows water being heated in a metal saucepan.

Page 36 of
(a) Explain, in terms of the particles in the metal, how heat energy is transferred
through the base of the saucepan.

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Energy is transferred through the water by convection currents. Explain what
happens to cause a convection current in the water. The answer has been
started for you.

As heat energy is transferred through the saucepan, the water particles at the bottom

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) Some energy is transferred from the hotplate to the air by thermal radiation. What
is meant by thermal radiation?

.............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................
...............
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 37 of
18 The vacuum flask shown has five features labelled, each one designed to reduce heat transfer.

(a) (i) Which labelled feature of the vacuum flask reduces heat transfer by both
conduction and convection?

...................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Explain how this feature reduces heat transfer by both conduction and convection.

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) (i) Which labelled feature of the vacuum flask reduces beat transfer by radiation?

...................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 38 of
 (ii) Explain how this feature reduces heat transfer by radiation.

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................
..............
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

19 The diagram shows part of a solar water heater. Water circulating through the solar
panel is heated by the Sun.

(i) Complete the following sentence.

Heat energy is transferred from the Sun to the solar panel by

..................................... .
(1)

(ii) The pipe inside the solar panel is black. Why?

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) There is a layer of expanded polystyrene behind the black pipe. Why?

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 39 of
 (iv) A silvered surface is used at the back of the solar panel. Explain why.

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................
...............
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

20 (a) When an electric kettle is switched on it will take a few minutes to boil
the water. Once switched off it will gradually cool down.

(i) When the kettle is switched on the water heats. Explain how all of
the water is heated.

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

(ii) The kettle is now switched off and begins to cool.

(1) Describe how heat energy is transferred through the walls of the kettle.

..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................

(2) Describe how the heat energy is transferred from the walls of the kettle.

..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................

(iii) Describe how heat losses from the surface of a metal kettle may be kept small.

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................
(4)

Page 40 of
(b) A shiny metal can and a dull black can are filled with the same amounts of
cold water. A radiant heater is placed exactly half way between the cans
as shown in the diagram below.

Two thermometers are used to measure the temperature of the water in each
can every minute.

(i) Suggest how the temperature of the water in the dull can would be
different from the temperature of the water in the shiny can after ten
minutes.

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain your answer to part (i).

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................
(3)

Page 41 of
(c) The radiant heater was removed and both the cans were filled with the same
amount of boiling water, as shown in the diagram below.

The temperature was recorded every minute for ten minutes.

(i) Suggest how the temperature of the water in the dull can would be
different from the temperature of the water in the shiny can after ten
minutes.

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain your answer to part (i).

...................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................
..............
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 42 of
21 The diagram comes from a leaflet about a “coal effect”
gas fire. It shows how air circulates through the fire.

(a) Explain in detail why the air travels from C to A.

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................
(4)

(b) The black “fuel effect” lumps become very hot.

(i) Name the process by which the lumps transfer thermal energy to the
room as shown at B.

...................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Suggest one feature of the black “fuel effect” lumps which make them
efficient at transferring energy.

...................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................
..............
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 43 of
22 A student did two experiments on radiation. The apparatus he used is shown in the diagram.

Experiment 1

• The student put the same volume of cold water into the two cans.
• He then switched on the heater.
• Ten minutes later the water in the can with the dull black surface was much
hotter than the water in the other can.

Experiment 2

• The student filled both cans with boiling water.

• This time he left the heater off.
• Ten minutes later the water in the can with the dull black surface was much
cooler than the water in the other can.

Use words from the box to complete the sentences.

Experiment 1 shows that theconductor

absorber dull black surface is a good.................of
emitter reflector radiation and that

the shiny silver surface is a good.................of radiation.

Experiment 2 shows that the dull black surface is a good........................of radiation.

(Total 3 marks)

Page 44 of
23 The diagram shows four identical pieces of aluminium. Each had been painted with a
different type of paint. A drop of water was placed on each and they were then
heated by a radiant heater held about one metre above them.

