wave optics

Chapter 23
Wave Optics
Solutions
SECTION - A
Objective Type Questions (One option is correct)
Huygen' s Wave Theory

1. By corpuscular theory of light, the phenomenon which can be explained is
(1) Reflection (2) Interference (3) Diffraction (4) Polarisation
Sol. Answer (1)
2. The idea of secondary wavelets for the propagation of light wave was first given by
(1) Newton (2) Huygens (3) Maxwell (4) Fresnel
Sol. Answer (2)
3. Wavefront means
(1) All particles in it have same phase
(2) All the particles have opposite phase of vibration
(3) Few particles are in same phase, rest are in opposite phase
(4) None of these
Sol. Answer (1)
4. Wavefront of a wave is _______to wave motion.

(1) Parallel (2) Perpendicular (3) Opposite (4) At an angle
Sol. Answer (2)
5. The wavefront from a point source is

(1) Cylindrical (2) Spherical (3) Plane (4) Cubical
Sol. Answer (2)
6. Huygens' wave theory allows, us to know

(1) The wavelength of the wave (2) The velocity of the wave
(3) The amplitude of the wave (4) The propagation of wavefronts
Sol. Answer (4)
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Solutions of Assignment Wave Optics 53
 Young Double Slit Experiment 

7. Two coherent sources of light can be obtained by
(1) Two different lamps (2) Two different lamps but of same power
(3) Two different lamps of same power (4) By dividing a wavefront
Sol. Answer (4)
Two different sources can never be coherent.
8. Two sources of waves are called coherent if

(1) Both have same amplitude of vibration
(2) Both produce waves of same wavelength
(3) Both produce waves of the same wavelength having constant phase difference
(4) Both produce waves having same velocity
Sol. Answer (3)
Definition of coherent sources.
9. Two coherent monochromatic light beams of intensites I and 4I are superimposed. The maximum and minimum
possible intensities in the resulting beam are
(1) 5I and I (2) 5I and 3I (3) 9I and I (4) 9I and 3I
Sol. Answer (3)
 I  4I   9I
2
Imax =
 I – 4I   I
2
Imin =
10. Two identical light waves, propagating in the same direction, have a phase difference . After they superpose,
the intensity of the resulting wave will be proportional to
⎛⎞ 2⎛⎞
(1) cos  (2) cos ⎜ ⎟ (3) cos ⎜ ⎟ (4) cos2 
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
Sol. Answer (3)

IR = 4I0 cos2 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
⎝ 2⎠
11. For destructive interference to take place between two monochromatic light waves of wavelength , the path
difference should be
 2n – 1   2n  1 
(1) (2) 2n (3) (4) n
4 2
Sol. Answer (3)
For destructive interference,
 = (2n + 1)
 2n  1 
 x =
2
12. If the amplitude ratio of two sources producing interference is 3 : 5, the ratio of intensities of maxima and
minima is
(1) 25 : 16 (2) 5 : 3 (3) 16 : 1 (4) 25 : 9
54 Wave Optics Solutions of Assignment
Sol. Answer (3)

A1 3 Amax 3  5 8 4
 ,   
A2 5 Amin 5 – 3 2 1
2
Imax ⎛ Amax ⎞ 16
 
Imin ⎜⎝ Amin ⎟⎠ 1
13. Young's double slit experiment establishes that

(1) Light consists of waves (2) Light consists of particles
(3) Light consists of neither particles nor waves (4) Light consists of both particles and waves
Sol. Answer (1)
14. Monochromatic green light of wavelength 5 × 10–7 m illuminates a pair of slits 1 mm apart. The separation of
bright lines on the interference pattern formed on a screen 2 m away is
(1) 0.25 mm (2) 0.1 mm (3) 1.0 mm (4) 0.01 mm
Sol. Answer (3)
D
Fringe width  =
d
15. In Young's double slit interference experiment, the slit separation is made 3 folds. The fringe width becomes
1 1
(1) times (2) times (3) 3 times (4) 9 times
3 9
Sol. Answer (1)
D 1
= ,   , so d made 3 folds
d d
1
 becomes times.
3
16. In Young's double slit experiment, the distance between the slits is reduced to half and the distance between
the slit and the screen is doubled, then fringe width
(1) Will not change (2) Will become half
(3) Will be doubled (4) Will become four times
Sol. Answer (4)
D
=
d
Now, new D = 2D
d
new d =
2
 = 4
17. The maximum intensity of fringes in Young's experiment is I. If one of the slits is closed, then intensity at
that place becomes I0. Then relation between I and I0 is
(1) I = I0 (2) I = 2I0 (3) I = 4I0 (4) There is no relation
Sol. Answer (3)
Let individual intensity be I0.
I = 4I0
When one slit closed intensity is equal to I0.
18. In Young's double slit experiment, the central point on the screen is
(1) Bright (2) Dark
(3) First bright then dark (4) First dark and then bright
Sol. Answer (1)
Centre point is central bright fringe.
19. In a Young's double slit experiment, the fringe width is found to be 0.4 mm. If the whole apparatus is immersed
4
in water of refractive index without disturbing the geometrical arrangement, the new fringe width will be
3
(1) 0.30 mm (2) 0.40 mm (3) 0.53 mm (4) 450 m
Sol. Answer (1)
D
=
d
 D  0.4 mm
 =   = 0.30 mm
 d  4
3
20. In YDSE, d = 2 mm, D = 2 m and  = 500 nm. If intensity of two slits are I0 and 9I0, then find intensity at
1
y mm.
6
(1) 7I0 (2) 10I0 (3) 16I0 (4) 4I0
Sol. Answer (1)
1
2  10 3   10 3
dy 6 1
x     10 6 m
 2 6
2 2 1 2
  x  9
  10 6 
 500  10 6 3
2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
Inet  I0  9I0  2 I0  9I0 cos  = 10I0  2  3I0  cos = 10I0  6I0  ⎜ ⎟ = 7I0
3 ⎝ 2⎠

