Lester B.

Pearson
Lester Bowles Pearson (23 April 1897 – 27 December
The Right Honourable
1972) was a Canadian politician, diplomat, statesman,
and scholar who served as the 14th Prime Minister of Lester B. Pearson
PC OM CC OBE
Canada from 1963 to 1968. He also served as MP for
Algoma East, whose largest municipality was the then-
new City of Elliot Lake.

Born in Newtonbrook, Ontario (now part of Toronto),

Pearson pursued a career in the Department of External
Affairs. He served as Canadian ambassador to the
United States from 1944 to 1946 and secretary of state
for external affairs from 1948 to 1957 under Liberal
Prime Ministers William Lyon Mackenzie King and
Louis St. Laurent. He was a candidate to become
secretary-general of the United Nations in 1953, but
was vetoed by the Soviet Union. However, he won the
Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for organizing the United
Nations Emergency Force to resolve the Suez Canal
Crisis, which earned him attention worldwide. After Pearson, c. 1963
the Liberals' defeat in the 1957 federal election, 14th Prime Minister of Canada
Pearson easily won the leadership of the Liberal Party In office
in 1958. Pearson suffered two consecutive defeats by 22 April 1963 – 20 April 1968
Progressive Conservative Prime Minister John
Monarch Elizabeth II
Diefenbaker in 1958 and 1962, only to successfully
challenge him for a third time in the 1963 federal Governors Georges Vanier
election. Pearson would win re-election in 1965. General Roland Michener
Preceded by John Diefenbaker
Pearson ran two back-to-back minority governments
Succeeded by Pierre Trudeau
during his tenure, and the Liberals not having a
majority in the House of Commons meant he needed Leader of the Liberal Party
support from the opposition parties. With that support, In office
Pearson launched progressive policies such as 16 January 1958 – 6 April 1968
universal health care, the Canada Student Loan Preceded by Louis St. Laurent
Program, and the Canada Pension Plan. Pearson also Succeeded by Pierre Trudeau
introduced the Order of Canada and the Royal
Leader of the Opposition
Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, and
oversaw the creation of the Maple Leaf flag that was In office

implemented in 1965. His government unified the 16 January 1958 – 22 April 1963
Canadian Armed Forces and kept Canada out of the Preceded by Louis St. Laurent
Vietnam War. In 1967, Canada became the first Succeeded by John Diefenbaker
Secretary of State for External Affairs
country in the world to implement a points-based In office
immigration system. After a half-decade in power, 10 September 1948 – 20 June 1957
Pearson resigned as prime minister and retired from Prime Minister W. L. Mackenzie King
politics. Louis St. Laurent

With his government programs and policies, together Preceded by Louis St. Laurent

with his groundbreaking work at the United Nations Succeeded by John Diefenbaker
and in international diplomacy, which included his role Ambassador of Canada to the United
in ending the Suez Crisis, Pearson is generally States
considered among the most influential Canadians of In office
the 20th century and is ranked among the greatest July 1944 – September 1946
Canadian prime ministers.[1][2] Prime Minister W. L. Mackenzie King
Preceded by Leighton McCarthy

Early life, family, and education Succeeded by H. H. Wrong

7th President of the United Nations
General Assembly
In office
14 October 1952 – 23 April 1953
Preceded by Luis Padilla Nervo
Succeeded by Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
Member of Parliament
for Algoma East
A memorial plaque on the In office
location of his birthplace 25 October 1948 – 23 April 1968
Preceded by Thomas Farquhar
Pearson was born in Newtonbrook (now a part of Succeeded by Riding dissolved
Toronto) in the township of York, Ontario, the son of
Personal details
Annie Sarah (née Bowles) and Edwin Arthur Pearson,
a Methodist (later United Church of Canada) minister. Born Lester Bowles Pearson
Lester was the brother of Vaughan Whitier Pearson and 23 April 1897
Newtonbrook, Ontario,
Marmaduke (Duke) Pearson.[3] When Pearson was one
month old, his family moved to 1984 Yonge Street. Canada

