1.

How can urban road networks be redesigned to minimize vehicle emissions and

reduce the overall carbon footprint of city transportation?

- Urban road networks may be reconstructed to reduce vehicle emissions

and the overall carbon footprint of metropolitan transportation by

implementing strategies like promoting public transportation, improving

the infrastructure for pedestrians and bicyclists, and establishing green

corridors with trees that absorb CO2. Integrating congestion pricing or

low-emission zones can facilitate traffic and encourage the use of electric

vehicles. By creating intelligent traffic management systems, idle time

may be reduced and fuel consumption reduced. Additionally, expanding

mixed-use zones can significantly cut emissions by reducing the demand

for long-distance commuting. Last but not least, prioritizing eco-friendly

forms of transportation like electric buses and shared mobility services

might help lower the total number of cars on the road.

Examples:

• London Congestion Charge Zone: Charges vehicles to enter central

London during peak hours, reducing traffic congestion and emissions

in the city center.

3
 • Copenhagen's Cycling Infrastructure: Extensive network of protected

bike lanes encourages cycling as a primary mode of transportation,

reducing reliance on cars.

• Paris "Paris Respire" (Breathable Paris): Implemented car-free zones

on weekends, prioritizing pedestrian and cyclist access in popular

areas to reduce pollution.

• Barcelona Superblocks: Redesigns city blocks to limit car access,

creating pedestrian-friendly zones and reducing vehicle emissions in

residential areas.

• Bogotá’s transmilenio Bus Rapid Transit (BRT): A high-capacity, eco-

friendly public transit system that reduces the need for personal car

use and lowers urban emissions.

In conclusion, redesigning urban road networks with a focus on sustainable

transport options, green infrastructure, and innovative policies can significantly

reduce vehicle emissions and lower the carbon footprint of city transportation. By

prioritizing walking, cycling, and public transit over private car use, cities can reduce

traffic congestion and improve air quality. Strategies like congestion pricing, low-

emission zones, and smart traffic management systems optimize mobility while

4
 cutting emissions. Additionally, promoting electric vehicles through improved

charging infrastructure supports the transition to cleaner urban transport. Overall,

a holistic approach to urban planning can create healthier, more sustainable cities

and contribute to long-term environmental goals.

2. What roles do road surface materials and vegetation play in reducing urban

heat islands, and which materials are most effective for sustainable urban

roadways?

- Cities can have higher temperatures than their surroundings due to

human activity and impermeable surfaces like asphalt. We call this

phenomenon an urban heat island (UHI). Since they either absorb less

heat or chill the surroundings through evapotranspiration and shade,

vegetation and road surface materials are crucial for lowering UHIs. Cool

pavements and green infrastructure are examples of permeable and

reflecting surfaces that can improve air quality and reduce heat

absorption. Vegetation such as street trees and green spaces not only

provides shade and lowers the surrounding temperature, but it also aids

in cooling by releasing moisture into the environment. Both strategies

5
 contribute to more sustainable urban environments by enhancing energy

use, biodiversity, and public health.

Effective Road Surface Materials:

- Cool Pavements: Reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat.

- Porous Asphalt: Allows water infiltration, reducing surface temperature.

- Recycled Materials: Use of reflective or lighter-colored aggregates in

pavement.

- Permeable Concrete: Increases water absorption and reduces surface

runoff.

- Green Roads: Integrating plant cover or grass within roadways.

Incorporating heat-reducing materials and vegetation into urban planning is

essential for combating the urban heat island effect and promoting sustainability.

The combination of reflective road surfaces and abundant green spaces can

significantly mitigate high temperatures and improve urban resilience. These

strategies offer practical solutions to build cooler, more livable cities.

6
3. How can urban road design incorporate green infrastructure, like rain gardens

and bio swales, to manage storm water and reduce urban flooding?

- Urban road design can significantly benefit from integrating green

infrastructure solutions like rain gardens and bioswales to manage

stormwater and reduce urban flooding. These natural systems help

absorb rainwater, allowing it to infiltrate the soil rather than overwhelming

stormwater drains, which can lead to flooding. By using permeable

surfaces and incorporating vegetation, these green infrastructure

features reduce runoff, improve water quality, and promote groundwater

recharge. Rain gardens, typically small, landscaped depressions,

capture rainwater from roads or parking lots, filtering pollutants before

the water enters the sewer system. Similarly, bioswales are shallow,

vegetated channels designed to slow down and treat stormwater runoff

by filtering it through plants and soil. Green infrastructure can also help

mitigate heat island effects by providing cooling and enhancing the

aesthetic and ecological value of urban streetscapes. These systems are

a cost-effective alternative to traditional drainage solutions, reducing the

need for expensive infrastructure projects.

7
Examples of Green Infrastructure in Urban Road Design:

• Rain Gardens: Landscaping features in road medians or shoulders that

collect and filter runoff.

• Bioswales: Shallow, vegetated channels along roads that capture and

treat stormwater.

• Permeable Pavement: Use of porous materials for road surfaces to

allow water to pass through to the soil.

• Green Streets: Incorporating a mix of rain gardens, bioswales, and

permeable surfaces into street design.

• Urban Wetlands: Creating wetlands along roadsides that act as natural

filtration systems for stormwater.

Incorporating green infrastructure into urban road design offers a

sustainable and multifunctional solution to stormwater management and urban

flooding. These systems not only reduce flood risks but also improve water quality,

support biodiversity, and contribute to urban resilience in the face of climate

change. By combining natural systems with road infrastructure, cities can manage

stormwater more effectively while enhancing the urban environment.

8
4. How can urban road design balance the needs of vehicles, cyclists, pedestrians,

and public transit to create an inclusive and smart transport network?

- Urban road design must balance the needs of vehicles, cyclists,

pedestrians, and public transit to create an efficient, inclusive, and smart

transportation network. This requires a holistic approach where

infrastructure supports all modes of transport safely and equitably while

minimizing congestion, reducing environmental impact, and enhancing

accessibility. Roadways should be designed with dedicated lanes or

pathways for each user group, ensuring that cyclists, pedestrians, and

public transit riders are not put at risk by motor vehicles. Public transit

lanes, for example, can be given priority to ensure faster and more

reliable service, while bike lanes and pedestrian paths should be

separated from motor traffic to encourage safer, more sustainable travel

options. Additionally, smart traffic management systems can help

optimize flow, reduce wait times, and prioritize public transit, enhancing

the overall efficiency of the network. Urban streets should also integrate

green spaces and traffic-calming measures, such as raised crosswalks,

to improve the environment and safety for all users. By designing roads

9
 that cater to diverse transportation needs, cities can create a more

sustainable, equitable, and vibrant urban space.

Examples of Balanced Urban Road Design:

• Dedicated Bus Lanes: Prioritizing public transit with separate lanes

for buses to reduce delays.