21. In Young's double slit experiment, the intensity at a point where path difference is is I. If I0 denotes the
6
I
maximum intensity, .
I0
1 3 1 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 2 2 4
Sol. Answer (4)
⎛ ⎞
I = Imax cos2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
2 ⎛ ⎞
I = I0 cos ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
2
2  
=  =
 6 3
2 ⎛ ⎞
 I = I0 cos ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
6
3I0
I=
4
I 3
 
I0 4
22. Two slits, 4 mm apart, are illuminated by a light of wavelength 6000 Å. What will be the fringe width on a screen
placed 2 m from the slits?
(1) 0.12 mm (2) 0.3 mm (3) 3.0 mm (4) 4.0 mm
Sol. Answer (2)
D
= , Put values in SI units.
d
23. In Young's double slit experiment, the central bright fringe can be identified
(1) By using white light instead of monochromatic light
(2) As it is narrower than other bright fringes
(3) As it is wider than other bright fringes
(4) As it has a greater intensity than other bright fringes
Sol. Answer (1)
24. In a Young's double slit experiment, the source illuminating the slits is changed from blue to violet. The width
of the fringes
(1) Increases (2) Decreases (3) Becomes unequal (4) Remains same
Sol. Answer (2)
D
= ,  
d
violet < blue
25. If a torch is used in place of monochromatic light in Young's experiment what will happen
(1) Fringe will appear for a moment then it will disappear
(2) Fringes will appear as for monochromatic light
(3) Only bright fringes will appear
(4) No fringes will appear
Sol. Answer (4)
As torch light will have multiple wavelength. Overlap of fringe pattern will take place, hence we can say no
fringes would appear.
26. In Young's double slit experiment, when two light waves form third minimum, they have
(1) Phase difference of 3 (2) Path difference of 3
5 5
(3) Phase difference of (4) Path difference of
2 2
Sol. Answer (4)
⎛ 1⎞
For third minima, x = ⎜⎝ n  ⎟⎠ 
2
n = 2,
5
 x =
2
2 5 
Also,  =   5
 2
27. For the sustained interference of light, the necessary condition is that the two sources should
(1) Have constant phase difference
(2) Be narrow
(3) Be close to each other
(4) Of same Amplitude

Sol. Answer (1)
Coherence condition.
28. Which of the following is conserved when light waves interfere?
(1) Intensity (2) Energy (3) Amplitude (4) Momentum

Sol. Answer (2)
Interference is simply redistribution of energy.
29. In Young's double slit experiment, if one of the slits is closed fully, then in the interference pattern
(1) A bright slit will be observed, no interference pattern will exist
(2) The bright fringes will become more bright
(3) The bright fringes will become fainter
(4) Diffraction pattern due to single slit will be observed

Sol. Answer (4)
30. In Young's experiment, the separation between 5th maxima and 3rd minima is how many times as that of fringe
width?
(1) 5 times (2) 3 times (3) 2.5 times (4) 2 times
Sol. Answer (3)
5D
Position of 5th maxima
d
5D
Position of 3rd minima
2d
5D 5D 5D 5

Distance between them –   
d 2d 2d 2
31. In a Young's double slit experiment, let  is the fringe width and I0 is the intensity at the central bright fringe.
At a distance x from the central bright fringe, intensity will be
⎛x⎞ 2⎛ x ⎞ 2 ⎛ x ⎞ I0 ⎛ x ⎞
(1) I 0 cos⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (2) I 0 cos ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (3) I 0 cos ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (4) cos 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝⎠ ⎝⎠ ⎝  ⎠ 4 ⎝  ⎠
Sol. Answer (3)

l = l0 cos2
2
2 xd
 ; Path difference =
 D
using above relation
⎡  dx ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤
l = l0 cos2 ⎢  ⎥ = l0 cos2 ⎢⎣  ⎥⎦
⎣ D ⎦
32. In the Young's double slit experiment, when a glass plate ( = 1.5) of thickness t is introduced in the path of one of the
interfering beams (wavelength =), the intensity at the position where central maxima occurred previous remains
unchanged. The minimum thickness of the glass plate is
2 
(1) 2 (2)  (3)  (4)
3 3
Sol. Answer (1)
For this the shift in fringe pattern shall be integral multiple of fringe width
Dt (  1) D n
n  t (  1)  n  t=
d d 0 .5
Minimum thickness = 2
33. It is found that when waves from two identical coherent sources superpose at a certain point, the resultant
intensity is equal to intensity of one wave only. This means that the phase different between the two waves
at that point is
 2
(1) Zero (2) (3) (4) 
3 3
Sol. Answer (3)