(i) Suggest in which order the pieces of aluminium would become dry.

first..............................................................................last
(1)

(ii) Explain why you chose your order.

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................
...............
(2)
(Total 3 marks)

24 The diagram shows an experiment to find out what happens to infrared waves when they strike
different

Page 45 of
(a) The water in the black tube gets hotter than the water in the
shiny tube. Choose words from the list to complete the
sentences below.

absorbs conducts convects radiates reflects

The infrared lamp..........................................energy to the tubes of water.

The black surface........................................most of the energy that reaches it.

The shiny surface.......................................most of the energy that reaches it.

(3)

Page 46 of
(b) Put the sentences A- E below into the correct boxes on the flow diagram so
that they tell you how to do the experiment

(You may use just the letters if you want to.)

(5)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 47 of
Mark schemes

1 (a) dark matt

1

light shiny
1

(b) B A C
1

biggest temperature difference (80 °C)

dependent on first mark
1

(c) (i) (the can that is) dark matt

1

best absorber (of infrared radiation)

1

(ii) any three from:

• same area / shape of can

• surrounding temperature is the same for all cans
• same surface underneath cans
• same position in the room
3

(d) fox
A

smaller
1

ears
1

thicker fur

these minimise energy transfer 1

[12]
dependent on first 2 marks

2 (a) (black) is a good absorber of (infrared) radiation

(b) (i) amount of energy required to change (the state of a substance)

from solid to liquid (with no change in temperature) 1

melt is insufficient
1

unit mass / 1kg

(ii) 5.1 × 106 (J)

accept 5 x 106
allow 1 mark for correct substitution ie E = 15 × 3.4 × 105
2

Page 48 of
(c) (i) mass of ice
allow volume / weight / amount / quantity of ice
1

(ii) to distribute the salt throughout the ice

1

to keep all the ice at the same temperature

1

(iii) melting point decreases as the mass of salt is increased

allow concentration for mass
accept negative correlation
do not accept inversely proportional
1

(d) 60 000
(J)
accept 60 KJ
allow 2 marks for correct substitution ie E = 500 × 2.0 × 60
allow 2 marks for an answer of 1000 or 60
allow 1 mark for correct substitution ie
E = 500 × 2.0 or 0.50 × 2.0 × 60
allow 1 mark for an answer of 1
3

Page 49 of
(e) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of
Communication (QC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.
Examiners should also apply a ‘best-fit’ approach to the marking.

0 marks
No relevant content

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

There is an attempt at a description of some advantages or disadvantages.

Level 2 (3–4 marks)

There is a basic description of some advantages and / or disadvantages for some of
the methods

Level 3 (5–6 marks)

There is a clear description of the advantages and disadvantages of all the methods.

examples of the points made in the response

extra information

energy storage

advantages:

• no fuel costs
• no environmental

effects disadvantages:

• expensive to set up and maintain

• need to dig deep under road
• dependent on (summer) weather
• digging up earth and disrupting habitats

salt spreading

advantages:

• easily available
• cheap

disadvantage

s:

• can damage trees / plants / drinking water / cars

• needs to be cleaned

away undersoil heating

advantages:

• not dependent on weather

• can be switched on and

off disadvantages:

• costly environ
• bad for ment

Page 50 of
 6
[18]

Page 51 of
3 (a) infrared / IR
correct answer only
1

(b) any two from:

• increase the power / watts

allow increase the temperature of the oven or make the oven hotter
• decrease the speed
allow leave the biscuits in for longer
• put biscuits through again
increase radiation is insufficient
ignore changes to the design of the oven
2

(c) (inside) surface is a (good) reflector or poor absorber (of IR)

Ignore bounce for reflect
surface is a (good) reflector of light does not score
surface is a (good) reflector of light and infrared / heat does score
1

