غريب 2

Principles and design of sustainable neighborhood
Dr. Ihsan S. Hadi 2024-2025

In recent decades, the landscape of cities has changed significantly because of rapid urban
population growth. A major feature of fast growing cities is urban sprawl, which drives the
occupation of large areas of land and is usually accompanied by many serious problems
including inefficient land use, high car dependency, low density and high segregation of
uses. Coupled with land use speculation, current models of city growth result in fragmented
and inefficient urban space where urban advantage and city concept are lost. Cities of the
future should build a different type of urban structure and space, where city life thrives and
the most common problems of current urbanization are addressed
The Five Principles are:
1. Adequate space for streets and an efficient street network. .
2. Adequate and well designed density . .
3. Mixed land-use /Limited land-use specialization.
4. Social mix.
5. Connectivity
1. A vibrant street life:
2. Walkability:
3. Affordability:
Connectivity :
• provision of public transport
• Emphasis on walking distances
• Clear connection building –street
• The blocks should be well connected with the street
network and should be better integrated with key
urban services . A careful assessment on the
functionality ,pattern and design would be advisable.
‫خطوات تخطيط المحلة السكنية المستدامة‬
1. Determine street network and main streets.
2. Determine block size and draw in plotting for one block.
3. Determine street profile.
4. Determine location of main open spaces and their linkages.
5. Determine green/blue network.
1. Determine street network and main streets.
In new development areas, width of the roads should be determined by road hierarchy. Uses or
activities that generate a lot of traffic should be located along or near a main road, and easily accessed
by public. FIG 5 shows typical road widths for five categories of road.
Distributor roads are through roads that go from one part of the town to another, in which ease of
movement is prioritized over access to individual plots. Access roads provide access to individual
plots,
in which local spatial and environmental quality is prioritized and through traffic is discouraged.
When planning the road layout, topography should also be carefully considered. Roads should be
planned perpendicular or parallel to the slope direction, so that water can run off the street.
Indicate the main streets for economic activity. If possible, the main road orientation should follow
the prevailing wind direction to assure natural ventilation and dust removal for all buildings along the
road.
2. Determine block size and draw in plotting for one block.
In urban settings, small plots and different plot sizes are preferable to large plots with single use.
Rectangular plots with the short side to the road are preferable to square plots because this fits more
plots along a road, and reduces the costs of utilities. Plot front size should be no more than 32'-50'
meters, and can be as low as 16'-19' meter in residential areas. Short blocks (300'-500') increase the
walkability of a neighborhood, as shown in the reference blocks in FIG 6.
In general, small plot sizes enables higher densities and make plots more affordable. See also ANNEX
A. Within one block, different plot sizes should be provided. As large plots are more expensive than
small plots, different plot sizes allow a mix of different income groups.
3. Determine street profile.
In many development plans worldwide, the space for cars is often planned too wide. If wide roads
are planned in new settlements, it is important to consider that these encourage fast traffic and
increases the cost of each plot. Roads that are too wide also encourage encroachment by street
vendors.
The layout of the street section should also be carefully planned. In a good urban street section,
the gutter is placed on both sides of the road, in between the road and the sidewalk (not between
shops/houses and the sidewalk). This fosters economic activity by enabling easy access of the plot
front from the sidewalk. Because standing water after rainfall damages infrastructure, roads should
slope at least 2% to ensure water from the road to the sewage.
In an urban street section, street lighting should also be added. This is a relatively low-cost
installation with significant social and economic benefits as it enables evening activities and
increases security.
For more examples of sections, see also ANNEX B.
4. Determine location of main open spaces and their linkages.
Public and open space, such as squares and widened pedestrian areas allow for economic activity and
create leisure and meeting points for residents. Public spaces are not necessarily parks, but the addition
of trees often makes them more comfortable to reside. Add larger public spaces among main roads, and
smaller ones on neighborhood level. To create a network of connected spaces, ideally large public spaces
are connected by main roads. Ideally, an inhabitant should be able to reach a public space within 0.25
miles.
5. Determine green/blue network.
Parks and trees reduce heat in urban areas during hot periods by creating shadow and the cooling effect
of green. As such, they increase quality of life. Areas around river and watercourses can flood during rainy
periods. However, they also give opportunities for recreation. Therefore, a buffer zone around watercourses
should always be considered. Connecting green areas creates continuous ecological corridors, which
encourages biodiversity and creates high quality recreational public spaces.
Thank you

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Principles and design of sustainable neighborhood

Dr. Ihsan S. Hadi 2024-2025

1. Adequate space for streets and an efficient street network. .

2. Adequate and well designed density . .

3. Mixed land-use /Limited land-use specialization.

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