I = 4I1 cos2 2
As I = I1
 1
So cos 
2 2

 60   = 120°.
2
34. In a Young's double slit experiment, 12 fringes are observed to be formed in a certain segment of the screen
when light of wavelength 600 nm is used. If the wavelength of light is changed to 400 nm, number of fringes
observed in the same segment of the screen is given by
(1) 18 (2) 12 (3) 24 (4) 30
Sol. Answer (1)
Let the width of the segment is y and fringe width is 
y yd
Number of fringes in segment = =
 D
yd
Now for  = 600 nm =  12
600D
yd
for  = 400 nm = n
400D
2 12
 
3 n
 n = 18
35. In YDSE, d = 5, then the total no. of maxima observed upon screen will be
(1) 9 (2) 8 (3) 7 (4) 5
Sol. Answer (1)
Diffraction
36. In diffraction using single slit, a slit of width a is illuminated by white light. For red light ( = 6500 Å), the first
minima is obtained for  = 30°. Then the value of a will be
(1) 3250 Å (2) 6.5 × 10–4 (3) 1.24 m (4) 2.6 × 10–4
Sol. Answer (3)

First minima  =
a

 ,   6500  10 –10 m
6

 a= = 1.24 m

37. The bending of beam of light around corners of obstacles is called

(1) Reflection (2) Diffraction (3) Refraction (4) Interference
Sol. Answer (2)
38. Angular width of central maximum of a diffraction pattern on a single slit does not depend upon
(1) Distance between slit and source
(2) Wavelength of the light used
(3) Width of the slit
(4) Frequency of light used
Sol. Answer (1)
–1 ⎛  ⎞
Angular width of central maximum equals 2sin ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
d
It is independent of D.
39. Red light is generally used to observe diffraction pattern from single slit. If blue light is used instead of red
light, then diffraction pattern
(1) Will be more clear (2) Will contract
(3) Will expand (4) Will not be visualized
Sol. Answer (2)
blue < red fringe pattern will contract because it is 
40. When a compact disk is illuminated by a source of white light, coloured 'lanes' are observed. This is due to
(1) Dispersion (2) Diffraction (3) Interference (4) Refraction
Sol. Answer (2)
41. For what distance is ray optics a good approximation when the aperture is 4 mm wide and the wavelength is
500 nm?
(1) 32 m (2) 69 m (3) 16 m (4) 8 m
Sol. Answer (1)
a2
Fresnel distance ZF =  32 m

42. To observe diffraction the size of an obstacle

(1) Should be of the same order as wavelength (2) Should be much smaller than the wavelength

(3) Has no relation to wavelength (4) Should be exactly
2
Sol. Answer (1)
For diffraction   a (aperture or obstacle size)
43. In a single slit diffraction pattern

(1) Central fringe has negligible width than others (2) All fringes are of same width
(3) Central fringe do not exist (4) Central fringe is twice as wide as other maxima
Sol. Answer (4)
See theory.
44. Diffraction and interference of light suggest

(1) Nature of light is electromagnetic (2) Wave nature of light
(3) Nature is quantum (4) Nature of light is transverse
Sol. Answer (2)
These are characteristics of a wave.
45. The limit of resolution of an optical instrument arises on account of

(1) Reflection (2) Diffraction (3) Polarisation (4) Interference
Sol. Answer (2)
See theory.
46. Choose the correct statement

(1) A telescope magnifies (2) A microscope resolves (3) A telescope resolves (4) Both (2) & (3)
Sol. Answer (3)
47. The distance upto which ray optics holds good is called
(1) Fresnel distance (2) Fraunhofer distance (3) Optical distance (4) Wave distance
Sol. Answer (1)
48. Diffraction effect can be observed in

(1) Only sound waves (2) Only light waves
(3) Only ultrasonic waves (4) Sound as well as light waves
Sol. Answer (4)
Polarisation
49. A polariser is used to
(1) Reduce intensity of light (2) Increase intensity of light
(3) Produce polarised light (4) Analyse polarised light
Sol. Answer (3)
50. Light waves can be polarised as they are

(1) Transverse (2) Longitudinal (3) Diffracted (4) Of high frequency
Sol. Answer (1)
Only transverse waves can be polarized.
51. Through which character we can differentiate between light waves and sound waves
(1) Interference (2) Reflection (3) Refraction (4) Polarisation
Sol. Answer (4)
Only light waves undergo polarization since they are transverse. Sound waves are longitudinal, hence do not
undergo polarization.
52. The angle of polarisation for any medium is 60°. What will be critical angle for this?
–1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
(1) sin
–1
 3 (2) tan
–1
 3 (3) cos
–1
 3 (4) sin ⎜⎝
3⎠
⎟
Sol. Answer (4)

By Brewster’s law,
tani = 
  = tan60° = 3
⎛ 1⎞
Now, c = sin–1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
–1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
 c = sin ⎜
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
53. Which of the following waves cannot be polarised?