• Protected Bike Lanes: Creating physically separated bike lanes to

ensure cyclist safety.

• Pedestrian-Friendly Crossings: Elevated or marked crosswalks

and pedestrian zones that give priority to foot traffic.

• Shared-Use Streets: Designing streets where cars, cyclists, and

pedestrians can coexist safely with clear rules for interaction.

• Smart Traffic Signals: Implementing traffic signal technology to

optimize flow and prioritize buses or cyclists during peak times.

Balancing the needs of vehicles, cyclists, pedestrians, and public transit in urban

road design is essential to creating a transportation network that is inclusive, sustainable,

and efficient. By incorporating dedicated lanes, smart infrastructure, and safety features,

cities can foster a multi-modal system that benefits all users. This approach enhances

mobility, reduces congestion, and creates more livable, sustainable urban environments.

10
5. How can urban road layouts enhance access to key community destinations,

such as schools, workplaces, and public parks, for people without private

vehicles?

- Urban road layouts can significantly enhance access to key community

destinations for people without private vehicles by prioritizing non-

motorized transportation modes and integrating public transit into the

design. Roads should be designed to ensure that essential

destinations—such as schools, workplaces, healthcare facilities, and

public parks—are easily reachable by walking, cycling, or public

transport. Key components include wide, safe sidewalks, protected bike

lanes, and well-connected transit routes that ensure equitable access for

all residents, particularly those who rely on walking or public

transportation. Mixed-use developments near these destinations can

also reduce travel distances, allowing people to reach shops, services,

and recreational spaces without needing a car. Effective urban layouts

often incorporate a grid system that minimizes the need for long detours

and maximizes connectivity. Public transit routes should be frequent and

cover areas with high pedestrian traffic, providing direct access to

11
 schools, parks, or business districts. Additionally, traffic-calming

measures like speed bumps or pedestrian crossings make the roadways

safer for those traveling on foot or by bike. Greenways and pedestrian

promenades can also provide pleasant, car-free routes to parks and

public spaces. By focusing on accessibility and inclusivity, urban road

layouts can promote social equity and environmental sustainability by

reducing reliance on private vehicles. The goal is to create a multimodal

transportation system where people of all ages and abilities can easily

access the destinations they need.

Examples of Enhancing Access in Urban Road Layouts:

• Wide, Accessible Sidewalks: Ensuring pedestrian pathways are

wide, level, and clear of obstructions to improve walking access to

schools and parks.

• Protected Bike Lanes: Providing safe, dedicated bike lanes along

key routes to parks, schools, and workplaces.

• Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Designing neighborhoods

around transit stations with easy access to key destinations like

schools and workplaces.

12
• Traffic Calming Features: Installing features like speed bumps,

raised crosswalks, and roundabouts to slow vehicle speeds and

make roads safer for pedestrians and cyclists.

• Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Systems: Implementing fast, frequent bus

routes with dedicated lanes to ensure direct access to key

destinations.

• Pedestrian-Only Streets: Creating car-free zones around schools,

parks, or cultural centers to prioritize pedestrians and cyclists.

• Green Corridors or Greenways: Creating connected green routes

that link parks, schools, and other public spaces, encouraging

walking and cycling.

• Public Bike Sharing Programs: Placing bike-sharing stations near

transit hubs, schools, and parks to facilitate easy, car-free

transportation.

• Plaza and Park Integration: Integrating public spaces, like plazas or

parks, into road design to encourage walking and cycling to these

areas.

13
• Smart Traffic Management: Using technology to optimize traffic

signals and ensure efficient movement for buses and cyclists near

key destinations.

Wide, Accessible Sidewalks:

Protected Bike Lanes

14
Traffic Calming Features:

Green Corridors or Greenways

15
6. What urban road design elements can most effectively reduce pedestrian and

cyclist injuries, accidents, and worst, fatalities?

- Urban road design plays a crucial role in reducing pedestrian and cyclist

injuries, accidents, and fatalities. By implementing design elements that

prioritize safety, separate vulnerable road users from motor vehicles, and

slow traffic speeds, cities can significantly lower the risk of harm.

Separated bike lanes and wide sidewalks provide dedicated space for

cyclists and pedestrians, minimizing the risk of collisions with motor

vehicles. Raised crosswalks, traffic-calming measures, and narrower

lanes can reduce vehicle speeds, making streets safer for all users.

Pedestrian islands in busy intersections allow people to cross streets in

stages, offering a safe haven away from traffic. Additionally, the use of

high-visibility signage and lighting at crossings and bike lanes ensures

that cyclists and pedestrians are visible, especially during nighttime or

low-visibility conditions. Roundabouts are another effective measure, as

they slow down traffic and reduce the likelihood of high-speed accidents

at intersections. Curb extensions shorten crossing distances for

pedestrians and improve sightlines for both pedestrians and drivers.

16
 Protected intersections provide dedicated spaces for cyclists to cross,

minimizing conflicts with turning vehicles. Finally, smart traffic signals can

give priority to pedestrians and cyclists, reducing wait times and

encouraging safer crossing patterns.

Examples of Urban Road Design Elements to Reduce Injuries:

• Separated Bike Lanes: Bike lanes physically separated from motor

vehicles to prevent collisions.

• Wide, Clear Sidewalks: Providing ample space for pedestrians, with

clear, even surfaces.

• Raised Crosswalks: Elevated crossings that slow down traffic and

enhance pedestrian visibility.

17
• Traffic-Calming Measures: Speed bumps, chicanes, and narrow

lanes that encourage drivers to slow down.

• Pedestrian Islands: Safe, raised islands at intersections where

pedestrians can pause midway.

• High-Visibility Signage: Clearly marked crosswalks, bike lanes, and

warning signs to enhance visibility.

• Street Lighting: Well-lit pedestrian and cycling paths to improve

visibility at night.

• Roundabouts: Traffic circles that reduce vehicle speeds and conflict

points in intersections.

• Curb Extensions (Bulb-outs): Extend the curb at intersections to

shorten pedestrian crossing distances.

18
 • Protected Intersections: Intersections designed to minimize

conflicts between cyclists, pedestrians, and motor vehicles.

Urban road designs that prioritize safe, clearly marked spaces for

pedestrians and cyclists, alongside measures that reduce vehicle speeds and

enhance visibility, are key to preventing injuries and fatalities. Incorporating these

elements into cities can create safer, more inclusive environments for all road

users. By prioritizing the needs of the most vulnerable users—pedestrians and

cyclists—urban areas can move towards a future with fewer accidents and safer

streets.

19
7. What role does lighting , signage, and road layout play in improving public

safety, especially in areas with high pedestrian traffic?