(and) outside surface is poor emitter (of

1

IR) (so) increases the energy reaching

the biscuits
allow reduces energy loss or makes oven more efficient
do not accept no energy losses 1
[6]
keeps oven hotter is insufficient

4 (a) to reflect (the infrared)

accept (shiny surfaces) are good reflectors 1

ignore reference to incorrect type of wave

(b) black
1

best absorber (of infrared)

answer should be comparative
black absorbs (infrared) is insufficient
accept good absorber (of infrared)
ignore reference to emitter
ignore attracts heat
ignore reference to conduction
1

Page 52 of
 (c) to reduce energy loss
accept to stop energy loss
accept heat for energy
accept to stop / reduce convection

or
so temperature of water increases faster
accept to heat water faster
accept cooks food faster

or
reduces loss of water (by evaporation)
1

(d) 672 000

allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 2 × 4200 × 80 provided no
subsequent step shown
2
[6]

5 (a) (matt) black is a good emitter of infrared / radiation

accept heat for infrared / radiation
ignore reference to good absorber
attracts heat negates this marking point
1

to give maximum (rate of) energy transfer (to

surroundings) accept temperature (of coolant)
falls fast(er) accept black emits more radiation for
1 mark
black emits most radiation / black is the best emitter of radiation for
2 marks 1

(b) the fins increase the surface area

accept heat for energy 1

so increasing the (rate of) energy transfer

or
so more fins greater (rate of) energy transfer 1

(c) 114 000

allow 1 mark for correct temperature change, ie 15 (°C)
or
allow 2 marks for correct substitution, ie 2 × 3 800 × 15
answers of 851 200 or 737 200 gain 2 marks
or
substitution 2 × 3800 × 112 or 2 × 3800 × 97 gains 1 mark
an answer of 114 kJ gains 3 marks 3

(d) increases the efficiency 1

Page 53 of
 less (input) energy is wasted
accept some of the energy that would have been wasted is
(usefully) used

or

more (input) energy is usefully used

accept heat for energy
1
[9]

6 (a) (i) to check rise in temperature (of other thermometers) was

due to the (different wavelengths of) light
accept as a control / comparison
to measure room temperature is insufficient
1

(ii) any two from three:

• different colours produce different heating effects /

(rises in) temperatures

• red light produces the greatest heating effect /

(rise in) temperature

or

• violet produces the least heating effect / (rise in)

temperature

• all colours produce a greater heating effect than outside the

spectrum
an answer
the longer the wavelength the greater the (rise in) temperature
or
the lower the frequency the greater the (rise in) temperature gains 2
both marks

(b) move a thermometer into the infrared region / just beyond the red
light 1

allow use an infrared camera / infrared sensor

the temperature increases beyond 24(°C) 1

accept temperature higher than for the red light

Page 54 of
 (c) v=f×λ

9.4 × 10-6
accept 9.375 × 10-6 or 9.38 × 10-6

or

0.000009
4
accept 0.000009375
or 0.00000938
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 3 × 108 = 3.2 × 1013 × λ
2

(d) at night the surroundings are cooler

accept at night the air is colder
there is no heat from the Sun is insufficient

or

at night there is a greater temperature difference between

people and surroundings
1

(so surroundings) emit less infrared (than in daytime)

accept camera detects a greater contrast

or

gives larger difference in infrared emitted (between people and surroundings)

1
[9]

7 (a) any two from:

• black is a good emitter of (infrared radiation)

accept heat for radiation
ignore reference to absorbing radiation

• large surface (area)

• matt surfaces are better emitters (than shiny surfaces)

accept matt surfaces are good emitters
ignore reference to good conductor
2

Page 55 of
 allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie

provided no subsequent step shown

an answer of 90 scores 1 mark
an answer of 90 / 0.90 with a unit scores 1 mark
2

(c) (producing) light

allow (producing) sound
1

(d) any two from:

• wood is renewable
accept wood grows again / quickly
accept wood can be replanted

• (using wood) conserves fossil fuels

accept doesn’t use fossil fuels

• wood is carbon neutral

accept a description
cheaper / saves money is insufficient
2

(e) E=m×c×θ

2 550
000
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 100 × 510 × 50
provided no subsequent step shown
answers of 1 020 000, 3 570 000 gain 1 mark
2

joules /J
accept kJ / MJ
do not accept j
for full credit the unit and numerical answer must be consistent
1
[10]

8 (a) (i) The volume of boiling water.