Lester Pearson's father moved the young family north Died 27 December 1972
of Toronto to Aurora, Ontario, where he was the (aged 75)
minister at Aurora Methodist Church on Yonge Street. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Lester spent his early years in Aurora and attended the Resting place Maclaren Cemetery,
public school on Church Street. The family lived at 39 Wakefield, Quebec
Catherine Avenue. Pearson was a member of the Political party Liberal
Aurora Rugby team.
Spouse Maryon Moody ​(m. 1925)​
Pearson graduated from Hamilton Collegiate Institute Children 2, including Geoffrey
in Hamilton, Ontario, in 1913 at the age of 16. Later Education University of Toronto (BA)
that same year, he entered Victoria College at the
St John's College, Oxford
University of Toronto,[3] where he lived in residence in
(BA, MA)
Gate House and shared a room with his brother Duke.
Profession Diplomat · historian · soldier
He was later elected to the Pi Gamma Mu social Awards Nobel Peace Prize (1957)
sciences honour society's chapter at the University of Signature
Toronto for his outstanding scholastic performance in
history and psychology. Just as Norman Jewison, E. J. Nickname Mike
Pratt, Northrop Frye and his student Margaret Atwood Military service
would, Pearson participated in the sophomore Allegiance Canada
theatrical tradition of The Bob Comedy Revue.[4] After
Branch/service Canadian Expeditionary
Victoria College, Pearson won a scholarship to study at
St John's College, Oxford, from 1921 to 1923. Force
Permanent Active Militia
Royal Flying Corps
Sporting interests
Years of service 1915–1918
At the University of Toronto, Pearson became a noted
athlete, excelling in rugby union and also playing Rank Lieutenant
basketball. He later also played for the Oxford Flying Officer
University Ice Hockey Club while on a scholarship at Battles/wars World War I
the University of Oxford, a team that won the first
Spengler Cup in 1923. Pearson also excelled in
baseball and lacrosse as a youth. His baseball talents as an infielder were strong enough for a summer of
semi-pro play with the Guelph Maple Leafs of the Ontario Intercounty Baseball League. Pearson toured
North America with a combined Oxford and Cambridge Universities lacrosse team in 1923. After he
joined the University of Toronto's History Department as an instructor, he helped to coach the U of T's
football and ice hockey teams. He played golf and tennis to high standards as an adult.[5]

First World War

During World War I, Pearson volunteered for service as a medical orderly
with the University of Toronto Hospital Unit. In 1915, he entered overseas
service with the Canadian Army Medical Corps as a stretcher-bearer with the
rank of private, and was subsequently promoted to corporal. During this
period of service, he spent nearly two years in Southern Europe, being
shipped to Egypt and thereafter served on the Salonika front. He also served
alongside the Serbian Army as a medical orderly.[6] On 2 August 1917,
Pearson was commissioned a temporary lieutenant.[7] The Royal Canadian
Air Force did not exist at that time, so Pearson transferred to Britain's Royal
Flying Corps, where he served as a flying officer. It was as a pilot that he
Pearson serving with the
received the nickname of "Mike", given to him by a flight instructor who felt
Canadian Army Medical
Corps in World War I in
that "Lester" was too mild a name for an airman: "That’s a sissy’s name.
Salonika You’re Mike," the instructor said.[8] Thereafter, Pearson would use the name
"Lester" on official documents and in public life, but was always addressed
as "Mike" by friends and family.[9]
Pearson learned to fly at an air training school in Hendon, England. He survived an airplane crash during
his first flight.[10][11][12] In 1918, Pearson was hit by a bus in London during a citywide blackout and he
was sent home to recuperate, but then he was discharged from the service.

Inter-war years
After the war, he returned to school, receiving his Bachelor of Arts
degree (BA) from the University of Toronto in 1919.[13] He was
able to complete his degree after one more term, under a ruling in
force at the time, since he had served in the military during the
war. He and his brother Duke then spent a year working in
Hamilton, Ontario, and in Chicago, in the meat-packing industry
at Armour and Company (whose president at the time, Frank
Ice hockey in Europe; Oxford
Edson White, was his uncle through marriage to Lillian Sophia University vs. Switzerland, 1922.
Pearson White[14]),[15] which he did not enjoy. Future Canadian Prime Minister
Lester Pearson is at right front. His
nickname from the Swiss was "Herr
Oxford Zig-Zag".
Upon receiving a scholarship from the Massey Foundation, he
studied for two years at St John's College at the University of
Oxford, where he received a BA degree with Second-Class honours in modern history in 1923, and the
M.A. in 1925.[16] After Oxford, he returned to Canada and taught history at the University of Toronto.