- Lighting, signage, and road layout all play crucial roles in enhancing

public safety, particularly in areas with high pedestrian traffic. Together,

these elements help reduce accidents, guide behavior, and improve

overall awareness for both pedestrians and drivers. Here's how each one

contributes:

• 1. Lighting:

o Visibility: Proper lighting improves visibility for both pedestrians and

drivers, reducing the likelihood of accidents that might occur in low-

light conditions, such as during dawn, dusk, or at night. Well-lit areas

allow pedestrians to be seen by drivers and other pedestrians,

making it easier to navigate and spot hazards.

o Deterrence of Crime: Adequate Street lighting can also deter criminal

activity in public spaces. Well-lit environments are less likely to attract

criminal behavior, which contributes to a sense of safety for

pedestrians.

20
 o Guidance: Lighting helps define pedestrian pathways, crosswalks,

and intersections, guiding pedestrians along safe routes. It also

highlights areas where additional caution is needed, such as curves

or intersections.

• Signage:

o Clear Instructions and Warnings: Signage, such as pedestrian

crossing signs, speed limits, and warnings for sharp turns or

intersections, helps to communicate the necessary information to

both drivers and pedestrians. Clear signage is crucial in alerting

both parties to potential dangers (e.g., crosswalks or construction

zones) and directing traffic flow safely.

o Regulation and Control: Regulatory signs, such as “Yield to

Pedestrians” or “No Parking” signs, help enforce safe behaviors

among drivers and pedestrians. These can mitigate risky

behaviors like jaywalking or speeding, which are common

hazards in high-traffic pedestrian areas.

o Wayfinding: Directional signs, like “Pedestrian Path” or “To

Transit,” can help pedestrians navigate large, busy areas more

21
 safely, especially in urban settings where confusion about which

direction to go can lead to risky situations.

• Road Layout (Urban Design):

o Pedestrian-Friendly Infrastructure: A road layout that prioritizes

pedestrian movement, such as wide sidewalks, dedicated

pedestrian lanes, and raised crosswalks, increases safety by

creating clear distinctions between vehicle and pedestrian

spaces. It reduces the chance of vehicles encroaching on

pedestrian areas.

o Traffic Calming Measures: Features such as speed bumps,

chicanes, and curb extensions slow down traffic, making the road

safer for pedestrians by giving drivers more time to react. These

measures are especially important in areas with high foot traffic,

as they help to reduce the severity of accidents.

o Intersection Design: Well-designed intersections, such as those

with dedicated pedestrian phases or pedestrian refuge islands,

help pedestrians’ cross busy streets more safely. Smart

22
 intersection design can separate pedestrians from fast-moving

vehicles and give pedestrians more time to cross roads.

o Zoning and Land Use: The road layout should also consider how

land is used around pedestrian areas. High-density mixed-use

zones encourage walking and reduce the need for vehicle travel,

thus lowering the risk of accidents in those areas.

• Integrating These Elements:

o When lighting, signage, and road layout are integrated

thoughtfully, they complement each other and create a

comprehensive system that improves safety. For example:

o A well-lit crosswalk with clear pedestrian signs and a traffic-

calming layout can make pedestrians feel more confident and

visible, while also prompting drivers to slow down and be more

alert.

o A busy urban intersection with dedicated pedestrian signals,

pedestrian islands, and good lighting reduces the risk of

conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles.

23
 o In areas with high pedestrian traffic, the goal is to create an

environment where pedestrians feel safe, and drivers are

continually reminded of their presence. By combining effective

lighting, clear signage, and a well-planned road layout, public

safety is significantly improved, especially in areas with dense

foot traffic.

8. How can the design of intersections, roundabouts, and traffic signals be

optimized for smoother traffic flow?

- Optimizing the design of intersections, roundabouts, and traffic signals is

critical for improving traffic flow, reducing congestion, and enhancing

overall road safety. By implementing best practices for urban and traffic

design, traffic engineers can facilitate smoother traffic movement while

minimizing delays and accidents. Here's a detailed breakdown of how

each element can be optimized:

▪ Optimizing Intersection Design:

24
o Intersections are one of the most crucial areas for improving traffic

flow, as they control the movement of vehicles and pedestrians at

key points. Here's how to optimize them:

o Signal Timing Optimization: Adaptive signal systems that adjust

in real-time to traffic demand can reduce delays and improve

traffic flow. For example, by detecting vehicle volumes through

sensors and adjusting green light durations, traffic flow can be

improved during peak hours.

o Dedicated Turn Lanes: Providing separate lanes for left-turning

or right-turning vehicles can reduce congestion, improve traffic

flow, and minimize accidents caused by lane-changing.

o Advanced Warning Signs: Installing signs before intersections

to warn drivers about upcoming turns or lights can help reduce

last-minute lane changes and improve safety.

o Pedestrian Safety Features: Designing intersections with

dedicated pedestrian signals, raised crosswalks, or pedestrian

islands can help improve pedestrian safety without slowing down

traffic excessively

25
• Roundabouts:

Roundabouts are a proven design feature that can improve traffic flow and

reduce congestion compared to traditional signalized intersections. Here’s how

to optimize them:

▪ Design for Capacity: Properly sizing the roundabout and providing

enough lanes for traffic flow is essential for reducing congestion.

Multi-lane roundabouts can accommodate higher volumes of traffic.

▪ Minimize Entry Points: Limiting the number of entry points to the

roundabout can help reduce traffic confusion and improve flow. A

well-designed roundabout should have smooth entry and exit lanes

with proper signage to guide traffic.

▪ Geometric Design: The radius and curvature of the roundabout

should be designed to encourage appropriate vehicle speeds, while

also allowing trucks and larger vehicles to navigate smoothly. Tight

radii encourage slower speeds, which increases safety and flow.

▪ Pedestrian and Bicycle Accommodations: Roundabouts should

be designed with safe crossings for pedestrians and cyclists. This

includes clear markings, refuges, and signals where necessary.

26
• Traffic Signals:

Traffic signals control the flow of traffic at intersections and optimizing them can

significantly reduce delays and improve safety. Here are key strategies for

optimizing traffic signals:

o Adaptive Signal Control: Installing traffic signal systems that adjust

their timing based on real-time traffic conditions can help minimize

waiting times. Adaptive systems use sensors or cameras to monitor

traffic flow and adjust green light durations accordingly.

o Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS): ITS technologies allow for

better coordination of traffic signals across large networks. By linking

signals, traffic flow can be managed more efficiently, reducing stop-and-

go driving and congestion.

o Green Wave Systems: In high-traffic corridors, green wave systems can

synchronize traffic lights to allow vehicles to pass through multiple

intersections with minimal stopping. This is particularly effective on

arterial roads.

o Dedicated Signal Phases for Pedestrians and Bicycles: Optimizing

traffic signal phases to prioritize pedestrian and bicycle safety can also

27
 reduce conflicts between vehicles and non-motorized road users,

making the system safer and more efficient for everyone.