(1) Radiowaves (2) Ultraviolet rays (3) Infrared rays (4) Ultrasonic waves
Sol. Answer (4)
Only ultrasonic waves are longitudinal, rest three are transverse.
54. An unpolarised light of intensity I0 is passed through a polariser. The intensity of the transmitted light will be
I0 I0
(1) I0 (2) (3) (4) Zero
2 4
Sol. Answer (2)
55. Refractive index of material is equal to the tangent of polarising angle. It is called
(1) Brewster's law (2) Lambert's law (3) Malus' law (4) Bragg's law
Sol. Answer (1)
56. Two polarizers are oriented with transmission planes making an angle of 60°. The percentage of incident
unpolarized light that passes through the system is
(1) 50% (2) 100% (3) 12.5% (4) 37.5%
Sol. Answer (3)
I0 I
I= cos2 60  0 60°
2 8
I0
I0
100
% transmitted light 8  100 = = 12.5
I0 8 I0
2
57. In case of linearly polarised light, the magnitude of electric field vector
(1) Doesn't change with time (2) Varies periodically with time
(3) Increases and decreases linearly with time (4) Is parallel to the direction of propagation
Sol. Answer (2)
Linearly polarized light
E
⇒ direction of propagation
Direction of field vector is specified but the magnitude varies with time.
58. When angle of incidence of the material is 60°, the reflected light is completely polarized. The velocity of the
refracted ray inside the material is (in m/s)
3
(1) 3 × 108 (2)  108 (3) 3  108 (4) 0.5 × 108
2
Sol. Answer (3)
Now, tani = 
  = tan60° = 3
c 3  108
v=  = 3  108 m/s
 3
Doppler Effect 
59. It is believed that the Universe is expanding and hence the distant stars are receding from us. Light from such
a star will show
(1) Shift in frequency towards longer wavelength
(2) Shift in frequency towards shorter wavelength
(3) No shift in frequency but a decrease in intensity
(4) A shift in frequency sometimes towards longer and sometimes towards shorter wavelength
Sol. Answer (1)
There will be a red shift.
60. The 6563 Å line emitted by hydrogen atom in a star is found to be red shifted by 5 Å. The speed with which
the star is receding from the earth is
(1) 17.3 × 103 m/s (2) 4.29 × 107 m/s (3) 3.39 × 105 m/s (4) 2.29 × 105 m/s
Sol. Answer (4)
 v

 c
 = 5 Å
 = 6563 Å
c = 3 × 108 m/s
 v = 2.29 × 105 m/s
61. In context of Doppler's effect in light, the term'red shift' signifies

(1) Decrease in frequency (2) Increase in frequency
(3) Decrease in intensity (4) Increase in intensity
Sol. Answer (1)
62. Young's double slit experiment is carried out by using green, red and blue light, one color at a time. The fringe
widths recorded are G, R and B, respectively. Then, [IIT-JEE-2012]
(1) G > B > R (2) B > G > R (3) R > B > G (4) R > G > B
Sol. Answer (4)
As R > G > B
 R > G > B as   
63. In the Young's double slit experiment using a monochromatic light of wavelength , the path difference (in terms
of an integer n) corresponding to any point having half the peak intensity is [JEE(Advanced)-2013]
   
(1) (2n  1) (2) (2n  1) (3) (2n  1) (4) (2n  1)
2 4 8 16
Sol. Answer (2)
⎛ ⎞
I  Imax cos2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
1 ⎛ ⎞
 cos2 ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 2⎠
 cos  = 0
 3 5 7
  , , ,
2 2 2 2
 3 5
 x  , ,
4 4 4

 x  (2n  1)
4
64. Using the expression 2d sin  = , one calculates the values of d by measuring the corresponding angles  in
the range 0 to 90°. The wavelength  is exactly known and the error in  is constant for all values of . As 
increases from 0°, [JEE(Advanced)-2013]
(1) The absolute error in d remains constant
(2) The absolute error in d increases
(3) The fractional error in d remains constant
(4) The fractional error in d decreases
Sol. Answer (4)

d 
2 sin 

| d (d ) |  | c osec  cot d  |
2
Absolute error in d decreases with increase in  as cosec  and cot  decrease with increase in .
d (d )
 | cot d  |
d
Fractional error decreases with increase in .
SECTION - B
Objective Type Questions (More than one options are correct)
1. In a Young's double slit experiment, wavelength of light used is . Let O is the centre of line joining the slits
and C is centre of screen where interference pattern is being obtained.  is the angular position of each slit
with respect to C and  is angular position of first maxima with respect to O. Select the correct alternative
 
(1) Fringe width obtained is (2) Fringe width obtained is
2 2
 
(3) The distance between the slits is (4) The distance between slits and screen is
 2
Sol. Answer (2, 3, 4)
d 
= , 
2D d
D 
Fringe width = = =
d 2

Distance between slits d =

d 
Distance between screen and slits = =
2 2
2. White light is used to illuminate the two slits in Young's experiment, separation between the slits is b and
the screen is at a distance d (>> b) from the slits. At a point directly in front of one of the slits, certain
wavelengths are missing. The missing wavelengths are
b2 b2 b2 b2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
d 2d 3d 4d
Sol. Answer (1, 3)
( 2n  1)D
Minima are obtained at y =
2d
d 2n  1D
 =
2 2d
d2 d2 d2 d2
 = = , ,
( 2n  1)D D 3  D 5  D
3. A monochromatic beam of light falls on YDSE apparatus at some angle () as shown. A thin sheet of glass
(R.I. = , thickness = t) is inserted in front of the lower slit S2. Select the correct alternative
Screen

d O

t
(1) Central maxima will be at O always
(2) If ( – 1) t = dsin, central maxima will be at O
(3) If ( – 1) t > dsin, central maxima will be below O
(4) If ( – 1) t = dsin  + , a maxima is formed at O Screen

