Ch-1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATION

PHYSICAL CHANGES: The changes in which only the physical state of a substance changes but the chemical
composition of the substance remains the same are known as physical changes.
Example: melting of ice, butter, wax, sublimation, evaporation etc.

CHANGES: The changes which are accompanied by change in chemical composition of the substances are known as
chemical changes.
Example: Rusting of iron, curding of milk, burning of fuel.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEMICAL CHANGES:

i. Change in colour iv. Formation of precipitate
ii. Change in state v. Non reversible: permanent
iii. Evolution of gas vi. Change in temperature

*Write two examples of each of the above based on your regular observations in the surroundings.

CHEMICAL REACTION: All the chemical changes are chemical reactions. It represents the change in the species
taking part in the reaction in to new species.

CHEMICAL EQUATION: The short hand representation of chemical reaction is known as chemical equation.
A chemical equation links together the substances which react with the new substances that are formed.
➢ Reactants: The substances which take part in the reaction are known as reactants.
➢ Products: The substances which are formed during the chemicals reaction are known as products.
Chemical equations are two types:
1. Word Equation 2. Symbol Equation

WORD EQUATION: A word equation links together the names of the reactants with those of the products.
Example: Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide
Zinc + Hydrogen Chloride→ Zinc Chloride + Hydrogen Gas
WRITING WORD EQUATION:
1. The reactants are written on the left hand side of the reaction with a plus (+) sign in between.
2. The products are written on the right hand side of the reaction with a plus (+) sign in between.
3. An arrow (→) sign separates the reactants from the products.
4. The direction of arrow head points towards the products.

SYMBOL EQUATION: It is the representation of the chemical reaction in terms of symbols and chemical formulas
of the substances involved.
Mg + O2 → MgO Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

* Write the word as well as the symbol equations for the following chemical reactions:
1) Zinc and lead (II) nitrate react to form zinc nitrate and lead.
2) Aluminum bromide and chlorine gas react to form aluminum chloride and bromine gas.
3) Sodium phosphate and calcium chloride react to form calcium phosphate and sodium chloride.
4) Potassium metal and chlorine gas combine to form potassium chloride.
5) Aluminum and hydrochloric acid react to form aluminum chloride and hydrogen gas.
6) Calcium hydroxide and phosphoric acid react to form calcium phosphate and water.
7) Copper and sulfuric acid react to form copper (II) sulfate and water and sulfur dioxide.
8) Hydrogen gas and nitrogen monoxide react to form water and nitrogen gas.
9) When lithium hydroxide pellets are added to a solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4), lithium sulfate and water are
formed.
10) Magnesium reacts with sodium fluoride to produce magnesium fluoride and elemental sodium.
11) If a copper coil is placed into a solution of silver nitrate, silver crystals form and copper (I) nitrate is generated.
12) When crystalline C6H12O6 is burned in oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor are formed.
13) Calcium carbonate combines with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to produce calcium chloride, water and carbon
dioxide gas.
14) Nitrogen gas is treated with hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst at 773K to form ammonia gas.
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15) Sodium hydroxide solution is treated with acetic acid to form sodium acetate and water.
16) Ethanol is warmed with ethanoic acid to form ethyl acetate in the presence of concentrated H2SO4
17) Ethene is burnt in the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and releases heat and light.
18) Sodium carbonate on reaction with hydrochloric acid in equal molar concentrations gives sodium chloride and
sodium hydrogen carbonate.
19) Sodium hydrogen carbonate on reaction with hydrochloric acid gives sodium chloride, water and liberates carbon
dioxide.
20) Copper sulphate on treatment with potassium iodide precipitates cuprous iodide (Cu2I2), liberates iodine gas and
also forms potassium sulphate.

UNBALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION / SKELETAL EQUATION:

• The equations in which the number of atoms on the reactant side is not equal to the number of atoms on
the products sides are called Unbalanced Chemical Equation.
• The equations in which only the reactants and products are indicated are known as skeletal equation.
BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION: The chemical equation in which number of atoms on the reactant side is
equal to the number of atoms on the product side is known as balanced chemical equation.
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

NEED TO BALANCE A CHEMICAL EQUATION: The reactions should be balanced so that they can follow the
“LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS”.

BALANCING THE CHEMICAL EQUATION:

1. Enclose the reactants and products into rectangles.
2. Tabulate the atoms involved in the reaction into reactant side and product side.
3. Equalize both the tables by suitably multiplying with the least possible number.