• General Principles for All Traffic Control Elements:

o Consistent and Clear Signage: Proper signage at intersections,

roundabouts, and along roads can help drivers anticipate actions and

make safer, more informed decisions.

o Roadway Markings: Clear lane markings, especially in complex

intersections or roundabouts, guide drivers and improve traffic flow.

o Pedestrian and Bicycle Infrastructure: To ensure traffic flow is smooth

for all road users, optimizing crosswalks, bike lanes, and traffic signals

that prioritize non-motorized users helps prevent conflicts and reduce

traffic delays.

9. What urban road design strategies can best mitigate congestion in densely

populated city centers?

- Mitigating congestion in densely populated city centers requires a

combination of urban road design strategies that focus on optimizing the

flow of both motor vehicles and non-motorized users (pedestrians and

28
 cyclists), enhancing public transportation, and encouraging mixed-use

development. The following urban road design strategies have proven to

be effective in alleviating congestion:

Promoting Public Transportation:

▪ Dedicated Bus and Transit Lanes: Creating dedicated

lanes for buses, trams, or other public transit options allows

for faster movement of mass transit vehicles, reducing

delays caused by mixed traffic and improving the overall

efficiency of the transportation system.

▪ Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Designing

neighborhoods around transit hubs can reduce the need

for car use and alleviate pressure on road infrastructure by

encouraging the use of public transportation.

▪ BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) Systems: Implementing BRT

systems with dedicated lanes and priority signaling

ensures buses move efficiently through congested areas,

providing a reliable and fast alternative to private vehicles.

29
Road Diets (Lane Reduction):

• Reducing Lane Widths: In congested urban areas, reducing the

number of lanes for motor vehicles (known as a "road diet") can

reclaim space for other uses like wider sidewalks, bike lanes, or

bus lanes. This strategy has been found to reduce overall vehicle

speeds, improve pedestrian safety, and encourage the use of

alternative transportation modes.

• Pedestrian and Bicycle Infrastructure: Converting vehicle

lanes to dedicated bike lanes or wider pedestrian paths not only

promotes walking and cycling but also discourages car

dependency, which can help reduce traffic volume and

congestion.

Congestion Pricing:

• Congestion Charging Zones: Implementing congestion pricing,

where vehicles are charged a fee to enter the most congested

parts of a city during peak hours, helps reduce traffic volume and

encourages the use of public transit or carpooling.

30
 • Dynamic Pricing: This involves adjusting fees based on real-time

traffic data, increasing charges during periods of high congestion

to discourage unnecessary driving.

Complete Streets and Multi-Modal Infrastructure:

• Complete Streets: A design approach that ensures streets are safe

and accessible for all users, including pedestrians, cyclists, motorists,

and public transportation users. This includes implementing wider

sidewalks, bike lanes, better crossings, and safer intersections.

• Integration of Transportation Modes: Integrating public transit,

cycling, walking, and shared mobility services into a cohesive

network can reduce dependency on private vehicles and improve

overall traffic flow.

Smart Traffic Management and ITS (Intelligent Transportation

Systems):

• Real-Time Traffic Management: Using sensors, cameras, and data

analytics to manage traffic flow in real-time can help alleviate

congestion. Adaptive traffic signals that respond to current traffic

volumes and congestion can reduce delays and optimize traffic flow.

31
 • Integrated Mobility Systems: Connecting different transportation

options (e.g., public transit, shared bikes, and car services) through

digital platforms helps people find and use the most efficient

transportation options, reducing the number of cars on the road.

Car-Free Zones and Pedestrianization:

• Car-Free Zones: Converting key areas in city centers into

pedestrian-only zones can reduce traffic congestion and improve air

quality by eliminating the need for vehicles in certain parts of the city.

This approach also encourages walking, cycling, and the use of

public transportation.

• Pedestrian-First Design: Redesigning urban streets to prioritize

pedestrians—through wider sidewalks, pedestrian zones, and slower

vehicle speeds—can make walking more attractive and reduce traffic

demand in city centers.

Improving Traffic Flow with Roundabouts and Smart Intersections:

• Roundabouts: Replacing traditional intersections with roundabouts

can reduce congestion by allowing continuous movement of vehicles

and reducing the frequency of stop-and-go traffic.

32
 • Smart Intersections: Using sensors and AI to optimize traffic light

timing, adapt to real-time traffic flow, and prioritize public transit and

emergency vehicles can reduce waiting times and improve traffic

flow.

To mitigate congestion in densely populated city centers, urban road

design strategies should focus on a multi-faceted approach that encourages

alternative transportation, improves traffic flow through technological

interventions, and prioritizes pedestrian and cyclist infrastructure.

Combining these strategies can help create a more sustainable and efficient

urban transportation system.

10. How does urban road design influence local businesses, property values, and

economic development in city neighborhoods?

- Urban road design plays a pivotal role in shaping the economic health of

city neighborhoods by directly impacting local businesses, property

values, and broader economic development. Roadways influence the

flow of traffic, accessibility, and overall livability, which in turn affect the

desirability of a location for both residents and businesses. Effective

urban road design that prioritizes multimodal transportation, including

33
 walking, cycling, and public transit, can lead to positive economic

outcomes by improving accessibility and encouraging foot traffic, which

is particularly important for retail and service-based businesses.

- One of the primary ways urban road design influences local businesses

is by improving access and visibility. Streets with wide sidewalks, bike

lanes, and convenient transit stops attract more pedestrians, cyclists,

and public transit users, which directly increases foot traffic to local

businesses. Retail stores, cafes, restaurants, and small shops

particularly benefit from this increased pedestrian movement. Research

shows that businesses located on pedestrian-friendly streets typically

see higher sales compared to those on roads that prioritize cars and

have limited pedestrian infrastructure. In fact, studies have found that

retail businesses in areas with good public transport links or walking-

friendly streets experience up to a 40% increase in sales compared to

those in car-centric areas.

- Conversely, poorly designed streets that prioritize vehicle flow at the

expense of pedestrians and cyclists often deter foot traffic and can

negatively affect the viability of local businesses. Streets dominated by

34
 heavy traffic and limited public transit options create barriers for people

trying to access businesses, particularly for those who rely on walking or

public transportation. The lack of walkability often discourages spending

time in such areas, which can lead to businesses experiencing lower

revenues and, in some cases, closure.

- In terms of property values, road design is a key determinant in

determining the desirability of residential and commercial properties.

Well-designed streets that include features like green spaces, safe

crosswalks, and traffic calming measures make neighborhoods more

attractive to both potential homebuyers and renters. Properties located

near high-quality public transportation options, such as bus rapid transit

(BRT) lines, subways, or light rail stations, tend to have higher property

values due to the convenience of travel. Transit-oriented developments

(TOD), which are strategically designed around public transit hubs, have

been shown to raise property values by 10-20% in some cases.