If ( – 1)t = dsin + n
(where n is positive integer) d O
Then central maxima will always be formed at O.
If n = 0,( – 1)t = dsin 
n = 1, ( – 1)t = dsin + 
If ( – 1)t > dsin, central maxima will be formed below O.
4. Two monochromatic coherent point sources S1 and S2 are separated by a distance L. Each source emits light
of wavelength  where L >> . The line S1S2 when extended meets a screen perpendicular to it at point A.
Which of the following is correct?
(1) The interference fringes are circular in shape
(2) Interference fringes are straight lines perpendicular to line S1S2A
(3) On the point A intensity is maximum if L = n (n is an integer)
(4) Point A is always an intensity maximum for any separation L
Sol. Answer (1, 3)
A
S1 S2
Locus of points on screen for which S1P–S2P = const.

Maxima will be formed if S1A –S2A = n
5. In a YDSE, fringes are produced by monochromatic light of wavelength 5450 Å. A thin plate of glass of refractive
index 1.5 is placed normally in the path of one of the interfering beams and the central bright band of the fringe
system is found to move into the position previously occupied by the third band from the centre. Select the
correct alternative
(1) The thickness of the plate is 3.27 × 10–6 m
(2) If the separation between the sources is 1000 Å, the angular position of first maxima is 0.01 rad
(3) The thickness of the plate is 1.09 × 10–6 m
(4) A maxima is still obtained at the centre of screen
Sol. Answer (1, 4)
D( – 1)t
yn =
d
nD D( – 1)t

=
d d
n = ( – 1)t
3 × 5450 × 10–10m = (1.5 – 1)t
t = 32700 × 10–10m
= 3.27 × 10–6m
For maxima at the center
( – 1) = n
(1.5 – 1) × 3.27 × 10–6 = 3 × 5450 Å.
6. In a Young's double slit experiment, the separation between the two slits is d and the wavelength of the light is
. The intensity of light falling on slit 1 is four times the intensity of light falling on slit 2. Choose the correct
choice(s). [IIT-JEE-2008]
(1) If d = , the screen will contain only one maximum
(2) If  < d < 2, at least one more maximum (besides the central maximum) will be observed on the screen
(3) If the intensity of light falling on slit 1 is reduced so that it becomes equal to that of slit 2, the intensities
of the observed dark and bright fringes will increase
(4) If the intensity of light falling on slit 2 is increased so that it becomes equal to that of slit 1, the intensities
of the observed dark and bright fringes will increase
Sol. Answer (1, 2)
At centre, x = 0 for which maxima is obtained. The path difference at a large distance from the screen x
 d.
When d = , the path difference is between 0 to .
Only central maxima exists in that case
when  < d < 2, x lies between 0 to 2. So more than one maxima will be obtained.
When both the slits give same intensity, dark fringes are perfectly dark.
7. A light source, which emits two wavelengths 1 = 400 nm and 2 = 600 nm, is used in a Young's double slit
experiment. If recorded fringe widths for 1 and 2 are 1 and 2 and the number of fringes for them within a
distance y on one side of the central maximum are m1 and m2, respectively, then [JEE(Advanced)-2014
(1) 2 > 1
(2) m1 > m2
(3) Form the central maximum, 3rd maximum of 2 overlaps with 5th minimum of 1
(4) The angular separation of fringes for 1 is greater than 2
D
 ⇒ 2  1 ∵  2> 1
d
y
Also, m  ⇒ m1  m2

D D
3rd maxima of 2 lies at 3(600 nm)   (1800 nm)
d d
D D
5th minima of 1 lies at (2  5  1),  400    (1800 nm)
2d d
 
Angular separation is  ⇒ It is more for 2.
D d
8. While conducting the Young's double slit experiment, a student replaced the two slits with a large opaque plate
in the x-y plane containing two small holes that act as two coherent point sources (S1, S2) emitting light of
wavelength 600 nm. The student mistakenly placed the screen parallel to the x-z plane (for z > 0) at a distance
D = 3 m from the mid-point of S1S2, as shown schematically in the figure. The distance between the sources
d = 0.6003 mm. The origin O is at the intersection of the screen and the line joining S1S2. Which of the
following is(are) true of the intensity pattern on the screen? [JEE(Advanced)-2016]
Screen
O y
S1 S2 x
d
D
(1) Semi circular bright and dark bands centered at point O
(2) The region very close to the point O will be dark
(3) Straight bright and dark bands parallel to the x-axis
(4) Hyperbolic bright and dark bands with foci symmetrically placed about O in the x-direction.
Sol. Answer (1, 2)
Path difference x at O will be equals to d
⎛⎞
d  ⎜ ⎟n
⎝2⎠
0.6003 × 10–3 = 300 × 10–9 n
0.6003  103 6003  10 7

 n 9 = 7 = 2001 (odd)
300  10 3  10
So, minima will be formed.
Locus of constant path difference will be circle in x-z plane centered at O.
9. Two coherent monochromatic point sources S1 and S2 of wavelength  = 600 nm are placed symmetrically
on either side of the centre of the circle as shown. The sources are separated by a distance d = 1.8 mm.
This arrangement produces interference fringes visible as alternate bright and dark spots on the circumference
of the circle. The angular separation between two consecutive bright spots is . Which of the following options
is/are correct? [JEE(Advanced)-2017
P1