Mg + O2 → MgO

Element Reactant Product

Mg 1*2 2
O 2 2

2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

Element Reactant Product

Mg 1*2 2
O 2 2

2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

Element Reactant Product

Mg 2 2

O 2 2

*Balance the equations below:

1) __ N2 + __ H2 → __ NH3 2) __ KClO3 → __ KCl + __ O2
3) __ NaCl + __ F2 → __ NaF + __ Cl2 4) __ H2 + __ O2 → __ H2O
5) __ Pb(OH)2 + __ HCl → __ H2O + __ PbCl2 6) __ AlBr3 + __ K2SO4 → __ KBr + __ Al2(SO4)3
7) __ CH4 + __ O2 → __ CO2 + __ H2O 8) __ C3H8 + __ O2 → __ CO2 + __ H2O
9) __ C8H18 + __ O2 → __ CO2 + __ H2O 10) __ FeCl3 + __ NaOH → __ Fe(OH)3 + __NaCl
11) __ P + _O2 → ___P2O5 12) __ Na + __ H2O → __ NaOH + __H2

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 13) __ Ag2O → __ Ag + __O2 14) __ S8 + _O2 → ___ SO3
15) __ CO2 + __ H2O → __ C6H12O6 + __O2 16) __ K + __ MgBr2 → __ KBr + __ Mg
17) __ HCl + __ CaCO3 → __ CaCl2 + _H2O + ___ CO2 18) __ H2O + __ O2 → __ H2O2
19) __ H2SO4 + __ NaNO2 → __ HNO2 + __ Na2SO4 20) __ NaBr + __ CaF2 → __ NaF + __ CaBr2
21) __ HNO3 + __ NaHCO3 __ NaNO3 + __ H2O + __ CO2

INFORMATION INFERRED THROUGH A CHEMICAL EQUATION:

1. The reactants and products are known.
2. The amount of reactants required during the reaction and the products formed are known.
3. The states of substances involved in the reaction are known.
(s) → solid, (l) → liquid, (g) → gas, (m) → molten, (aq) → aqueous,
(↑) → gas(product), (↓) → precipitate(product).
*What is the difference between (l), (m) and (aq)?

4. Reaction conditions are known. These conditions are mentioned on the arrows. The reaction conditions
include temperature, pressure, catalyst.
Catalyst: The substances which increases the rate of reaction but do not participate as a reactant.
Example:
500℃,200 𝑎𝑡𝑚,𝐹𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)
𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡,𝑐ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑙
6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) → C6H12O6 (aq) +6O2

**Ncert intext exercise**

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION: There are basically 4 types of chemical reactions which are:
1. COMBINATION REACTION: The reactions in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product
is known as a combination reaction.
A +B +C → D
Combination reactions are mostly exothermic in nature.
Example: H2 +N2 → NH3; C + O2 → CO2;
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO; CaO +H2O → Ca(OH)2

2. DECOMPOSITION REACTION: The reactions in which a single substance break down into two or more
products is known as a decomposition reaction. A→B+C+D
Decomposition reactions are mostly endothermic in nature.
Various decomposition reactions are:
➢ THERMAL DECOMPOSITION: Decomposition reaction taking place in presence of heat.
∆
2FeSO4 (s) → Fe2O3 (s) +SO2 (g) + SO3 (g)
Dirty white Brown
∆
2Pb(NO3)2 (s) → 2PbO (s) + 4NO2 (g) +O2 (g)
White Red fumes

➢ ELECTROLYTIC DECOMPOSITION: Decomposition reaction taking place in the presence of

electricity (also known as electrolysis).
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠
2H2O (l) → 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) [double H2 than O2]

➢ PHOTOLYTIC DECOMPOSITION: Decomposition reaction taking place in presence of light (also

known as photolysis).
ℎ𝑣
2AgCl (s) → 2Ag(s) + Cl2 (g) [Both reactions are used in
ℎ𝑣
2AgBr (s) → 2Ag(s) + Br2 (g) between photography]

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Calcium Oxide Cycle

CaO : Calcium Oxide (Quick Lime)

Ca(OH)2 : Calcium Hydroxide (Slaked

Lime/Lime water)

CaCO3 : Calcium Carbonate

(Limestone: Chalk/Marble/Egg shell/Sea shells)

*The reaction of CO2 with lime water is used as a test for CO2 in the laboratory. Milkiness appears in limewater due to
formation of Calcium carbonate confirming the presence of CO2.