- Beyond residential properties, commercial property values are also

closely linked to road design. Areas with well-connected, multimodal

roads are more attractive to businesses due to their ease of access for

35
 employees, customers, and suppliers. Businesses in these areas benefit

from lower transportation costs and greater customer reach, enhancing

their competitiveness and profitability. For example, businesses located

in districts with integrated cycling paths or near public transit stops can

attract workers who do not need to drive, making the area more

appealing for both employers and employees.

- Urban road design also plays a significant role in economic development

by fostering neighborhood revitalization and attracting investment.

Neighborhoods that have undergone road redesigns to improve

walkability, introduce public transit options, or implement green

infrastructure often experience a surge in private investment. This can

lead to the development of new businesses, restaurants, and housing

developments, contributing to job creation and local economic growth.

For instance, the transformation of underdeveloped or deteriorating

areas through improved road networks can spark urban regeneration,

attracting developers and investors looking to capitalize on these newly

revitalized spaces.

36
- Furthermore, well-designed roads support the growth of small

businesses by creating vibrant, mixed-use neighborhoods that offer a

range of services, housing, and amenities within walking distance. These

types of areas often foster entrepreneurial activity, as small businesses

benefit from proximity to other local enterprises, creating a synergistic

effect that supports economic growth. Additionally, the presence of

pedestrian plazas or streets closed to vehicular traffic can host farmers'

markets, outdoor events, and festivals, further promoting economic

activity and social engagement.

- Improved road infrastructure also has long-term benefits for urban

economies. For example, cities that invest in pedestrian and cyclist

infrastructure often see increased overall economic productivity. When

workers are able to commute more efficiently and safely, they are more

likely to participate in the labor market, which drives economic output.

Similarly, improved road design that includes efficient transit systems

reduces commuting times and increases the overall efficiency of urban

labor forces.

37
- Sustainable urban road design practices that incorporate green spaces,

trees, and eco-friendly materials can also lead to economic benefits.

Green infrastructure, such as tree-lined streets or rain gardens,

enhances the aesthetic appeal of an area, making it more attractive to

residents and tourists. This contributes to higher levels of local spending

and supports the tourism sector. Additionally, green streetscapes can

help mitigate the urban heat island effect, improving air quality and

reducing energy costs, which indirectly supports the local economy by

reducing heating and cooling expenses for buildings.

- Lastly, reducing traffic congestion through better road design increases

the efficiency of transportation networks. This leads to lower fuel costs,

shorter travel times, and less wear and tear on vehicles, ultimately

boosting the economic competitiveness of a city. Businesses in such

cities can benefit from smoother logistics and supply chain operations,

reducing operational costs and enhancing service delivery.

38
11. What are the most effective ways to incorporate flexible and adaptable road

designs that can evolve with future environmental and urban challenges?

- Incorporating flexible and adaptable road designs is essential to address

future environmental and urban challenges, such as climate change,

population growth, technological advancements, and changing

transportation needs. To build roads that can evolve and adapt, urban

planners and engineers need to focus on principles that allow for

modifications as circumstances change while ensuring the resilience of

the transportation infrastructure. Below are some of the most effective

strategies for creating such adaptable road designs:

Modular and Multi-Use Infrastructure:

• Modular Design: Roads should be designed in a modular

fashion, allowing for sections to be easily reconfigured as

demand or use patterns change. This can include designs that

enable the addition of new lanes, bike paths, or transit lanes

without significant reconstruction. For example, “road diets”

(reducing the number of lanes for cars and reallocating space

39
 for other uses like bike lanes or wider sidewalks) can be

implemented without major overhauls.

• Multi-Use Corridors: Designing roads to accommodate

various types of transport, such as cars, buses, bikes, and

pedestrians, in flexible, multi-use lanes allows for easier

adaptation to shifts in transportation trends (e.g., more people

cycling, or greater demand for public transit).

Smart Traffic Management Systems

• Adaptive Signal Systems: Future-proofing roads with

intelligent traffic management systems that can adapt in real

time to traffic flow is a critical strategy. Smart traffic lights, for

example, can adjust their cycle times based on current traffic

conditions, ensuring smoother flows and reduced congestion.

This system can be further enhanced with data collected from

connected vehicles and sensors, allowing for quicker

responses to unexpected traffic patterns or changes in

volume.

40
 • Integrated Mobility Management: Roadways should be

equipped with technology that connects all modes of

transportation—cars, buses, bikes, and pedestrians—into a

cohesive, real-time management system. This enables data

sharing that can inform adaptive strategies and promote more

efficient use of road space.

Green and Resilient Infrastructure

• Green Streets and Low-Impact Design (LID): Incorporating

green infrastructure elements like permeable pavements, rain

gardens, and bio-swales can help roads adapt to changing

weather patterns, particularly increased rainfall due to climate

change. These designs can reduce stormwater runoff,

minimize flooding, and help mitigate the urban heat island

effect.

• Urban Greening: Roads and streets can integrate green

spaces such as tree-lined corridors, green roofs on bus

stations, or vegetated medians. These features not only

improve aesthetic value but also contribute to environmental

41
 sustainability by improving air quality, reducing noise pollution,

and providing cooling effects in urban areas.

Flexible Roadway Materials

• Adaptable Pavement Materials: Utilizing advanced, flexible,

and durable materials that can withstand varying climate

conditions and heavy traffic loads is essential for future-

proofing road infrastructure. These materials should be easily

repairable and capable of adapting to new uses as road design

changes (e.g., accommodating future electric vehicle charging

stations or new traffic patterns).

• Modular Pavements: Using modular pavement systems that

can be replaced or upgraded as needed helps reduce the

disruption caused by road repairs and enables easy

adaptation to evolving traffic needs.

Flexible Land Use and Zoning Around Roads

• Adaptive Zoning Laws: Road designs should be integrated

with flexible land use and zoning policies that allow for the

gradual transformation of urban spaces to meet future

42
 demands. For instance, areas that are initially designed as

commercial zones can be adapted over time to include

residential spaces, green parks, or mixed-use developments.

• Smart Growth Principles: Applying smart growth strategies to

urban planning and road design can help ensure that roads

can evolve in tandem with neighborhood growth. These

strategies include promoting density, mixed land uses, and

accessibility, which can help accommodate future changes in

demographics and transportation needs.

12. How does the design of urban roads influence user behavior, such as

compliance with speed limits and traffic signals, in both drivers and

pedestrians?