P2
S1 S2
d
(1) The angular separation between two consecutive bright spots decreases as we move from P1 to P2 along
the first quadrant
(2) A dark spot will be formed at the point P2
(3) The total number of fringes produced between P1 and P2 in the first quadrant is close to 3000
(4) At P2 the order of the fringe will be maximum
Sol. Answer (3, 4)
d = 1.8 × 10–3 m
= 18 × 10–4 m
and  = 6 × 10–7 m
Path difference at point P (as shown)
P1
P
S1 S2 P2
d
x = S1P – S2P = d sin , where  angle is measured from vertical line as shown.
For bright fringe d sin  = m ...(i)
Point P1 is the point of central maxima.
At point P2, path difference (x) = d
If P2 is the point of bright fringe, then
d
d  m ⇒ m   3000

On differentiating equation (i)
d cos  () = (m)  = constant for consecutive bright fringe

cos     as varies from 0 to
2
SECTION - C
Linked Comprehension Type Questions
Comprehension-I
In a Young's double slit experiment, a monochromatic source of wavelength  is used to illuminate the two
slits
D
S1 P
x0
(x0 >> d)
d S (D >> d)
C O
S2
S1 and S2. The slits S1 and S2 are identical and source S is placed symmetrically as shown. Interference
pattern is observed on a screen at a distance D from the centre of slit. The distance between the slits is d.
1. If the resultant intensity at P is same as that O, then the distance OP can not be
D 2D 3 D 1 .5  D
(1) (2) (3) (4)
d d d d
Sol. Answer (4)

In given situation if source is placed symmetrically, then it is a simple YDSE. So maxima are formed for
n D
OP =
d
Where n = 0, 1, 2, 3……
D
But, if OP = 1.5 minima will be formed.
d
2. If the source is moved up by a very small distance y0, the central maxima will shift
y 0d y 0d y 0D y 0D
(1) Up by (2) Down by (3) Up by (4) Down by x
x0 x0 x0 0
Sol. Answer (4)

If the source is moved up by a very small
distance y0. Now let the central maxima is x D
formed at O then S1
(SS2 –SS1) + (S2O –S1O ) = 0 S
1
y0
or SS2 – SS1 = S1O – S2O
2 y
 d sin1 = d sin 2
S2 O
y0 y
For small angle x =
0 D
y 0 .D
 y=
x0
3. If the size of slit S1 is slightly decreased, then

(1) Intensity at central maxima will remain same
(2) Intensity at central maxima will increase
(3) Intensity at first minima will slightly increase from zero
(4) Intensity at first minima will remain zero
Sol. Answer (3)
lmax = l 1  l2 
2
and lmin = l 1  l2 
2
If the size of both slits are equal then (l1 = l2 = l0)

lmax = 4l0
lmin = 0
Now as size of slit S1 is decreased then l1 decreases. Hence lmax decreases but lmin increases
Comprehension-II
4
A Young’s double slit apparatus is immerged in a liquid of refractive index . It has slit separation of 1 mm
3
4
and interference pattern is observed on the screen at a distance m from plane of slits. The wavelength in
3
air is 6300 Å.
1. Calculate the fringe width

(1) 0.63 mm (2) 1.26 mm (3) 1.67 mm (4) 2.2 mm
Sol. Answer (1)
D

d
2. Find the distance of seventh bright fringe from third bright fringe lying on the same side of central bright fringe
(1) 2.52 mm (2) 4.41 mm (3) 1.89 mm (4) 1.26 mm
Sol. Answer (1)
4D
d
3. One of the slits of the apparatus is covered by a thin glass sheet of refractive index 1.53. Find the fringe width
(1) 0.63 mm (2) 1.26 mm (3) 1.67 mm (4) 2.2 mm
Sol. Answer (1)
Fringe width will remain same.
Comprehension-III
The figure shows a surface x-y separating two transparent media, medium-1 and medium-2. The lines ab and
cd represent wavefronts of a light wave travelling in medium-1 and incident on xy. The lines ef and gh represent
wavefronts of the light wave in medium-2 after refraction.
b d
Medium-1
a c
x y
f
e h Medium-2
g
1. Light travels as a [IIT-JEE 2007]
(1) Parallel beam in each medium
(2) Convergent beam in each medium
(3) Divergent beam in each medium
(4) Divergent beam in one medium and convergent beam in the other medium
Sol. Answer (1)
Plane wave front represents parallel beam.
2. Speed of light is [IIT-JEE 2007]

(1) The same in medium-1 and medium-2 (2) Larger in medium-1 than in medium-2
(3) Larger in medium-2 than in medium-1 (4) Different at b and d
Sol. Answer (2)
Light bends towards the normal.
 medium-2 is denser than medium-1.
medium - 1
medium - 2
3. The phases of the light wave of c, d, e and f are c, d, e and f respectively. It is given that c f
[IIT-JEE-2007]
(1) c cannot be equal to d (2) d can be equal to e
(3) (d – f) is equal to (c – e) (4) (d – c) is not equal to (f – e)
Sol. Answer (3)
As c & d are on same wave front  c = d . ....(i)
similarly e = f ....(ii)
substrating, we get, c – e = d – f
SECTION - D
Assertion-Reason Type Questions
1. STATEMENT-1 : If an exceedingly thin soap film is seen in reflected light, it may appear dark.
and
STATEMENT-2 : There is a phase difference of  from the rays reflected from front and rear faces of the film.
Sol. Answer (3)
Color of this film depends on the phase difference of the rays reflected from front and rear of faces of the
film. If phase difference is n, where n is positive integer, then thin film will appear as dark.
2. STATEMENT-1 : When a white light passes through a prism it forms a spectrum of seven colours.
and
STATEMENT-2 : The refractive index for different colour of light is different for the material of prism.
Sol. Answer (1)