**Ncert intext exercise**

3. DISPLACEMENT REACTION: The reaction in which a more reactive metal replaces a less reactive metal
from its salt solution.
MA (s) + MB Salt (aq) → MA Salt (aq) + MB↓
MA>>MB
Reactivity Series:
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > [H] > Cu > Ag > Au > Pt

*Fe (s) +CuSO4 (aq) → Cu (s) + FeSO4 (aq)

Blue Brown Green

*Cu (s) + 2AgNO3 (aq) → Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag (s)

Silver deposit
4. DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION: The reaction in which exchange of ions in between the reactants
take place, the reaction is known as double displacement reaction.
Example:
BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) +2NaCl (aq)
White
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) → AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)
White
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) → PbSO4 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)
White
KI (aq) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) → PbI2 (s) + KNO3 (aq)
Yellow
*In all Double displacement reactions, one of the products is a solid called a precipitate hence these reactions are also
known as Precipitation \Reaction.

REDOX REACTIONS:
OXIDATION REACTION: The reactions in which oxygen is added or hydrogen gets removed or loss of electrons
takes place. Mg + O2 → MgO
REDUCTION REACTION: The reactions in which oxygen is removed, hydrogen gets added or gaining of electrons
take place. N2 + H2 → NH3
REDOX REACTION: The reactions in which oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously. Example:

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*Identify Oxidation and reduction parts in all of the above reactions.

➢ OXIDISING AGENT: The substance which itself gets reduced and oxidized the other substance, is known
as oxidising agent.
➢ REDUCING AGENT: The substance which itself gets oxidised and reduces the other substance, is known
as reducing agent.

*Identify the reducing agent in the following reactions:

(a) 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O (b) H2O + F2 → HF + HOF
(c) Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2 (d) 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

* Identify the oxidising agent (oxidant) in the following reactions:

(a) Pb3O4 + 8HCl →3PbCl2+ Cl2 + 4H2O (b) 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
(c) CuSO4 + Zn →Cu + ZnSO4 (d) V2O5 + 5Ca → 2V + 5CaO
(e) 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2 (f) CuO + H2 →Cu + H2O

EFFECT OF OXIDATION:
1) CORROSION: The chemical process of slow eating up of the surfaces of certain metals when kept in
open for a long time.
Example: rusting of iron (Fe2O3.xH2O), blackening of silver (Ag2S), green layer on copper (CuCO3).
Prevention: painting, oiling/ greasing, galvanization, chromplating.
2) RANCIDITY: The slow oxidation of oils and fats present in food materials resulting in some bad
smelling compounds.
Prevention:
I. Packing food in air tight containers.
II. Refrigeration
III. Packets of chips are flushed in with inert gas (N2).
Antioxidants: The substances which prevent oxidation are known as antioxidants.

