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    DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, ELECTRONIC CITY

    CLASS:IX SUBJECT:PHYSICS
    Force and Laws of motion- Notes

    Force
    Force is an external agency that either changes or tries to change the state of motion of the body.
    Force is a vector quantity and its unit is newton(N).

    Types of forces
    1.Balanced Forces – When equal amounts of forces are applied to an object from different
    directions such that the net effect produced by all of them cancel out each other, such forces are
    known as balanced forces.
    ● Balanced forces do not change the state of rest or motion of an object.
    ● Balanced forces may change the shape and size of an object.
    2.Unbalanced Force – When forces applied to an object are of different magnitude (or not in
    opposite directions to cancel out each other), such forces are unbalanced forces.
    ● Unbalanced forces can alter the state of rest or motion of an object.
    ● Unbalanced forces can cause acceleration in an object.
    ● Unbalanced forces can change the shape and size of an object.

    Effects of Force
    1.Force moves stationary objects: When you push a stationary object, like a book on a table, it
    starts to move.
    2.Force stops objects from moving: If a ball is rolling, applying force in the opposite direction
    can slow it down and eventually stop it.
    3.Force changes the shape of a body: When you squeeze a sponge, you’re applying force that
    changes its shape.
    4.Force changes the direction of motion: If you kick a ball to the left, you’re applying force that
    changes its original path.

    Newton’s First Law of Motion -Newton’s first law states that a body continues to remain in its
    state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line,unless an external unbalanced force acts
    on it. It is also called the law of inertia.
    Inertia
    Inertia is the natural tendency of objects to resist changes in their state of rest,state of motion or
    direction.It’s the property of matter that makes objects maintain their current state unless acted
    upon by an external force.
    Inertia depends on the mass of an object – the more massive an object is, the greater its inertia.

    Types of Inertia:

    1.Inertia of Rest:
    An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force. For instance, when
    you suddenly accelerate in a car, you may feel as though you’re being pushed backward.
    2.Inertia of Motion:
    An object in motion will continue moving at a constant velocity in a straight line unless acted
    upon by an external force. For example, a short distance runner does not stop at the finishing
    point and keeps running some distance thereafter.the runner cannot stop all of a sudden at the
    finishing point due to inertia of motion.
    3.Inertia of direction:
    Tendency of a body to oppose any change in direction of motion. When a car takes a sharp turn
    we tend to get thrown to one side.

    Momentum:
    The impact produced by a moving object depends upon its mass and velocity.For Example, a
    small bullet fired at a high velocity can kill a person.
    Momentum is a property of moving objects and depends on both their mass and velocity. It is
    defined as the product of an object’s mass (m) and its velocity (v). Momentum (p) can be
    expressed as p = mv. momentum is a vector quantity.its direction is the same as that of velocity.
    SI unit of momentum is kg m/s

    Newton’s second law of motion


    Newton’s second law of motion states that the external force acting on a body is directly
    proportional to the rate of change of its momentum.
    Δ𝑝/𝑡 ∝ 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝐹)
    Δ𝑝/𝑡 = m(v−u)/t
    Here, a [ = (v – u)/t ] is the acceleration, which is the rate of change in velocity.
    Δ𝑝/𝑡 = ma
    F∝ ma
    F = kma
    For 1 unit of force on 1 kg mass with the acceleration of 1m/s2, the value of k = 1.
    Therefore, F = ma.

    Third Law of Motion


    Newton’s 3rd law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Action and reaction
    forces are equal, opposite and acting on different bodies.Thus they cant cancel each other.

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