1

Page 56 of
 (ii) any one from:

• (more) precise
do not accept better (reading)

• accurate

• reliable
do not accept thermometer is unreliable

• removes human / reading error

accept easier to read
accept take temperature more frequently
1

(b) B
marks are for the explanation

temperature falls faster

this mark point cannot score if A chosen
1

because black is a better / good emitter

ignore reference to better absorber
accept for both marks an answer in terms of why A is the white can
1

(c) (i) faster than

1

(ii) darker / black surfaces absorb heat faster

accept black is a better / good absorber
dark surfaces attract heat negates this mark
1

(iii) air is a bad / poor conductor

or
air is a good insulator
accept air is an insulator
1
[7]

9 (a) (i) convection

1

(ii) conduction
1

(b) (i) 2
1

black is the best absorber (of thermal energy / heat)

accept black is the best emitter (of thermal energy / heat)
note that a comparative is needed (eg better or best)
1

Page 57 of
 (ii) the colour of the metal plates
1

(iii) any one from:

• more precise / accurate / reliable

do not accept better reading
do not accept thermometer is unreliable

• can measure continuously

• take many readings in a small time

• removes (human) reading error

accept easier to read

• can compare / draw graphs automatically

• records data automatically

1

(c) (i) radiation

accept radiates
accept infra red (IR) waves
do not accept heat waves
1

(ii) to reflect (heat away from the fire fighter)

accept it reflects
accept it is a poor absorber (of thermal radiation / heat)
do not accept deflect / bounce for reflect
1

(d) N
the mark is for the reason which does not score if M is chosen

transfers / absorbs less heat

or
gives smallest increase in temperature
accept will keep fire fighters cooler
accept N is cooler (after 15 minutes)
an answer N goes up to 52°C and M goes up to 100°C is
insufficient
1
[9]

Page 58 of
10 (i) this mark only scores if a correct pair is chosen and a
correct reason given

A and
C
both required and none other
or
B and
D both required and none other

only one (independent) variable

or
different shapes but the same colour
accept only the shape changes
1

(ii) B radiates heat faster

converse answer in terms of A gains full marks
1
or
B is a better emitter (of heat)

but B has a smaller (surface) area

or
B has a smaller (surface) area: volume ratio
allow 2 marks for both lose the same quantity / amount of heat in
the same time
or both have same rate of heat loss
allow 1 mark for both lose the same quantity / amount of heat
1

(iii) any one from:

• transfer a lot of heat (too rapidly)

• water temperature drops too rapidly

accept (significantly) more heat will be lost from the first radiator

• water too cold for the next radiator

mention of absorption of heat negates mark
1
[4]

11 (a) (i) radiation

ignore thermal / infrared
1

(ii) black is a better / good absorber (of heat /

radiation) ignore reference to black being a
good emitter black absorbs heat is insufficient
do not accept black attracts / absorbs the Sun
do not accept black attracts heat
1

Page 59 of
 (so) temperature rises faster
must be an indication of heating up quicker
or
white is a worse / poor absorber (of heat / radiation) (1)
accept white is a better / good reflector (of heat / radiation)

(so if white faces) temperature would rise slower (1)

ignore any reference to light
1

(b) (i) 1.2 (hours) or 1 hour 12 minutes

no tolerance
1

(ii) increases (rapidly at first then increases at a slower rate)

do not accept increases at a steady rate
1

(c) (i) any two from:

• (fill with) same mass / volume / amount of water

• same level of (sun)light /

sunshine accept same heat /
light source accept same place

• outside for the same (length of) time

• outside at same time (of day / year)

• initial water temperature

• the side of the bag facing the Sun

do not accept any factors to do with the construction of plastic bags
eg thickness
2

(ii) curved line drawn above given line

both lines must start from the same point
ignore if continues beyond one hour or levels off after 1 hour
do not accept a straight line
1
[8]

Page 60 of
12 (a) (i) silvered surfaces
more than the correct number of ticks in a row negates the mark

radiation
2

plastic cap

conduction, convection (both required)

conduction convection radiation

vacuum

silvered surfaces (1)

plastic cap (1)

(ii)
any mention of air or any other substance in a vacuum scores zero

because there are no particles in a

vacuum accept atoms / molecules
for particles accept vacuum is empty
space accept there is nothing in a
vacuum
accept there is no air / gas in the vacuum

conduction and convection need particles /

medium need reference to both conduction and
convection accept correct descriptions
2

(b) (i) less heat lost (to air above the heater)
do not accept no heat lost

light shiny surfaces are poor emitters (of radiation)

accept radiators for emitters
references to reflection are neutral

or dull, matt surfaces are good emitters (of radiation)

do not credit answers which infer reflection from the underside of
the hood
ignore correct reference to absorption
2

Page 61 of
 (ii) correct diagram drawn with one output arrow
narrower than the other
ignore input

arrows correctly labelled with energy

form eg

flow charts score zero

2

(iii) energy cannot be destroyed

accept (principle of) conservation of energy
do not accept because energy cannot be lost without clarification
1
[9]

13 (a) the bigger the surface area, the faster the water cools down / temperature falls
answers must imply rate
accept heat for temperature provided rate is implied
do not accept cools down more unless qualified
1

(b) any two

from: the

ears:

• have large surface / area

not just has large ears

• radiate heat
accept loses heat, but does not score
if the reason given for heat loss is wrong

• keep blood
cooler
2

(c) (i) radiation

1

(ii) conduction 1
[5]

Page 62 of
14 (a) conduction
do not accept conductor
1

(b) the freezer

both parts needed

greater temperature difference (between freezer and room)

do not accept because it is the coldest
1

(c) any two from:

• poor absorber of heat / radiation

accept does not absorb heat poor emitter of heat / radiation is
neutral

• reflects heat / radiation (from room away from fridge-freezer)

• reduces heat transfer into the fridge-freezer

• reduces power consumption of fridge-freezer

do not accept it is a bad conductor / good insulator
2
[4]

15 (a) (i) 25 (%)

do not accept ¼
1

(ii) increases
1

(b) tick ( ) in top and bottom box

both required
1

(c) SHINY surfaces are good reflectors of infra-red radiation

accept white for shiny

or black surfaces are POOR reflectors of infra-red radiation

accept bad for poor
accept insertion of ‘not’ before ‘good’ in statement

or black surfaces are good EMITTERS of infra-red radiation

or black surfaces are good ABSORBERS of infra red

radiation
1
[4]

Page 63 of
16 (a) the outside colour of the cans
1

(b) (i) 18 (°C) or 88 to 70

ignore negative sign
1

(ii) 8 (°C) or 70 to 62
ignore negative sign
1

(c) greater temperature difference between water and surroundings (at start)
must mention temperature difference
ignore just water hotter
accept energy used to heat cans initially
1

(d) black
1

temperature falls the fastest (in L)

accept (can L) loses more heat / cools quicker
accept heat for temperature
1

black is a good / the best / better emitter (of heat /

radiation)
accept converse
ignore black is best absorber 1
[7]

17 (a) ions / electrons gain (kinetic) energy

accept atom / particles / molecules for ion
accept ions vibrate faster
accept ions vibrate with a bigger amplitude
accept ions vibrate more
do not accept ions move faster
1