**Ncert intext exercise**

**Ncert back exercise**

Assignment
Multiple choice questions:
Q1. In a Chemical Equation we eliminate the:
a) Numbers b) Formula c) Words d) Symbols
Q2. (m) in a chemical reaction refers to:
a) Moisture b) Molten c) Metal d) Matter
Q3. Which of the following is a chemical change?
a) Burning of candle b) Melting of candle c) Vaporization d) Fusion
Q4. Which of the following is a physical change?
a) Boiling Water b) Rusting of Iron c) Curdling of milk d) Combustion
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Q5. Reaction Conditions does not involve:
a) Temperature b) Volume c) Pressure d) Catalyst
Q6. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a chemical reaction?
a) Change in State b) Evolution of a gas c) Change in color d) Change in volume
Q7. ‘Dissolved in water’ is stated by the term:
a) Liquid b)Aqueous c) Molten d) Wet
Q8. What will be the State of Carbon in the following equation? C +O2 → CO2
a) Solid b) Liquid c)gas d)aqueous
Q9. Which is correct in context of the following equation: H2 +O2 → H2O
a) 2,1,2 b) 3,2,2 c) 4,6,1 d) 1,1,1
Q10. Which is the correct values of ‘x’ & ‘y’ in the following equation? CuO(s) + H2 (x) → Cu(y) + H2O(l)
a) ‘x’ = (s), ‘y’ = (l) b) ‘x’ = (l), ‘y’ = (g) c) ‘x’ = (g), ‘y’ = (s) d) ‘x’ = (g), ‘y’ = (l)
Q11. When two elements combine together to form new substances, it is known as __________ reaction:
a) Displacement b) Combination c) Decomposition d) Exothermic.
Q12. Fats become rancid due to:
a) Oxidation b) Reduction c) Decomposition d) Precipitation
Q13. Chemical used in Photography is:
a) Silver Bromide b) Silver Nitrate c) Silver Chloride d) Potassium Chloride
Q14. Antioxidants are:
a) Reducing agents b) Oxidizing agents c) Dehydrating agents d) Hydrating agents
Q15. Reduction means:
a) Gain of Oxygen b) Loss of Oxygen c) Gain of Hydrogen d) ) Loss of Hydrogen
Q16. During Exothermic reaction:
a) Energy is absorbed b) Energy is Liberated c) Light is Absorbed d) Current is absorbed
Q17. The reaction which takes place in the presence of light is known as:
a) Electrolytic b) Photolytic c) Combination d) Exothermic
Q18. Which component is oxidized in the following reaction? MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
a) MnO2 b) HCl c) MnCl2 d) H2O
Q19. “A → B + C” indicates which reaction?
a) Displacement b) Combination c) Decomposition d) Exothermic.
Q20. Rusting of Iron can be prevented by:
a) Painting b) Greasing c) Chrome Plating d) Hydrating
Q21. Which of the following is not a physical change?
(a) Boiling of water to give water vapour (b) Melting of ice to give water
(c) Dissolution of salt in water (d) Combustion of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Q22. The following reaction is an example of a 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
(i) displacement reaction (ii) combination reaction (iii) redox reaction (iv) neutralisation reaction
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (i) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
Q23. Which of the following statements about the given reaction are correct?
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
(i) Iron metal is getting oxidized (ii) Water is getting reduced
(iii) Water is acting as reducing agent (iv) Water is acting as oxidising agent
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (iii) and (iv) (c) (i), (ii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iv)
Q24. Which of the following are exothermic processes?
(i) Reaction of water with quick lime (ii) Dilution of an acid
(iii) Evaporation of water (iv) Sublimation of camphor (crystals)
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
Q25. Three beakers labelled as A, B and C each containing 25 mL of water were taken. A small amount of NaOH,
anhydrous CuSO4 and NaCl were added to the beakers A, B and C respectively. It was observed that there was an
increase in the temperature of the solutions contained in beakers A and B, whereas in case of beaker C, the
temperature of the solution falls. Which one of the following statement(s) is(are)correct?
(i) In beakers A and B, exothermic process has occurred. (ii) In beakers A and B, endothermic process has occurred.
(iii) In beaker C exothermic process has occurred. (iv) In beaker C endothermic process has occurred.
(a) (i) only (b) (ii) only (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
Q26. A dilute ferrous sulphate solution was gradually added to the beaker containing acidified permanganate solution.
The light purple colour of the solution fades and finally disappears. Which of the following is the correct explanation
for the observation?

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 (a) KMnO4 is an oxidising agent, it oxidises FeSO4
(b) FeSO4 acts as an oxidising agent and oxidises KMnO4
(c) The colour disappears due to dilution; no reaction is involved
(d) KMnO4 is an unstable compound and decomposes in presence of FeSO4 to a colourless compound.
Q27. Which among the following is (are) double displacement reaction(s)?
(i) Pb + CuCl2 → PbCl2 + Cu (ii) Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl
(iii) C + O2 → CO2 (iv) CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) only (c) (i) and (ii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
Q28. Which among the following statement(s) is(are) true? Exposure of silver chloride to sunlight for a long duration
turns grey due to:
(i) the formation of silver by decomposition of silver chloride (ii) sublimation of silver chloride
(iii) decomposition of chlorine gas from silver chloride (iv) oxidation of silver chloride
(a) (i) only (b) (i) and (iii) (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iv) only
Q29. Solid calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to form calcium hydroxide accompanied by liberation of heat.
This process is called slaking of lime. Calcium hydroxide dissolves in water to form its solution called lime water.
Which among the following is(are) true about slaking of lime and the solution formed?
(i) It is an endothermic reaction (ii) It is an exothermic reaction
(iii) The pH of the resulting solution will be more than seven
(iv) The pH of the resulting solution will be less than seven
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
Q30. Barium chloride on reacting with ammonium sulphate forms barium sulphate and ammonium chloride. Which of
the following correctly represents the type of the reaction involved?
(i) Displacement reaction (ii) Precipitation reaction (iii) Combination reaction (iv) Double displacement reaction
(a) (i) only (b) (ii) only (c) (iv) only (d) (ii) and (iv)
Q31. Electrolysis of water is a decomposition reaction. The mole ratio of hydrogen and oxygen gases liberated during
electrolysis of water is:
(a) 1:1 (b) 2:1 (c) 4:1 (d) 1:2
Q32. Which of the following is(are) an endothermic process(es)?
(i) Dilution of sulphuric acid (ii) Sublimation of dry ice
(iii) Condensation of water vapours (iv) Evaporation of water
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) only (c) (iii) only (d) (ii) and (iv)
Q33. In the double displacement reaction between aqueous potassium iodide and aqueous lead nitrate, a yellow
precipitate of lead iodideis formed. While performing the activity if lead nitrate is not available, which of the
following can be used in place of lead nitrate?
(a) Lead sulphate (insoluble) (b) Lead acetate (c) Ammonium nitrate (d) Potassium sulphate
Q34. Which of the following gases can be used for storage of fresh sample of an oil for a long time?
(a) Carbon dioxide or oxygen (b) Nitrogen or oxygen
(c) Carbon dioxide or helium (d) Helium or nitrogen
Q35. Which one of the following processes involve chemical reactions?
(a) Storing of oxygen gas under pressure in a gas cylinder
(b) Liquefaction of air
(c) Keeping petrol in a china dish in the open
(d) Heating copper wire in presence of air at high temperature
Q36. In which of the following chemical equations, the abbreviations represent the correct states of the reactants and
products involved at reaction temperature?
(a) 2H2(l) + O2(l) → 2H2O(g) (b) 2H2(g) + O2(l) → 2H2O(l)
(c) 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) (d) 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)