- The design of urban roads has a significant impact on user behavior,

influencing both driver compliance with speed limits and adherence to

traffic signals, as well as pedestrian actions. Road features such as lane

width, road curvature, and visibility of traffic control devices can shape

how drivers perceive and follow speed limits. Narrow lanes and winding

roads tend to encourage slower driving speeds, while wide, straight

43
roads may lead to faster speeds. Similarly, well-designed road signs and

clear signal visibility can enhance driver compliance by reducing

uncertainty and improving decision-making. For pedestrians, the

presence of well-marked crosswalks, pedestrian islands, and timely

signal changes can promote safer and more law-abiding behavior. Poorly

designed roads or inconvenient crossings can lead to increased

instances of jaywalking or risky pedestrian behavior. Traffic-calming

features, like speed bumps or raised crossings, help reduce vehicle

speeds and improve pedestrian safety. Additionally, the separation of

pedestrian and vehicle spaces, through curbs or barriers, influences how

both groups interact with traffic rules. Overall, the thoughtful design of

urban roads can create an environment where compliance with speed

limits and traffic signals is encouraged, leading to safer outcomes for all

road users. Effective road design balances the needs of both drivers and

pedestrians, fostering compliance and safety.

44
13. How can urban road designs enhance the sense of community and encourage

more active, sustainable modes of travel?

- Urban road designs can play a pivotal role in enhancing the sense of

community and encouraging more active, sustainable modes of travel,

such as walking, cycling, and public transportation. By prioritizing

people-friendly infrastructure, such as wide sidewalks, bike lanes, and

green spaces, cities can create environments where pedestrians and

cyclists feel safer and more valued. When roads are designed with these

features, they reduce the dominance of cars, making neighborhoods

more accessible and fostering greater social interaction. Pedestrianized

streets or areas with traffic calming measures, like speed bumps and

raised crossings, not only improve safety but also encourage people to

engage with their surroundings and one another. Moreover, integrating

public transport facilities with pedestrian and cycling networks makes

sustainable travel more convenient, further discouraging car

dependence.

- A key case study that exemplifies this is the transformation of Bogotá,

Colombia, through its "Ciclovía" initiative. This program closes major

45
 roads to cars on Sundays and holidays, providing space for pedestrians,

cyclists, and skaters. The initiative has helped create a sense of

community by offering a safe public space for people of all ages and

backgrounds to engage in physical activity. It has also reduced traffic

congestion and air pollution, promoting cycling as a viable and

sustainable mode of transport. The success of Ciclovía has led to the

expansion of cycling infrastructure and pedestrian-friendly designs

throughout the city, further reinforcing a culture of active travel. Bogotá’s

approach demonstrates how road design, when intentionally focused on

people over vehicles, can enhance community interaction and support

more sustainable, healthy transportation options.

14. How can cities leverage data from smart infrastructure, like connected sensors

and real-time traffic data, to optimize urban road design and maintenance?

- Cities can leverage data from smart infrastructure, such as connected

sensors and real-time traffic data, to optimize urban road design and

maintenance in several ways. By collecting and analyzing data from

sensors embedded in roads, traffic lights, and vehicles, cities can gain

insights into traffic patterns, congestion points, and road wear. Real-time

46
 data allows for dynamic traffic management, enabling cities to adjust

signal timings, redirect traffic during peak hours, and prioritize

maintenance in areas showing signs of wear or damage. For instance,

smart sensors can detect traffic flow and congestion, allowing cities to

optimize lane usage and reduce bottlenecks by adjusting traffic signals

in real-time. Furthermore, predictive analytics can be used to forecast

road deterioration, ensuring that maintenance is proactive rather than

reactive, reducing costs and improving road safety.

- Smart infrastructure also supports data-driven decision-making in urban

planning. By integrating traffic data with geographic information systems

(GIS), cities can identify areas with high accident rates or poor road

performance and prioritize interventions in those locations. Additionally,

connected sensors can monitor air quality and noise levels, helping cities

address environmental concerns while improving road design. Over

time, as data accumulates, cities can refine their road networks,

enhancing accessibility and sustainability by adjusting infrastructure to

meet actual usage patterns rather than relying on outdated models.

47
 - A case study from the city of Amsterdam exemplifies the use of smart

infrastructure to optimize urban road design. Amsterdam has

implemented an extensive network of connected sensors, providing real-

time data on traffic flow, parking, and environmental conditions. This data

has been instrumental in managing congestion, improving public

transport efficiency, and ensuring that roads are maintained based on

real-time conditions, thus optimizing the city’s transport network and

reducing environmental impact (van der Meer et al., 2018).

15. How can urban road design reflect local culture and heritage, contributing to a

unique sense of place in different city districts?

- Urban road design can reflect local culture and heritage in several ways,

contributing to a unique sense of place that celebrates a city's identity while

enhancing the experience of both residents and visitors. By incorporating

design elements that reflect the local history, traditions, and cultural values,

urban roads can become not just functional pathways but also symbols of

community pride. For example, the use of local materials, architecture, and art

can help integrate cultural heritage into the built environment, making roads

and streetscapes more meaningful. Streetscapes can feature public art,

48
 traditional street furniture, or culturally significant landmarks that create a

connection between the city's past and its present.

- Moreover, urban roads can foster a sense of place by supporting

activities that reflect local customs and social practices. In some districts,

roads may be designed with wider sidewalks to accommodate outdoor

markets, performances, or communal gatherings, encouraging public

engagement and reinforcing local traditions. The layout of roads can also

incorporate elements from local culture, such as symbolic street patterns

or traditional design motifs. In this way, road design can contribute to an

environment where residents feel connected to their cultural roots, while

tourists gain an authentic understanding of the area’s heritage.

- A relevant example is the redesign of the historic district in Seville, Spain.

Here, the city incorporated traditional Andalusian architectural styles and

locally sourced materials into the road design, creating a vibrant public

space that celebrates the city’s cultural identity. Narrow streets, shaded

courtyards, and public squares evoke the region’s Moorish past while

providing space for social and cultural events, allowing both locals and

49
 visitors to experience the essence of Seville’s heritage (García-Sánchez,

2018).

16. How can roads be designed as social spaces, incorporating public art, green

spaces, or plazas to enhance the urban landscape?

- Roads can be designed as social spaces by integrating elements such

as public art, green spaces, and plazas, transforming them from mere

transportation routes into vibrant, multifunctional areas that foster

community interaction and enhance the urban landscape. Incorporating

public art into road design, such as murals, sculptures, or interactive

installations, can create a visually stimulating environment that reflects

local culture and encourages engagement. Green spaces, including

street trees, plantings, and community gardens, not only improve the

aesthetic appeal of roads but also offer environmental benefits like air

quality improvement, shade, and noise reduction. Plazas or open public

spaces created along roadways can serve as gathering points for social

interaction, events, and recreation, promoting a sense of community and

enhancing the overall livability of urban areas.