Marriage, family
In 1925, he married Maryon Moody, from Winnipeg, who had been one of
his students at the University of Toronto. Together, they had one son,
Geoffrey, and one daughter, Patricia.[5] Maryon was confident and
outspoken and she supported her husband in all his political
endeavours.[17]

Diplomat, public servant

In 1927, after scoring top marks on the Canadian foreign service entry
exam, he then embarked on a career in the Department of External
Affairs.[5] Prime Minister R. B. Bennett was a noted talent spotter. He
took note of, and encouraged, the young Pearson in the early 1930s, and
Pearson with John Ross
appointed Pearson to significant roles on two major government inquiries: McLean, Vincent Massey
the 1931 Royal Commission on Grain Futures, and the 1934 Royal and Georges Vanier on 1
Commission on Price Spreads. Bennett saw that Pearson was recognized January 1938 at Canada
House, London
with an OBE after he shone in that work, arranged a bonus of CA$1,800, and invited him to a London
conference. Pearson was assigned to the High Commission of Canada in the United Kingdom in 1935.

World War II and aftermath

Pearson continued to serve at Canada House during World War II
from 1939 through 1942 as the second-in-command, where he
coordinated military supply and refugee problems, serving under
High Commissioner Vincent Massey.[5]

Pearson returned to Ottawa for a few months, where he was an

assistant under secretary from 1941 through 1942.[18] In June
1942 he was posted to the Canadian Embassy in Washington,
D.C., as a ministerial counsellor.[18] He served as second-in-
command for nearly two years. Promoted minister plenipotentiary Pearson presiding at a plenary
in 1944, he became the second Canadian Ambassador to the session of the founding conference
of the United Nations Food and
United States on 1 January 1945. He remained in this position
Agriculture Organization in 1945.
through September 1946.[5][18]

Pearson had an important part in founding both the United Nations

and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).[19]

Pearson nearly became the first Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1946, but he was vetoed by
the Soviet Union.[5] He was also the leading candidate for Secretary-General in the 1953 selection, when
the British conducted a vigorous campaign on his behalf. He placed first with 10 out of 11 votes in the
Security Council, but the lone negative vote was another Soviet veto.[20][21] The Security Council instead
settled on Dag Hammarskjöld of Sweden; all UN Secretaries-General would come from neutral countries
for the rest of the Cold War.

The Canadian Prime Minister, Mackenzie King, tried to recruit Pearson into his government as the war
wound down. Pearson felt honoured by King's approach, but he resisted at the time, due to his personal
dislike of King's poor personal style and political methods.[22] Pearson did not make the move into
politics until a few years later, after King had announced his retirement as the Prime Minister of Canada.

Secretary of State for External Affairs (1948–1957)

In 1948, before his retirement, Prime Minister King appointed Pearson Secretary of State for External
Affairs in the Liberal government. Shortly afterward, Pearson won a seat in the House of Commons, for
the federal riding of Algoma East in Northern Ontario.[23] Pearson then served as Secretary of State for
External Affairs for Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent, until the defeat of the St. Laurent government in
1957.[24]

Vetoed by the Soviet Union

On 10 November 1952, Trygve Lie announced his resignation
as Secretary-General of the United Nations. Several months
of negotiations ensued between the Western powers and the
Soviet Union without reaching an agreement on his successor.
On 13 and 19 March 1953, the Security Council voted on four
candidates. This came one week after Stalin's death but before
Khrushchev's rise to power. Pearson was the only candidate to
receive the required majority, but he was vetoed by the Soviet
Union.[25][26]

Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent (far left)

Role in Suez crisis leads to Nobel Peace and Pearson (far right) welcome UK
Prize Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill and
Foreign Secretary Sir Anthony Eden at
In 1957, for his role in resolving the Suez Crisis through the Rockcliffe Airport, Ottawa, on 29 June
United Nations one year earlier, Pearson was awarded the 1954.
Nobel Peace Prize.[27] The selection committee argued that
Pearson had "saved the world", but critics accused him of
betraying the motherland and Canada's ties with the UK. Pearson
and UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld are considered the
fathers of the modern concept of peacekeeping. Together, they
were able to organize the United Nations Emergency Force by
way of a five-day fly-around in early November 1956 after the
First emergency special session of the United Nations General
Assembly. His Nobel medal was on permanent display in the front
lobby of the Lester B. Pearson Building, the headquarters of René Levesque interviews Pearson
Global Affairs Canada in Ottawa until 2017 when the medal was in Moscow, 1955
loaned to the Canadian Museum of History, to be displayed in the
'Canadian History Hall'.[28]