Very Short Answer questions:

Q1. What do you mean by a Chemical Change?

Q2. What do you mean by a Physical Change?
Q3. Define Chemical Reaction.
Q4. Give the significance of arrow sign in a Chemical Equation.
Q5. Give an example of Chemical Change.
Q6. What does (s) in a chemical reaction signify?
Q7. What is the difference between (m), (l) and (aq) in a chemical equation.

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Q8. Magnesium ribbon should be cleaned before burning. Why?
Q9. Complete the missing components in the following equation: CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (y)
Q10. What is the principle used in balancing the chemical equation?
Q11. Give an Example of Thermal decomposition reaction?
Q12. Write a combination reaction used in white washing.
Q13. Why Photographic film should not be exposed to light?
Q14. What are Displacement Reactions?
Q15. Complete the reaction: Mg + ZnSO4 → _____ + _____
Q16. What are double displacement reactions?
Q17. Why do we apply paints on Iron articles?
Q18. Define Corrosion.
Q19. What does the term Redox mean?
Q20. Define Precipitation Reaction.

Short Answer questions:

Q1. What is the color of the precipitate formed when we mix the solution of lead(II) nitrate with Potassium Iodide.
Name the compound precipitated. Write the balanced chemical Equation.
Q2. What is the difference between Combination and Decomposition Reaction? Write an equation of each type.
Q3. What do you understand by Exothermic & Endothermic reactions? Give Examples.
Q4. Write one equation each for the decomposition reaction where energy is supplied in the form of
a) heat b) light c) electricity.
Q5. A shiny brown colored element ‘X’ on heating in air becomes black in color. Name the element ‘X’ and the black
colored compound formed.
Q6. Write a short note on corrosion.
Q7. Explain: Oxidation and reduction are opposite to each other.
Q8. Explain: Combination and decomposition are opposite to each other.
Q9. Identify the type of chemical reaction taking place in each of the following–
a) Barium chloride solution is mixed with copper sulphate solution and a white precipitate is formed.
b) On heating copper powder in air in a china dish, the surface of the copper powder turns black.
Q10. Why should magnesium wire be cleaned before burning in air?
Q11. Write Chemical Equation for the following:
Copper Sulphate on treatment with Potassium Iodide precipitates Cuprous Iodide, liberates iodine gas and also
forms potassium Sulphate
Q12. Give the characteristics of Chemical reactions.
Q13. What information is furnished by a Chemical reaction?
Q14. What is the difference between skeletal & Balanced Chemical Equation?
Q15. Which of the following processes involves a chemical Change?
a) Liquefaction of air b) Heating Aluminum wire in the presence of air.
Q16. Complete the missing components/variables given as x and y in the following reactions:
(a) Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2 (x) + 2KNO3(y) (b) Cu(s) + 2Ag NO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + x(s)
(c) Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(x) + H2(y) (d) CaCO3(s) → → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Q17. Which among the following changes are exothermic or endothermic in nature?
(a) Decomposition of ferrous sulphate (b) Dilution of sulphuric acid
(c) Dissolution of sodium hydroxide in water (d) Dissolution of ammonium chloride in water
Q18. A solution of potassium chloride when mixed with silver nitrate solution, an insoluble white substance is formed.
Write the chemical reaction involved and also mention the type of the chemical reaction?
Q19. Ferrous sulphate decomposes with the evolution of a gas having a characteristic odour of burning sulphur. Write
the chemical reaction involved and identify the type of reaction.
Q20. Why do fire flies glow at night?
Q21. Grapes hanging on the plant do not ferment but after being plucked from the plant can be fermented. Under what
conditions do these grapes ferment? Is it a chemical or a physical change?
Q22. Which among the following are physical or chemical changes?
(a) Evaporation of petrol (b) Burning of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
(c) Heating of an iron rod to red hot. (d) Curdling of milk (e) Sublimation of solid ammonium chloride
Q23. During the reaction of some metals with dilute hydrochloric acid, following observations were made.
(a) Silver metal does not show any change