50
- Incorporating these elements into road design can make streets more

pedestrian-friendly and accessible, reducing the dominance of cars and

promoting walking, cycling, and outdoor activities. Streets designed as

social spaces can act as venues for public life, creating opportunities for

relaxation, cultural activities, and spontaneous interactions among

residents and visitors. This can foster a deeper sense of place and

belonging, as well as improve mental and physical well-being by offering

spaces that invite people to pause, interact, and enjoy the environment.

- An example of this approach can be seen in the redesign of the

"Superblocks" in Barcelona, Spain. The city has restructured road

layouts by closing off certain streets to vehicle traffic, creating

pedestrian-friendly areas with green spaces, public art, and plazas that

encourage social interaction. These transformed spaces not only

improve air quality and reduce noise pollution but also foster community

engagement by providing open, welcoming spaces for people to meet,

relax, and participate in cultural activities (Muñoz, 2019). This concept of

"social streets" has been widely praised for its positive impact on urban

life and has inspired similar initiatives in other cities around the world.

51
17. Cite at least Three (3) best examples of Urban City Roads and Streetscapes that

shows best practices, both International and Local setting.

INTERNATIONAL BEST URBAN CITY ROAD AND STREETSCAPES

The High Line - New York City, USA

- The High Line in New York City is an iconic example of urban

revitalization. This elevated park was created from a former railway track

and now serves as a public space that integrates green landscaping,

public art, and seating areas. It offers a pedestrian-centric environment

that promotes walking and cycling while reducing the urban heat island

effect. The High Line has become a model for reusing underutilized

urban infrastructure to create sustainable public spaces that connect

people to nature and art.

Superblocks - Barcelona, Spain

- Barcelona’s Superblocks (Supertiles) initiative is a revolutionary urban

design strategy where several city blocks are closed to vehicle traffic,

creating pedestrian-friendly zones with green spaces and community

areas. This initiative has reduced traffic congestion, lowered air pollution,

and made streets more walkable by reclaiming space for people. The

52
 Superblocks are designed to prioritize pedestrians, cyclists, and public

transport while reducing reliance on cars, creating more sustainable and

livable urban spaces.

Strøget Pedestrian Street - Copenhagen, Denmark

- Strøget is one of the longest pedestrian streets in Europe and serves as

a prime example of how to prioritize pedestrians in a bustling urban

center. Located in Copenhagen, Denmark, this car-free zone is designed

with wide pedestrian paths, green spaces, street furniture, and public art.

The street enhances the shopping and cultural experience while

improving air quality and reducing traffic-related noise. The success of

Strøget has influenced other cities worldwide to adopt similar

pedestrianization strategies.

LOCAL (PHILIPPINES) BEST URBAN CITY ROAD AND

STREETSCAPES:

Bonifacio High Street – Taguig City, Metro Manila

- Bonifacio High Street is a prime example of a pedestrian-friendly

streetscape in the heart of Bonifacio Global City (BGC), Taguig. The area

integrates wide pedestrian walkways, green spaces, public art, and

53
 interactive installations, making it a vibrant, multifunctional public space.

The road design prioritizes people over cars, with trees, benches, and

public spaces that encourage social interaction and recreational

activities. The incorporation of local culture and modern design elements

creates a dynamic environment that fosters community engagement.

Ayala Triangle Gardens – Makati City, Metro Manila

- The Ayala Triangle Gardens in Makati is a significant example of

integrating green spaces within an urban setting. This public park is

surrounded by key roads in the Makati Central Business District (CBD)

and serves as a peaceful escape from the hustle and bustle of city life.

The area features lush greenery, shaded walkways, and open spaces for

social interaction. Its road design prioritizes pedestrian flow and provides

a recreational space in the heart of one of Metro Manila's busiest

districts. The Ayala Triangle Gardens also host public events and cultural

activities, making it a community hub.

Bonifacio Memorial Circle – Quezon City

- The Bonifacio Memorial Circle in Quezon City is a well-known example

of a community-oriented urban space that integrates history, green

54
space, and public amenities. The road around the monument features

wide pedestrian lanes, landscaping, and benches for relaxation. The

design of the roundabout allows for smooth traffic flow while providing a

welcoming space for public events, ceremonies, and daily social

interactions. The area honors the national hero, Andres Bonifacio, and

serves as a cultural and historical landmark that enhances the identity of

Quezon City.

55
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Reducing Emissions in Urban Road Networks 3

Mitigating Urban Heat Islands with Road Materials and Vegetation 5

Green Infrastructure for Stormwater Management 7

Balancing the Needs of All Road Users 9

Improving Access to Key Community Destinations 11

Reducing Pedestrian and Cyclist Injuries 16

Improving Public Safety with Lighting and Signage 20

Optimizing Intersections for Traffic Flow 24

Mitigating Congestion in Densely Populated City Centers 28

Impact of Urban Road Design on Local Business and Economic Development 33

Incorporating Flexible and Adaptable Road Designs 39

Influence of Road Design on User Behavior 43

Enhancing Community and Sustainable Travel through Road Design 45

Leveraging Smart Infrastructure for Optimized Road Design 46

1
Reflecting Local Culture and Heritage in Road Design 48

Designing Roads as Social Spaces 50

Examples of Best Urban Roads and Streetscapes (International & Local) 52

REFERENCES 55

2
REFERENCES:
Acierto, Joanna & Quilla, Susane & Valencia, Bobby & Cueto, Geoffrey & Monjardin, Cris Edward &
Mohamed, Wan. (2023). COMPARATIVE STUDY ON URBAN TRANSPORT AND THE
ENVIRONMENT (CUTE) FRAMEWORK AS STRATEGY FOR THE REDUCTION OF CARBON
DIOXIDE EMISSIONS OF ROAD VEHICLES AT ZAPOTE STREET. PLANNING MALAYSIA. 21.
10.21837/pm.v21i28.1311.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373560159_COMPARATIVE_STUDY_ON_URBAN_TRA
NSPORT_AND_THE_ENVIRONMENT_CUTE_FRAMEWORK_AS_STRATEGY_FOR_THE_RE
DUCTION_OF_CARBON_DIOXIDE_EMISSIONS_OF_ROAD_VEHICLES_AT_ZAPOTE_STREE
T
Perez-Martinez, Pedro & Miranda, R.M. & Andrade, Maria & Kumar, Prashant. (2020). Air quality and
fossil fuel driven transportation in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo. Transportation Research
Interdisciplinary Perspectives. 5. 100137. 10.1016/j.trip.2020.100137.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Urban-transportation-and-emission-model_fig2_341870949
3
EPA - Green Infrastructure
American Society of Landscape Architects - Green Infrastructure
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Green Infrastructure
U.S. Green Building Council - Green Infrastructure
4
National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO)
Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP)
Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center
Urban Land Institute - Smart Growth
5
National Complete Streets Coalition
Transportation for America
Smart Growth America
Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP)
Walk Score
6
National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO) Design Guide
Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center (PBIC)
56
 Smart Growth America - Complete Streets
Vision Zero Network
Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP)
7-8
https://www.ies.org/
https://nacto.org/
https://itsa.org/
https://www.ite.org/
https://highways.dot.gov/
https://www.pedbikeinfo.org/
https://www.ledtrafficlight.cn/products-
68099?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiAouG5BhDBARIsAOc08RS-
K45cZe6XJnOFXRjnik6xTOgOCjCjs5sdcoUoiK5d1qqozgQiuNUaAuUwEALw_wcB
9.
Banister, D., & Hickman, R. (2013). Transport and climate change: A critical perspective.
Routledge.
Federal Transit Administration. (n.d.). Bus rapid transit. U.S. Department of Transportation.
Retrieved from https://www.transit.dot.gov
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (2020). Roundabout design guidelines. U.S. Department
of Transportation. Retrieved from https://www.fhwa.dot.gov
Litman, T. (2021). Road diets: Benefits and costs. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. Retrieved
from https://www.vtpi.org
National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO). (2020). Designing streets for
people: A framework for complete streets. Retrieved from https://nacto.org
Santos, G. (2017). The economics of urban congestion pricing. Journal of Transport Economics and
Policy, 51(2), 115-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtep.2017.01.002
U.S. Department of Transportation. (2017). Intelligent transportation systems: Applications and
benefits. Retrieved from https://www.its.dot.gov
10.
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (2021). How road design influences community
development. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved from https://www.fhwa.dot.gov
Litman, T. (2020). Evaluating transportation land use impacts. Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
Retrieved from https://www.vtpi.org