(free) electrons transfer energy by collision with ions

or energy transferred by collisions between vibrating ions
1

(b) move faster or take up more space

do not accept start to move / vibrate
1

(warmer) water expands or becomes less dense (than cooler water)

do not accept answers in terms of particles expanding
1

warm water rises (through colder water) or colder water falls to take its place
1

Page 64 of
 (c) transfer of energy by waves / infrared (radiation)
accept rays for waves
do not accept transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
ignore reference to heat
1
[6]

(a) (i) vacuum

18
do not allow stopper
1

(ii) (absence of particles) means no (transfer of energy

between) particles for conduction
accept particles or atoms or molecules or electrons
1

no movement of molecules for (transfer of energy by) convection

accept particles/atoms/electrons
if answer to (a)(i) is correct: then in (a)(ii) have stated
‘conduction and convection both need a medium/particles/materials’
= 2 marks
(If medium is specified, it must be correct, conduction can be solid,
liquid or gas, convection must be liquid or gas)
if answer to (a)(i) is incorrect then in (a)(ii) have stated ‘conduction
and convection both need a medium...’= 1 mark, unless further
qualified by stating about absence of particles, in which case get a
second mark.
1

(b) (i) silvered surface

accept silver surface
1

(ii) silvered is a bad emitter/radiator

1

surface reflects heat/energy/radiation (at inner and outer surface)

or is a bad absorber (of energy)
accept bounces off
1

[6]

19 (i) radiation or infra red

do not accept rays
do not accept waves
accept electromagnetic waves
1

Page 65 of
 (ii) good absorber (of heat) to absorb heat (or infrared)
do not accept ‘attract’ or ‘capture’ or soak
1

(iii) reduce heat loss (from the panel)

accept (good) (heat) insulator
accept stop or reduce conduction
accept stop or reduce convection
accept traps heat
accept keeps water hot
1

(iv) to reflect (back into the panel) heat or infrared or Sun’s

energy
do not accept ‘bouncing’
do not accept reflect Sun
do not accept reflect sunlight or sun’s rays 1

radiated or given out by the (black) pipe

accept back to pipe
accept reduce heat loss for 1 mark
accept reduce heat loss by radiation for 2 marks
accept stop heat loss by radiation for I mark 1
[5]

(a) (i) Carries heat up (as convection current)

1
20
(ii) (1) By conduction or from molecule to
molecule
2
(2) By radiation or as IR

(iii Use shiny surface (inside or outside) or small

1
) area

(b) (i) Rise more quickly

1

(ii) Dull surface good absorber

(accept “attract” = “absorb” if context
correct, then penalise spg mark.

Shiny surface poor absorber

2

Page 66 of
 (c) (i) Fall more quickly
1

(ii) Dull surface good

emitter Shiny surface
poor emitter 2
[10]

21 (a) convection
air is heated by the burner / particles gain energy
air expands / particles move about more / particles move
faster air becomes less dense / particles are more spread
out
air rises / particles rise - not heat rises
air from C moves into the heater / particles from C move into the
heater to replace it / them
any four for 1 mark each
4

(b) (i) radiation

for one mark
1

(ii) black surface radiates / emits well

(allow absorbs and emits well) (allow comparison with shiny / white surfaces)

large surface area needed

high temperature (of the
lumps)
any one for 1 mark 1
[6]

absorbe
22
1

r
1

reflecto
1
[3]
r

emitter

23 (i) D, C or B, in either order, then A

Page 67 of
tick or cross on the A
1

Page 68 of
 (ii) matt absorbs energy (better than shiny)
the converse arguments are acceptable
1

black absorbs energy (better than white)

1
[3]

24 (a) radiates
absorbs /
conducts
reflects
for 1 mark each
3

(b) C make sure the lamp is the same distance from

both tubes B switch on the lamp
A switch off the lamp
E wait for the temperature to stop
rising D read the thermometers
for 1 mark each
5
[8]

Page 69 of