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(b) The temperature of the reaction mixture rises when aluminium (Al) is added.
(c) The reaction of sodium metal is found to be highly explosive
(d) Some bubbles of a gas are seen when lead (Pb) is reacted with the acid.
Explain these observations giving suitable reactions.
Q24. A substance X, which is an oxide of a group 2 element, is used intensively in the cement industry. This element
is present in bones also. On treatment with water it forms a solution which turns red litmus blue. Identify X and also
write the chemical reactions involved.
Q25. Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions and also classify them.
(a) Lead acetate solution is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid to form lead chloride and acetic acid solution.
(b) A piece of sodium metal is added to absolute ethanol to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.
(c) Iron (III) oxide on heating with carbon monoxide gas reacts to form solid iron and liberates carbon dioxide gas.
(d) Hydrogen sulphide gas reacts with oxygen gas to form solid sulphur and liquid water
Q26. Why do we store silver chloride in dark coloured bottles?
Q27. A magnesium ribbon is burnt in oxygen to give a white compound X accompanied by emission of light. If the
burning ribbon is now placed in an atmosphere of nitrogen, it continues to burn and forms a compound Y.
(a) Write the chemical formulae of X and Y. (b) Write a balanced chemical equation, when X is dissolved in water.
Q28. Zinc liberates hydrogen gas when reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid, whereas copper does not. Explain why?
Q29. A silver article generally turns black when kept in the open for a few days. The article when rubbed with
toothpaste again starts shining.
(a) Why do silver articles turn black when kept in the open for a few days? Name the phenomenon involved.
(b) Name the black substance formed and give its chemical formula.

Long Answer questions:

Q1. (i) Explain the following terms (a)Oxidation (b) Rancidity

(ii) Give reason for the following
(a) Respiration is considered exothermic reaction
(b) Oil and fat containing food items are flushed in with nitrogen
(iii) How will you show that silver is chemically less reactive than copper
Q2.Name the oxidizing agent, reducing agent, oxidation & reduction in the following redox reaction
a) ZnO + C → Zn + CO b) MgO + C → Mg + CO c) Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
d) H2 + CuO → Cu + H2O e) 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O
Q3.With the help of an activity descried double displacement reaction. Why are double displacement reaction not
redox?
Q4. On heating blue coloured powder of copper (II) nitrate in a boiling tube, copper oxide (black), oxygen gas and a
brown gas X is formed:
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation of the reaction. (b) Identity the brown gas X evolved.
(c) Identity the type of reaction. (d) What could be the pH range of aqueous solution of the gas X?
Q5. Give the characteristic tests for the following gases
(a) CO2 (b) SO2 (c) O2 (d) H2
Q6. What happens when a piece of
(a) zinc metal is added to copper sulphate solution? (b) aluminium metal is added to dilute hydrochloric acid?
(c) silver metal is added to copper sulphate solution?
Also, write the balanced chemical equation if the reaction occurs.
Q7. What happens when zinc granules are treated with dilute solution of H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, NaCl and NaOH, also
write the chemical equations if reaction occurs.
Q8. On adding a drop of barium chloride solution to an aqueous solution of sodium sulphite, white precipitate is
obtained.
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation of the reaction involved
(b) What other name can be given to this precipitation reaction?
(c) On adding dilute hydrochloric acid to the reaction mixture, white precipitate disappears. Why?
Q9. You are provided with two containers made up of copper and aluminium. You are also provided with solutions of
dilute HCl, dilute HNO3, ZnCl2 and H2O. In which of the above containers these solutions can be kept
Assertion and reasoning questions:

Following questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions selecting
the appropriate option given below:

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(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Q1. Assertion (A) : Decomposition of vegetable matter into compost is an example of exothermic reactions.
Reason (R) : Exothermic reaction are those reactions in which heat is evolved.
Q2. Assertion (A) : When HCl is added to zinc granules, a chemical reaction occurs.
Reason (R) : Evolution of a gas and change in colour indicate that the chemical reaction is taking place.
Q3. Assertion (A) : Calcium carbonate when heated gives calcium oxide and water.
Reason (R) : On heating calcium carbonate, decomposition reaction takes place.
Q4. Assertion (A) : Brown fumes are produced when lead nitrate is heated.
Reason (R) : Nitrogen dioxide gas is produced as a by product due to the decomposition of lead nitrate.
Q5. Assertion (A) : White silver chloride turns grey in sunlight.
Reason (R) : Decomposition of silver chloride in presence of sunlight takes place to form silver metal
and chlorine gas.
Q6. Assertion (A): Pungent smelling gas is produced when sulphur burns in air.
Reason (R) : Sulphur trioxide is formed on reaction of sulphur with oxygen.
Q7. Assertion (A) : In a reaction of copper with oxygen, copper serves as a reducing agent.
Reason (R) : The substance which gains oxygen in a chemical reaction acts as a reducing agent.
Q8. Assertion (A) : In electrolysis of water, the volume of hydrogen liberated is twice the volume of oxygen
formed.
Reason (R) : Water (H,0) has hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 1:2 by volume.
Q9. Assertion (A): Corrosion of iron is commonly known as rusting.
Reason (R) : Corrosion of iron occurs in presence of water and air.
Q10. Assertion (A) : The balancing of chemical equations is based on law of conservation of mass.
Reason (R) : Total mass of reactants is equal to total mass of products.
Q11. Assertion (A): In a balanced chemical equation, total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of
the products.
Reason (R): Mass can neither be created nor destroyed during a chemical change.
Q12. Assertion (A): Iron articles are painted so as to prevent them from rusting.
Reason (R): When the surface of iron is coated with paint, its surface does not come in contact with
oxygen and moisture therefore rusting does not take place.
Q13. Assertion (A) : Chemical reaction changes the physical and chemical state of a substance.
Reason (R) : When electric current is passed through water (liquid), it decomposes to produce
hydrogen and oxygen gases.
Q14. Assertion (A): When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes to give calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide.
Reason (R): The decomposition reaction takes place on application of heat, therefore, it is an
endothermic reaction.
Q15. Assertion (A): Zinc reacts with sulphuric acid to form zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas and it is a
displacement reaction.
Reason (R): Zinc reacts with oxygen to form zinc oxide

Case Study/Passage Based Questions

Q1. Corrosion is the phenomenon of deterioration of surface of metal in presence of air and moisture. It is a natural
process and in the presence of a moist atmosphere, chemically active metals get corroded. This is an oxidation
reaction. Rusting is the process where iron corrodes due to exposure to the atmosphere. The main circumstance of
corrosion occurs with iron because it is a structural material in construction, bridges, buildings, rail transport, ships,
etc. Aluminium is also an important structural metal, but even aluminium undergoes oxidation reactions. However,
aluminium doesn’t corrode or oxidize as rapidly as its reactivity suggests. Copper (Cu) corrodes and forms a basic
green carbonate.
(i) What is rusting?
(ii) Which two metals do not corrode easily?
(iii) Write the chemical name of the compound formed on corrosion of silver.
(iv) Corrosion is
(a) a redox reaction (b) a reduction reaction (c) a displacement reaction (d) an oxidation reaction

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Q2. Oxidation is the process of gaining of oxygen, or losing of
hydrogen. Reduction is the process of losing of oxygen or
gaining of hydrogen. The substance which undergoes
oxidation is the reducing agent while the substance which
undergoes reduction is known as the oxidising agent.
Oxidation and reduction always take place together and these
type of reactions are known as redox reactions. Some of the
examples of redox reactions are given below:

(i) Give two examples of oxidation reaction from your everyday life.
(ii) Write the oxidising agent in the reaction III and VI.
(iii) Which of the following is an oxidising agent?
(a) LiAlH4 (b) Alkaline KMnO4 (c) Acidified K2Cr2O7 (d) Both (b) and (c)
(iv) Out of oxidation and reduction, which reaction takes place at anode?