Party leadership
St. Laurent was defeated by the Progressive Conservatives under
John Diefenbaker in the election of 1957. After just a few months
as Leader of the Opposition, St. Laurent retired, and he endorsed
Pearson as his successor. Pearson was elected leader of the Liberal
Party at its leadership convention of 1958, defeating his chief
rival, former cabinet minister Paul Martin Sr.

At his first parliamentary session as opposition leader, Pearson

asked Diefenbaker to give power back to the Liberals without an
election, because of a recent economic downturn. This strategy Pearson campaigning for Bruce
backfired when Diefenbaker showed a classified Liberal document Beer in Peel during the 1962
Federal election
saying that the economy would face a downturn in that year. This
contrasted heavily with the Liberals' campaign promises of 1957.
Consequently, Pearson's party was routed in the federal election of 1958. Diefenbaker's Conservatives
won the largest majority ever seen in Canada to that point (208 of 265 seats). The Liberals lost over half
their seats and were cut down to only 48 seats, the fewest in their history at the time. Furthermore, the
election cost the Liberals their stronghold in Quebec. This province had voted largely Liberal in federal
elections since the Conscription Crisis of 1917, but Quebec had no favourite son leader, as it had had
since 1948.

Pearson convened a significant "Thinkers' Conference" at Kingston, Ontario in 1960. This event
developed many of the ideas later implemented when he became the Prime Minister.[29]

In the federal election of 1962, the Liberals, led by Pearson, recovered much of what they had lost in their
severe defeat four years earlier. Liberal gains and the surprise election of 30 Social Credit MP's deprived
the Tories of their majority. As a consequence, Diefenbaker now had to preside over a minority
government.

Not long after the election, Pearson capitalized on the Conservatives' indecision on accepting American
nuclear warheads on Canadian BOMARC missiles. Defence Minister Douglas Harkness resigned from
Cabinet on 4 February 1963, because of Diefenbaker's opposition to accepting the warheads. On the next
day, the government lost two nonconfidence motions on the issue, forcing a national election for a House
only a year old. The Liberals raced out to a large lead in opinion polling, and for a time the only question
was how large Pearson's majority would be. However, Pearson was forced off the hustings for a time due
to ill health. Additionally, when the United States Department of Defense leaked documents detailing the
proposed missile defences, the Tories claimed a Liberal government would let Canada be a decoy in the
event of a nuclear exchange with the Soviets.

By election day, the Liberals had recovered their momentum and took 129 seats to the Tories' 95. The
Liberals won 41 percent of the vote, normally enough for a majority. However, their gains were heavily
concentrated in Ontario, Quebec and the Atlantic; they only won three seats on the Prairies, leaving them
five short of a majority. After six Social Credit MPs from Quebec announced their support for the
Liberals,[30] Pearson was able to guarantee stable government to the Governor-General. Rather than face
certain defeat in the Commons, Diefenbaker resigned, allowing Pearson to form a minority government.
He was sworn in as prime minister on 22 April 1963.[31] While the créditistes repudiated this statement
days later, Pearson was able to stay in office with the support of the New Democratic Party.

Prime Minister (1963–1968)

Domestic policy and events

Pearson campaigned during the 1963 election promising "60 Days of Decision" and supported the
Bomarc surface-to-air missile program. Pearson never had a majority in the House of Commons, but he
brought in many of Canada's major updated social programs, including universal health care (though that
credit should be shared with Tommy Douglas, who as premier of Saskatchewan had introduced the
country's first medicare system), the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans. Pearson instituted
a new national flag, the Maple Leaf flag, after a national debate known as the Great Canadian flag debate.
He also instituted the 40-hour work week, two weeks vacation time, and a new minimum wage for
workers in federally-regulated areas.
In hopes of winning an outright majority, Pearson called an election for November 1965, three years
before it was due. Ultimately, the Liberals were only able to pick up three more seats, leaving them two
short of a majority. As in 1963, the Liberals were almost nonexistent in the Prairies, winning only one
seat there.