57
 Smart Growth America. (2020). Complete streets: A manual for local communities. Retrieved from
https://smartgrowthamerica.org
Shoup, D. (2018). The high cost of free parking. Routledge.
Taylor, B. D., & Fink, C. N. (2013). The effect of public transportation on property values: A review
of the evidence. Research in Transportation Economics, 43(1), 29-39.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2012.10.003
11.
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (2019). Green Infrastructure for Transportation. U.S.
Department of Transportation. Retrieved from https://www.fhwa.dot.gov
National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO). (2021). Transit-oriented
development best practices. Retrieved from https://nacto.org
National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA). (2021). Innovations in asphalt pavements for
sustainable infrastructure. Retrieved from https://www.asphaltpavement.org
Smart Growth America. (2020). Complete streets: A manual for local communities. Retrieved from
https://smartgrowthamerica.org
U.S. Department of Energy. (2021). Electric vehicle infrastructure. Retrieved from
https://afdc.energy.gov
U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT). (2021). Smart mobility: The future of transportation.
Retrieved from https://www.its.dot.gov
12.
Agran, P. F., Winn, D., & Anderson, C. L. (2020). The effects of traffic calming on pedestrian and
driver behavior in urban environments. Journal of Safety Research, 74, 107-116.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2020.09.010

Booth, D., & Sargent, M. (2017). Urban design and pedestrian behavior: The impact of road
infrastructure on pedestrian safety. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour,
47, 218-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2017.04.012

Chien, S., & Ding, Y. (2021). Investigating pedestrian crossing behavior in urban road environments.
Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 143, 48-59.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.12.004

Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for people. Island Press.

Haghani, M., Eluru, N., & Sobhani, A. (2019). Impact of urban road design on pedestrian behavior and
safety. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 70, 168-182.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.03.014

58
Koskela, L., Ståhl, M., & Forsman, T. (2015). The effects of road design on driving behavior: A study
of rural and urban roads. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 80, 37-46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.04.017

Litman, T. (2021). Transportation and land use: How road design influences travel behavior. Victoria
Transport Policy Institute.
Sayed, T., Alavi, S., & Abdel-Rahim, A. (2017). The impact of road design on compliance with traffic
laws. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology, 6(4), 315-325.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2017.07.003

Wang, Y., Li, Z., & Li, Y. (2018). Road design and its impact on driving speed: A comparative study.
Journal of Transportation Engineering, 144(6), 04018047. https://doi.org/10.1061/jtepbs.0000218

13.
Sarmiento, O. L., Parra, D. C., & Gonzalez, A. D. (2014). The Ciclovía and its role in promoting
physical activity in urban environments: A case study of Bogotá, Colombia. American Journal of
Public Health, 104(1), e46–e51. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301541
14.
van der Meer, S., Lo, P., & van de Meent, H. (2018). The role of smart infrastructure in optimizing
urban mobility and sustainability: The case of Amsterdam. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging
Technologies, 95, 103-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2018.07.005

Zhao, Y., Chen, W., & Qiao, W. (2020). Leveraging smart city infrastructure for road maintenance
optimization: A case study of sensor data application in urban road networks. Journal of Infrastructure
Systems, 26(4), 04020049. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000563
15.
García-Sánchez, I. M. (2018). Cultural heritage and urban development: The case of historic district
revitalization in Seville, Spain. Urban Studies, 55(3), 544-561.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017717489

Moudon, A. V. (2014). Public spaces and local identity: The role of urban design in reinforcing cultural
heritage. Journal of Urban Design, 19(4), 446-463. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2014.914128

Shaw, K. (2019). Designing for community: How urban streets reflect local culture and heritage.
Planning Theory & Practice, 20(2), 289-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2019.1605912
59
16.
Muñoz, F. (2019). Superblocks: Transforming streets into social spaces in Barcelona. Journal of Urban
Design, 24(3), 352-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2019.1599514

Rios, J., & Sturz, R. (2018). Green streets and public spaces: Enhancing urban landscapes with
sustainable design. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 34, 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.04.003

Shultz, J., & Lyon, M. (2020). Public art and social spaces: Redesigning streets for community
engagement. Landscape and Urban Planning, 195, 103734.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103734
17.
Friends of the High Line. (n.d.). The High Line: A park in the sky. Retrieved from
https://www.thehighline.org/
Muñoz, F. (2019). Superblocks: Transforming streets into social spaces in Barcelona. Journal of Urban
Design, 24(3), 352-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2019.1599514
Rømer, J. P., & Christensen, M. A. (2016). Strøget: The evolution of a pedestrian street in Copenhagen.
Urban Studies, 53(9), 1863-1880. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015616065
Manila Bulletin. (2016). Bonifacio High Street: A success story of modern urban development in the
Philippines. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved from https://mb.com.ph/2016/06/22/bonifacio-high-street-a-
success-story-of-modern-urban-development-in-the-philippines/
Carino, C. (2019). Ayala Triangle Gardens: Makati’s green oasis in the urban jungle. Business Mirror.
Retrieved from https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/05/17/ayala-triangle-gardens-makatis-green-oasis-
in-the-urban-jungle/
Lasco, R. D. (2017). Bonifacio Memorial Circle: History and urban design. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
Retrieved from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974124/bonifacio-memorial-circle

60