Q3. A chemical reaction is a representation of chemical change in terms of symbols and formulae of reactants and
products. There are various types of chemical reactions like combination, decomposition, displacement, double
displacement, oxidation and reduction reactions. Reactions in which heat is released along with the formation of
products are called exothermic chemical reactions. All combustion reactions are exothermic reactions.
(i) The chemical reaction in which a single substance breaks down into two or more simpler substances upon heating
is known as
(a) thermal decomposition reaction (b) photo decomposition reaction
(c) electric decomposition reaction (d) both (a) and (c)
(ii) The massive force that pushes the rocket forward through space is generated due to the
(a) combination reaction (b) decomposition reaction
(c) displacement reaction (d) double displacement reaction
(iii) A white salt on heating decomposes to give brown fumes and yellow residue is left behind. The yellow residue
left is of
(a) lead nitrate (b) nitrogen oxide (c) lead oxide (d) oxygen gas
(iv) Which of the following reactions represents a combination reaction?
(a) CaO (s) + H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)
(b) CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2(g)
(c) Zn(s) + CuSO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
(d) 2FeSO4(s) → Fe2O3 (s) +SO2(g) + SO3(g)
(v) Complete the following statements by choosing correct type of reaction for X and Y.
Statement 1: The heating of lead nitrate is an example of ‘X’ reaction.
Statement 2: The burning of magnesium is an example of ‘Y’ reaction.
(a) X- Combination, Y- Decomposition
(b) X- Decomposition, Y-Combination
(c) X- Combination, Y-Displacement
(d) X- Displacement, Y-Decomposition

NCERT activity based questions:

Activity 1.1
Q1. Why Magnesium ribbon should be rubbed with sand paper?
Q2. What is the composition and the colour of the ash formed in the reaction?
Q3. Why is it recommended to wear suitable eye glasses while performing this activity?
Q4. Is this reaction Endothermic/Exothermic? Justify your answer.
Q5. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.
Activity 1.2
Q1. Write the observations of the reaction.
Q2. What are the states and the colours of the reactants and the products formed?
Q3. How will you separate the two components formed during the reaction?
Q4. How will you prepare solutions of Lead Nitrate and Potassium Iodide?
Q5. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.

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Activity 1.3
Q1. What is the colour of Zinc Metal? Why is it preferred to use zinc in granule form than in any other form?
Q2. How do we dilute any acid?
Q3. Write the observations of the experiment. How can we test the gas liberated? Give the uses of the gas evolved.
Q4. Is this reaction Endothermic/Exothermic?
Q5. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.
Activity 1.4
Q1. Name the common as well as chemical name of the product formed?
Q2. What do you observe when you touch the beaker?
Q3. What do you infer from this observation?
Q4. What kind of reaction it is?
Q5. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.
Activity 1.5
Q1. What is the colour of Ferrous Sulphate crystals?
Q2. What precautions should you take while performing this experiment?
Q3. What kind of odour is produced during the reaction?
Q4. What is the correct way to check the odour of any reaction?
Q5. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.
Activity 1.6
Q1. What is the colour of Lead Nitrate crystals?
Q2. What changes do you observe during the reaction?
Q3. State the colour of the gas evolved? Explain this observation.
Q4. What is the colour of the residue left? Explain this observation.
Q5. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.
Activity 1.7
Q1. What substance is used to make the electrodes?
Q2. Why is Sulphuric Acid added?
Q3. Name the products formed at Cathode and anode. How will you test these gases?
Q4. Is the volume of both the gases same? Justify your answer.
Q5. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.
Activity 1.8
Q1. What is the colour of Silver Chloride?
Q2. What change in the colour do you observe when the reaction takes place?
Q3. Explain the change observed. What type of reaction is it?
Q4. Why are silver compounds stored in brown bottles?
Q5. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.
Activity 1.9
Q1. Why there is a need to clean the iron nails with a sand paper?
Q2. How do you prepare Copper Sulphate solution?
Q3. What is the change in the intensity of Copper sulphate solution in test tube B? Explain your observation.
Q4. What is the change in the colour of iron nails dipped in test tube B? Explain your observation.
Q5. What kind of reaction it is? What do you infer about the reactivity of Cu and Fe with respect to each other?
Q6. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.
Activity 1.10
Q1. Write the observations of the reaction.
Q2. What are the states and the colours of the reactants and the products formed?
Q3. How will you separate the two components formed during the reaction?
Q4. How will you prepare solutions of Sodium Sulphate and Barium Chloride?
Q5. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.
Activity 1.11
Q1. What is the colour of Copper powder?
Q2. Name the product formed and state its colour.
Q3. Why is this product formed?
Q4. Name the type of reaction it is. (Oxidation/Reduction)
Q5. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.

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