Pearson also started a number of royal commissions, including the Royal Commission on the Status of
Women and the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. These suggested changes that
helped create legal equality for women and brought official bilingualism into being. After Pearson's term
in office, French was made an official language, and the Canadian government provided services in both
English and French. Pearson himself had hoped that he would be the last unilingual Prime Minister of
Canada and fluency in both English and French became an unofficial requirement for candidates for
Prime Minister after Pearson left office.

In 1967, Pearson's government introduced a discrimination-free points-based system which encouraged

immigration to Canada, making it the first country in the world to do so.

Pearson oversaw Canada's centennial celebrations in 1967 before retiring. The Canadian news agency,
The Canadian Press, named him "Newsmaker of the Year" that year, citing his leadership during the
centennial celebrations, which brought the Centennial Flame to Parliament Hill.

Foreign policy
On 15 January 1964, Pearson became the first Canadian Prime
Minister to make an official state visit to France.[32]

In 1967, French president Charles de Gaulle made a visit to

Quebec. A staunch advocate of Quebec separatism, de Gaulle went
so far as to say that his procession in Montreal reminded him of
his return to Paris after it was freed from the Nazis during the
Second World War. President de Gaulle also gave his "Vive le
Pearson, and three of his cabinet
Québec libre" speech during the visit. Given Canada's efforts in ministers who later became Prime
aiding France during both world wars, Pearson was enraged. He Ministers. From left to right, Pierre
rebuked de Gaulle in a speech the following day, remarking that Trudeau, John Turner, Jean
"Canadians do not need to be liberated", and made it clear that de Chrétien, and Pearson.
Gaulle was no longer welcome in Canada.

Pearson signed the Canada–United States Automotive Agreement (or Auto Pact) in January 1965, and
unemployment fell to its lowest rate in over a decade.[33]

While in office, Pearson declined U.S. requests to send Canadian combat troops into the Vietnam War.
Pearson spoke at Temple University in Philadelphia on 2 April 1965 and voiced his support for a pause in
the American bombing of North Vietnam, so that a diplomatic solution to the crisis might unfold. To
President Lyndon B. Johnson, this criticism of American foreign policy on American soil was intolerable.
Before Pearson had finished his speech, he was invited to Camp David, Maryland, to meet with Johnson
the next day. Johnson, who was notorious for his personal touch in politics, reportedly grabbed Pearson
by the lapels and shouted, "You pissed on my rug!"[34][35] Text of his Philadelphia speech, however,
showed that Pearson in fact supported President Johnson's policy in Vietnam, even stating "The
government and great majority of people of my country have supported wholeheartedly the US
peacekeeping and peacemaking policies in Vietnam."[36][37][38]

After this incident, Johnson and Pearson did have further contacts, including two more meetings together,
both times in Canada.[39] Canada's exported raw materials and resources helped fuel and sustain
American efforts in the Vietnam War.[40]

Military
Pearson's government endured significant controversy in Canada's military services throughout the mid-
1960s, following the tabling of the White Paper on Defence in March 1964. This document laid out a plan
to merge the Royal Canadian Navy, the Royal Canadian Air Force, and the Canadian Army to form a
single service called the Canadian Forces. Military unification took effect on 1 February 1968, when The
Canadian Forces Reorganization Act received Royal Assent.

Supreme Court appointments

Pearson chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of
the Supreme Court of Canada by the Governor General:

Robert Taschereau (as chief justice, 22 April 1963 – 1

September 1967; appointed a puisne justice under
Prime Minister King, 9 February 1940)
Wishart Flett Spence (30 May 1963 – 29 December
1978)
John Robert Cartwright (as Chief Justice, 1 September
1967 – 23 March 1970; appointed a Puisne Justice
under Prime Minister St. Laurent, 22 December 1949)
Louis-Philippe Pigeon (21 September 1967 – 8 February
1980)

Retirement
After his 14 December 1967 announcement that he was retiring
Statue on Parliament Hill grounds
from politics, a leadership convention was held. Pearson's
successor was Pierre Trudeau, whom Pearson had recruited and
made justice minister in his cabinet. Two other cabinet ministers Pearson had recruited, John Turner and
Jean Chrétien, served as prime ministers following Trudeau's retirement.

