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22 views29 pages

CLASS_11TH_Some_basic_concepts_of_chemistry

Uploaded by

Maira XD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chemistry and its importance

Matter
Accuracy and Precision
Rules for exponent
Laws of chemical combination
Law of conservation of mass
“Law of conservation of mass states that matter can neither be
created nor be destroyed in a chemical reaction.”

Limitation of law: But in a nuclear reaction, some the mass gets converted into energy
creating an imbalance between the mass of reactants and the products.
Therefore, the total mass is not conserved.

According to Einstein’s theory, the relation between two quantities is given by E = mc 2, which means
that energy and mass are interconvertible. Therefore, for the law of conservation of mass to be valid
mass and energy of the system must be conserved.
Law of definite proportions
 “In given compound always contains exactly the same
proportion of elements by weight.”

LIMITATION OF LAW:
•The law does not hold true if the different isotopes of the element are involved in making chemical compound.
• The law is not applicable when elements combine in the same ratio but different compounds
• are formed.
Law of multiple proportions
 “if two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one
element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element, are in the ratio of
small whole numbers.”

Limitation: The law is valid till an element is present in one particular isotopic form in all its
compounds. When an element exists in the form of different isotopes in its compounds, the law
does not hold good.
.
Gay lussac’s law of gaseous
volumes
 “when gases combine or are produced in a chemical reaction they do so in a simple whole number ratio
by volume provided all gases are at same temperature and pressure.”

Limitation: The law is only applicable to ideal gases. Gay-Lussac's law holds good for real gases at
high temperatures and/or low pressure.
Avogadro's law
 “Equal volumes of gases contain equal number of molecules at
standard temperature and pressure.”
 It implies volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles
of gas present in the sample.

Limitation: The law is only applicable to ideal gases. This law holds good for only
gases at high temperatures and/or low pressure. The deviation of real gases from
ideal behavior increases at low temperature and high pressures.
Daltons atomic theory
 According to Dalton's atomic theory,

1) Matter consists of indivisible atoms.

2)All the atoms of a given element have identical properties including identical mass. Atoms of different elements differ in
mass.

3) Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a fixed ratio.

4)Chemical reactions involve reorganisation of atoms. These are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Atomic and Molecular mass

 One atomic mass unit is defined as a mass exactly


equal to one- twelfth the mass of one carbon - 12
atom and 1 amu = 1.66056×10–24 g .

 Today, ‘amu’ has been replaced by ‘u’


which is known as unified mass.
Molecular mass and formula
mass
 Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses of the
elements present in a molecule. It is obtained by
multiplying the atomic mass of each element by the
number of its atoms and adding them together.

 The formula mass of a substance is defined


as the sum of the atomic masses of
constituent atoms in an ionic compound.
This is generally used for ionic compounds
which do not contain discrete molecules, but
ions as their constituent units.
Mole concept
 One mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many particles or entities as there are
atoms in exactly 12 g of the 12C isotope.

 1 mol of atom = 6.022×1023 entities.

 The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is called its molar mass.

Concentrations in solutions
The concentration of a solution is expressed in 4 different ways.

1) Mass percent

2) Mole fraction

3) Molarity

4) molality
Mass percentage
 Mass % of a compound is given by the formula

 Mass percentage is used by only binary solutions

 It is used for calculation of very small quantities.


Mole fraction
 It is defined as the ratio of number of moles of a
particular component to the total number of moles
of the solution. If a substance ‘A’ dissolves in
substance ‘B’ and their number of moles are nA
and nB respectively; then the mole fractions of A
and B are given as XA and XB

 Mole fraction is a dimensionless quantity


Molarity
 It is the most widely used unit and is denoted by M. It is
defined as the number of moles of the solute in 1 litre of
the solution. Therefore

 molarity of a solution depends upon temperature


because volume of a solution is temperature
dependent.
Molality
 It is defined as the number of moles of
solute present in 1 kg of solvent. It is
denoted by m.

 molality of a solution does not change with


temperature because
Two main concentrations
of solutions
molarity molality
 It is the most widely used  It is defined as the
unit and is denoted by M. It number of moles of
is defined as the number of
moles in solute upon solute present in 1 kg of
volume of solution in solvent. It is denoted by
litres(L). (m).
 Molarity= no of moles in  Molality= no of moles in
solute/volume of solution in
litres. solute/ mass of solvent
in kg.
 Molarity is not preferred
 Molality is preferred
Concepts in molarity
 In some cases to find the mass of a certain
compound volume of a compound , mass of the
second compound and volume of the second
compound will be given in that case we apply the
formula :-
 Another very important formula used in molarity is finding
molarity using density.

The formula is

M = % x d x10
mass

Example question:
Commercially available sulphuric acid contains 93% by mass and
has has a density of 1.84 g/cm3 . Calculate the molarity of the
solution and the volume of concentrated acid required to prepare
2.5mL of 0.50 M of H2SO4.
Examples on molality
What is the molality of a solution consisting of 1.34 mL of carbon tetrachloride
(CCl4, density= 1.59 g/mL) in 65.0 mL of methylene chloride (CH2Cl2, density
= 1.33 g/mL)?

1) Moles CCl4:
Solution:-
1.34 mL times 1.59 g/mL = 2.1306 g
2.1306 g / 153.823 g/mol = 0.013851 mol

2) Calculate the Mass of the methylene chloride:


65.0 mL times 1.33 g/mL = 86.45 g = 0.08645 kg

3) Calculate the Molality:


0.013851 mol / 0.08645 kg = 0.160 m
Limiting reagent
 When any reaction is carried out if the reactants
are not present in the amounts as required by a
balanced chemical reaction.

 In such situations, one reactant is in excess over


the other. The reactant which is present in the
lesser amount gets consumed after sometime and
after that no further reaction takes place whatever
be the amount of the other reactant present.

 Hence, the reactant which gets consumed,


limits the amount of product formed and is,
therefore,
MCQ questions

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