The refractive index of a material depends on wavelength of light rays used. According to Cauchy’s theorem
B C
 = A 2
  
 4
A white light is a mixture of seven colors.
When a white light ray passes through a prism, its constituent colors having different wavelengths, deviate
by different angles; which results in a spectrum of seven colors.
3. STATEMENT-1 : Two separate sources of light giving out light of the same frequency do not produce sustained
interference.
and
STATEMENT-2 : The amplitude of the waves from the sources are never equal.
Sol. Answer (3)
Amplitude of two waves from different sources may be equal but phase difference between the waves coming
from different sources does not remain constant with time i.e., two separate sources are incoherent sources.
SECTION - E
Matrix-Match Type Question
1. In the arrangement shown in figure, z1 and z2 are two screens. Line PO is the bisector line of s1s2 and s3s4.
s1 is removed, resultant intensity at O due to slits s1 and s2 is I. Now z1 is placed. For different values of y
given in column-I match the resultant intensity at O given in column-II.
z1 z2
s3
s1 y
O
d
s2
s4
D
Column-I Column-II
D
(A) y  (p) 3I
2d
D
(B) y  (q) Zero
6d
D
(C) y  (r) I
4d
D
(D) y  (s) None of these
3d
Sol. Answer A(q), B(p), C(s), D(r)
2. Column I shows four situations of standard Young's double slit arrangement with the screen placed far away
from the slits S1 and S2. In each of these cases S1P0 = S2P0, S1P1 – S2P1 = /4 and S1P2 – S2P2 = /3,
where  is the wavelength of the light used. In the cases B, C and D, a transparent sheet of refractive index
 and thickness t is pasted on slit S2. The thicknesses of the sheets are different in different cases. The phase
difference between the light waves reaching a point P on the screen from the two slits is denoted by (P) and
the intensity by I(P). Match each situation given in Column I with the statement(s) in Column II valid for that
situation. [IIT-JEE-2009]
Column I Column II
 P2
(A) S2 (p) (P0) = 0
 P1
 P0
S1
 P2
(B) ( – 1)t = /4 S2 (q) (P1) = 0
 P1
 P0
S1
(C) ( – 1)t = /2 S2  P2 (r) I(P1) = 0

 P1
 P0
S1
(D) ( – 1)t = 3/4 S2 P (s) I(P0) > I(P1)

2
P
1
 P0
S1
(t) I(P2) > I(P1)
Sol. Answer A(p, s), B(q), C(t), D(r, s, t)
Case (A) Case (B)
P0 P1 P2 P0 P1 P2
   
x 0 x 0
4 3 4 12
 2  
 0  0
2 3 2 6
I 4I0 2I0 I0 I 2I0 4I0 I0 (2  3 )
Case (C) Case (D)
P0 P1 P2 P0 P1 P2
   3  5
x x
2 4 6 4 2 12
  3 5
   
2 3 2 6
I 0 2I0 3I0 I 2I0 0 I0 (2  3 )
SECTION - F
Integer Answer Type Questions
d
1. In the YDSE the monochromatic source of wavelength  is placed at a distance from the central axis (as
2
shown in the figure), where d is the separation between two slits s1 and s2. Find the position of the central
maxima. (Given d = 6 mm)
s1
d/2
s2
Sol. Answer (4)

Path difference should be zero. P
d sin  = d sin  is  and  are small d sin  y
d
d 2m
 2
d tan  = d tan  dy d/2 