After politics
From 1968 to 1969, Pearson served as chairman of the Commission on International Development
(Pearson Commission on International Development), which was sponsored by the World Bank.
Following his retirement, he lectured at Carleton University in Ottawa while writing his memoirs. From
1970 to 1972, he was the first chairman of the Board of Governors of the International Development
Research Centre. From 1969 until his death in 1972, he was chancellor of Carleton University.
Pearson had planned to write a three-volume set of memoirs with the title "Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt.
Hon. Lester B. Pearson". The first volume was published in 1972. The other two volumes, after his death,
were published in 1973 and 1975 but they lack the authenticity due to apparent bias from the ghostwriters
who wrote them.[41][42][43]

Illness and death

In 1970, Pearson underwent a surgery to have his right eye
removed to remove a tumor in that area.[44]

In November 1972, it was reported that he was admitted to the

hospital for further unspecified treatment, but the prognosis was
poor. He tried to write at this juncture the story of his prime
ministerial career, but his condition, which was already precarious,
deteriorated rapidly by Christmas Eve.[45]
Pearson's gravestone in Wakefield,
On 27 December 1972, it was announced that the cancer had
Quebec
spread to the liver and Pearson had lapsed into a coma. He died at
11:40 pm ET on 27 December 1972 in his Ottawa home.[46]

Pearson is buried at Maclaren Cemetery in Wakefield, Quebec[47] (just north of Gatineau), next to his
close External Affairs colleagues H. H. Wrong and Norman Robertson.

Honours and awards

Pearson's medals
 Ribbon Description Notes

Order of Merit (OM) 1971[48]

Companion of the
Order of Canada (CC) Awarded on 28 June 1968.[49]

Officer of the Most During the brief revival of Imperial Honours during the
Excellent Order of the premiership of the Right Honourable Richard Bedford Bennett
British Empire (OBE) between 1931 and 1935.

1914–15 Star As a member of the Canadian Armed Forces

British War Medal As a member of the Canadian Armed Forces

Victory Medal (United

Kingdom) As a member of the Canadian Armed Forces

1953
As a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada and an
Queen Elizabeth II elected Member of the House of Commons of Canada, the then
Coronation Medal Honourable Lester B. Pearson, P.C., O.B.E., M.P., would be
awarded the medal as a member of the Canadian order of
precedence.[50]

1967
Centennial Anniversary As the Prime Minister of Canada and an elected Member of the
of the Confederation of House of Commons of Canada, the Right Honourable Lester B.
Canada Medal Pearson would be awarded the medal as a member of the
Canadian order of precedence.[50]

Elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in
1957.[51]
The Canadian Press named Pearson "Newsmaker of the Year" nine times, a record he held
until his successor, Pierre Trudeau, surpassed it in 2000. He was also only one of two prime
ministers to have received the honour both before and when prime minister (the other being
Brian Mulroney).
Pearson was inducted into the Canadian Peace Hall of Fame in 2000.[52]
The Pearson Medal of Peace, first awarded in 1979, is an award given out annually by the
United Nations Association in Canada to recognize an individual Canadian's "contribution to
international service".
A plaque, placed by the Ontario Heritage Trust, is on the grounds of Newtonbrook United
Church, the successor congregation to the one that owned the manse.[53][54]
In a survey by Canadian historians of the first 20 Prime Ministers through Jean Chrétien,
Pearson ranked No. 6.[55]
In a survey by Canadian historians of the Canadian prime ministers who served after World
War II, Pearson was ranked first "by a landslide".[1]

Order of Canada Citation

Pearson was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada on 28 June 1968. His citation reads:[49]
 Former Prime Minister of Canada. For his services to Canada at home and abroad.