n
2 1.5
si
d
d 6
⇒y   4 mm
1.5 1.5
4
2. A Young's double slit interference arrangement with slits S1 and S2 is immersed in water (refractive index = )
3
as shown in the figure. The positions of maximum on the surface of water are given by x2 = p2m22 – d 2, where
 is the wavelength of light in air (refractive index = 1), 2d is the separation between the slits and m is an integer.
The value of p is [JEE(Advanced)-2015]
S1
d Air
x
d
S2
Sol. Answer (3)
Path Difference
y2 – y1 = m
 x2  d 2  x 2  d 2  m
y1
2 2 2 2 2
(  1) (d  x )  m 
⎛ 1⎞
2 x
2 2 2 2
 ⎜ ⎟ (d  x )  m 
⎝3⎠ y2
2 2 2 2
d x  9m 
 x  9m 2  2  d 2
2
So, p = 3
 2
3. Four harmonic waves of equal frequencies and equal intensities I0 have phase angles 0, , and . When
3 3
they are superposed, the intensity of the resulting wave is nI0. The value of n is [JEE(Advanced)-2015]
Sol. Answer (3)
I = I0 + I0 + 2 I0 I0 cos 60
 I’ = 3I0
 n= 3
SECTION - G
Multiple True-False Type Questions
1. STATEMENT-1 : In YDSE, if initial phase difference between waves is , central maxima will be occupied by
minima.
STATEMENT-2 : In YDSE, if incident light is white light, then central fringe is white while all other fringes are
coloured.
STATEMENT-3 : A thic transparent liquid film floating upon water, when illuminated by while light, appears
coloured.
(1) F T T (2) TTT (3) TFF (4) TTF
Sol. Answer (2)
SECTION - H
Aakash Challengers Questions
1. A narrow slit S transmitting light of wavelength ‘’ is placed at a distance d above a large plane mirror as shown.
The light coming directly from the slit and that coming after the reflection interfere at a screen S placed at a
distance D from the slit. At what distance frompoint O, the resultant intensity is maximum? (there is a phase
change of by reflection from the mirror)
P
S Screen
d
O
2 ⎛ y 2d ⎞
Sol. Phase difference = ⎜ ⎟ 
 ⎝ D ⎠
For intensity to be maximum
2 ⎛ y 2d ⎞
⎜ ⎟   = 2n
 ⎝ D ⎠
4yd
  (Considering n = 1)
D
D
y= .
4d
2. In a Young's double slit experiment, a parallel beam containing wavelengths 1 = 4000 Å and 2 = 5600 Å
is incident at an angle  = 30° on a diaphragm having narrow slits at separation d = 2 mm. The screen is
placed at a distance D = 40 cm from the slits. A mica slab of thickness t = 5 mm is placed in front of one
of the slits and whole of the apparatus is submerged in water. If the central bright fringe is observed at C,
determine
S1

d C

S2
D
(i) The refractive index of the slab
(ii) The distance of first black line from C.
4
Both wavelengths are in air. Take  w  .
3
Sol. Central bright fringes will be formed at C if, S1P is equal to path difference produce by mica sheet
Dt (   1)
 d sin   S1
d

d2 P
 = Dt (–1)
2
  = 1.6 
D S2
and n1 = = 210 m
2d D
3. A point source S emitting light of wavelength 600 nm is placed at a very small height h above a flat reflecting
surface AB (see figure). The intensity of the reflected light is 36% of the incident intensity. Interference fringes
are observed on a screen placed parallel to the reflecting surface at a very large distance D from it.
P
Screen
D
S
h
A B
(a) What is the shape of the interference fringes on the screen?
(b) Calculate the ratio of the minimum to the maximum intersities in the interference fringes formed near the
point P (Shown in the figure).
(c) If the intensity at point P corresponds to a maximum, calculate the minimum distance through which the
reflecting surface AB should be shifted so that the intensity at P again becomes maximum.
Sol. (a) SC = SC
Locus of points on screen such that SX – SX = constant, is a circle centered at P. So the shape of
interference fringe pattern will be circular.
(b) I2 = 0.36 I1
P X Screen
l1 25 l1 5
 
l2 9  l2
=
3
( l1  l 2 ) 4
 
( l1  l 2 ) 1 S
2
l max ⎛ l1  l 2 ⎞ C
⎜ ⎟ 16
 l min = ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ l1  l 2 ⎠ 1 S
(c) Since light wave suffer phase reversal after reflection from mirror. Condition to obtain maximum at P is
that, Path difference = n
or 2h = n
If two consecutive maxima are formed for
h = h1 = h2 then
 2 (h2 – h1) = 
 Distance through which screen is to be moved

h2 – h1 = = 300 nm
2


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Chapter 23

Huygen' s Wave Theory

4. Wavefront of a wave is _______to wave motion.

5. The wavefront from a point source is

6. Huygens' wave theory allows, us to know

 Young Double Slit Experiment 

8. Two sources of waves are called coherent if

Sol. Answer (3)

13. Young's double slit experiment establishes that

(4) Of same Amplitude

28. Which of the following is conserved when light waves interfere?

(1) Intensity (2) Energy (3) Amplitude (4) Momentum

(4) Diffraction pattern due to single slit will be observed

5D 5D 5D 5

37. The bending of beam of light around corners of obstacles is called

42. To observe diffraction the size of an obstacle

43. In a single slit diffraction pattern

44. Diffraction and interference of light suggest

45. The limit of resolution of an optical instrument arises on account of

46. Choose the correct statement

48. Diffraction effect can be observed in

50. Light waves can be polarised as they are

Sol. Answer (4)

53. Which of the following waves cannot be polarised?

61. In context of Doppler's effect in light, the term'red shift' signifies

Locus of points on screen for which S1P–S2P = const.

nD D( – 1)t

0.6003  103 6003  10 7

Sol. Answer (4)

Sol. Answer (4)

3. If the size of slit S1 is slightly decreased, then

If the size of both slits are equal then (l1 = l2 = l0)

1. Calculate the fringe width

2. Speed of light is [IIT-JEE 2007]

Sol. Answer (1)

(C) ( – 1)t = /2 S2  P2 (r) I(P1) = 0

(D) ( – 1)t = 3/4 S2 P (s) I(P0) > I(P1)

I 4I0 2I0 I0 I 2I0 4I0 I0 (2  3 )

Case (C) Case (D)

I 0 2I0 3I0 I 2I0 0 I0 (2  3 )

Sol. Answer (4)

d sin  = d sin  is  and  are small d sin  y

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