Educational and academic institutions

The Lester B. Pearson United World College, opened in
1974 as the second United World College, near Victoria,
British Columbia.[56]
The Pearson Peacekeeping Centre, established in 1994,
is an independent not-for-profit institution providing
research and training on all aspects of peace operations. Lester B. Pearson quote on the
The Lester B. Pearson School Board is the largest Peacekeeping Monument
[57]
English-language school board in Quebec. The
majority of the schools of the Lester B. Pearson School
Board are located on the western half of the island of Montreal, while a few of its schools
located off the island.
Lester B. Pearson High School lists five so-named schools, in Burlington, Calgary, Montreal,
Ottawa, and Toronto.
There are Lester B. Pearson elementary schools in Ajax, Ontario; Aurora, Ontario;
Brampton, Ontario; London, Ontario; Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Waterloo, Ontario and
Wesleyville, Newfoundland.
Mike's Place, the Graduate Student Pub at Carleton University was named in 1973 in
honour of Lester B. Pearson with permission of his estate.[58]
The Lester B. Pearson International Student Scholarship is the most prestigious scholarship
for international students at the University of Toronto. It covers the tuition, books, incidental
fees, and full residence support.[59]

Civic and civil infrastructure

Toronto Pearson International Airport, first opened in 1939 and re-christened with its current
name in 1984, is Canada's busiest airport.[60]
The Lester B. Pearson Building, completed in 1973, is the headquarters for the Department
of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, a tribute to his service as external affairs minister.
Lester B. Pearson Civic Centre[61] in Elliot Lake, Ontario was heavily damaged in February
2019.[62]
Lester B. Pearson Garden for Peace and Understanding, E.J. Pratt Library in the University
of Toronto, completed in 2004 [63]
Lester B. Pearson Place, completed in 2006, is a four-storey affordable housing building in
Newtonbrook, Toronto, near his place of birth, and adjacent to Newtonbrook United
Church.[64]
Lester B. Pearson Park in St. Catharines, Ontario.[65]
Pearson Avenue is located near Highway 407 and Yonge Street in Richmond Hill, Ontario,
Canada; less than five miles from his place of birth.
Pearson Way is an arterial access road located in a new subdivision in Milton, Ontario;
many ex-prime ministers are being honoured in this growing community, including Prime
Ministers Pierre Trudeau and Wilfrid Laurier.
Pearson Plaza, a mall being developed in Elliot Lake to replace the Algo Centre Mall.
 Pearson Park, a playground built in 2013 in Wesleyville,
Newfoundland.

Sports
The award for the best National Hockey League player
as voted by members of the National Hockey League
Players' Association (NHLPA) was known as the Lester
B. Pearson Award from its inception in 1971 to 2010,
when its name was changed to the Ted Lindsay Award
to honour one of the union's pioneers.
Pearson was inducted into the Sports Hall of Fame at
the University of Toronto in 1987.[66]
Pearson was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of
Fame in 1983.[67]
The Pearson Cup was a baseball competition between
the Toronto Blue Jays and Montreal Expos. Pearson also
served as Expos' Honorary Club President from 1969 to
1972. Tribute plaque to Lester Bowles
Pearson

Honorary degrees

Honorary Degrees

Lester B. Pearson, Canadian

Ambassador to the United States, at
University of Toronto convocation,
1945
 Location Date School Degree

Ontario 1945 University of Toronto Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[68]

New York 1947 University of Rochester Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[69]

Ontario May 1948 McMaster University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[70]

Maine 1 June 1951 Bates College Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[71]

Massachusetts 1953 Harvard University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[72]

New Jersey 1956 Princeton University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[73]

Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[74]

25 September [75]
British Columbia University of British Columbia
1958

Indiana 9 June 1963 University of Notre Dame Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[76]

Ontario 29 May 1964 University of Western Ontario Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[77]

Newfoundland and September Memorial University of
Labrador 1964 Newfoundland Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[78]

Ontario December 1964 Waterloo Lutheran University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[79]

Maryland 1964 Johns Hopkins University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[80]

Ontario 1965 Laurentian University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[81]

University of Saskatchewan Doctor of Civil Law

Saskatchewan 17 May 1965
(Regina Campus) (DCL)[82]

Quebec 28 May 1965 McGill University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[83]

Ontario 1965 Queen's University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[84]

Nova Scotia 1967 Dalhousie University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[85]

Alberta 29 March 1967 University of Calgary [86][87][88]

Prince Edward [89]

1967 Prince of Wales College
Island

University of California, Santa

California 1967
Barbara
Doctor of Political
Ontario 1967 University of Ottawa
Science[90]
Royal Military College of
Ontario 22 May 1971
Canada Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[91]

New York Columbia University

England University of Oxford Doctor of Civil Law (DCL)

Freedom of the City

1967: London[92]

Electoral record
Bibliography
Archives

Lester B. Pearson fonds (http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=105124&lang=eng) at

Library and Archives Canada

Works by Pearson

Pearson published one memoir in his lifetime. The other two were written after his death by ghostwriters
and they lack the authenticity.[43][41]

Pearson, Lester B. (1972). Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. Lester B. Pearson. Vol. 1.
University of Toronto Press.
Pearson, Lester B.; Munro, John A.; Inglis, Alexander I. (1973). Mike: The Memoirs of the
Rt. Hon. Lester B. Pearson: 1948–1957. Vol. 2. University of Toronto Press.online free (http
s://archive.org/details/mikememoirsofthe00pear)
Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. Lester B. Pearson: 1957–1968 vol 3 online free (https://a
rchive.org/details/mikememoirsofthe03pear_0)

Works about Pearson

Bothwell, R. Pearson (1978)

Canadian Encyclopedia. "Lester B. Pearson" (2015)online (http://www.thecanadianencyclop
edia.ca/en/article/lester-bowles-pearson/)
English, John. Shadow of heaven : the life of Lester Pearson: Volume 1 1897–1948 (1990)
online free (https://archive.org/details/shadowofheavenli01engl)
John English (2011). The Worldly Years: vol. 2: Life of Lester Pearson 1949–1972 (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=zN79XJJaIhUC&pg=PP1). Random House Digital, Inc.
ISBN 978-0-307-37539-1.
Ferguson, Will (1999). Bastards and Boneheads: Canada's Glorious Leaders, Past and
Present (https://archive.org/details/bastardsbonehead00ferg). Vancouver: Douglas &
McIntyre. ISBN 978-1-55054-737-5. OCLC 44883908 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4488
3908).
Pearson, Lester B; Fry, Michael G (1975). "Freedom and change" : essays in honour of
Lester B. Pearson (https://archive.org/details/freedomchangeess00pear). Toronto:
McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-3187-8. OCLC 2692327 (https://search.worldcat.or
g/oclc/2692327). Also OCLC 463535217 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/463535217) and
OCLC 300360332 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/300360332) online free (https://archive.or
g/details/freedomchangeess00pear).
Hillmer, Norman; Granatstein, J L (1999). Prime ministers: ranking Canada's leaders (https://
archive.org/details/primeministersra0000gran). Toronto: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-
200027-7. OCLC 41432030 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41432030). Also ISBN 978-0-
00-638563-9.
Hutchison, Bruce (1964). Mr. Prime Minister 1867–1964 (https://archive.org/details/mrprime
ministe100hutc). Don Mills, Ont: Longmans Canada. OCLC 5024890 (https://search.worldca
t.org/oclc/5024890). Also OCLC 422290909 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/422290909).
Lester Pearson's Peacekeeping: The Truth May Hurt by Yves Engler Publication Date: Feb
2012 Pages: 160
 Pearson, Geoffrey A.H. (1993). Seize the Day: Lester B. Pearson and Crisis Diplomacy (http
s://archive.org/details/seizedaylesterbp0000pear). Ottawa: Carleton University Press.
ISBN 9780773573840.

See also
List of prime ministers of Canada
Canada and the Vietnam War
Great Canadian Flag Debate
Landon Pearson
Canada and the United Nations

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External links
Lester B. Pearson (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/516) on Nobelprize.org including the
Nobel Lecture* on 11 December 1957 The Four Faces of Peace
Biography (https://web.archive.org/web/20050307185746/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/discours
pm/anglais/lbp/bio.html) at the Library and Archives Canada

Lester B. Pearson – Parliament of Canada biography (https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/defaul

t/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=531)
Lester B. Pearson: From Peacemaker to Prime Minister (http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categori
es/war-conflict/peacekeeping/peacekeepers-and-peacemakers-canadas-diplomatic-contribu
tion/pearson-wins-nobel-peace-prize.html) at the CBC Digital Archives
Lester Bowles Pearson (https://web.archive.org/web/20080324111439/http://www.thecanadi
anencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0006175) at The Canadian
Encyclopedia
An in-depth exploration of Pearson’s diplomacy during the Suez Crisis of 1956 (http://www.s
uezcrisis.ca), created by National Dream Productions in conjunction with The Historica
Dominion Institute

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