ohms law

INDEX
S.NO. CONTENT
1 AIM
2 INTRODUCTION
3 VERIFICATION
4 LIMITATIONS
5 APPLICATION
6 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
7 CONCLUSION
8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM :
Discuss with experimental set up the verification of ohms law and also providing its
limitations show how temperature affects resistance and resistivity for conductors,
insulators and semiconductors.
INTRODUCTION :
~WHAT IS OHM’S LAW?
Ohm’s law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional
to the voltage across the two points.
OHM’S LAW FORMULA IS WRITTEN AS; V ∝ I
Therefore, V = IR where R is a constant called resistance. R depends on the dimensions of the

conductor and on the material of the conductor. Its SI unit is Ohm (Ω).
Ohm’s law is an empirical relation which accurately describes the conductivity of the vast majority of
electrically conductive materials over many orders of magnitude of current. However, some materials
do not obey Ohm’s law, these are called Non-ohmic. Ohm’s law was found out by various
experiments.
As far as its significance is concerned, this law is used within all branches of electronic studies or
science. The law is useful in carrying out calculations such as in determining the value of resistors or
the current in a circuit or in measuring voltage.
Additionally, Ohm’s law helps us describe how current flows through materials such as electrical
wires, etc.
~RESISTANCE :
Resistance is defined as the property of the conductor which opposes
the flow of electric current. It is also defined as the ratio of the voltage
applied to the electric current flowing through it. The resistance of a
conductor depends on the length, area of cross-section, and the nature
of the material used in the conductor’s manufacturing. For a conductor,
the resistance is directly proportional to the length of the conductor and
inversely proportional to the area of the cross- section. The SI unit of
electric resistance is ohm
~RESISTIVITY :
Resistivity is defined as the resistance offered by the material per unit
length for a unit cross-section. The SI unit of resistivity is ohm-meter.
Resistivity increases linearly with temperature. The resistivity of
conductors is low compared to the insulators’ resistivity. Therefore, it
can be represented as: The resistivity of conductors < Resistivity of
alloys <Resistivity of insulators. The SI unit of electrical resistivity is
the ohm-meter.
VERIFICATION
Experimental verification of Ohm's law:
1. Set up the circuit as illustrated above to verify Ohm’s law experimentally.
2. Connect the resistance in parallel with the voltmeter (an instrument to measure potential
in a circuit) and connect the ammeter (an instrument to measure current in a circuit) in
series in the circuit.
3. Initially, the key K is closed, and the rheostat (a device used to control current by varying
resistance) is adjusted to get the minimum reading in ammeter A and voltmeter V.
4. The current in the circuit is increased gradually by moving the sliding terminal othe
rheostat. During the process, the current flowing in the circuit and the corresponding
value of potential difference across the resistance wire R are recorded.
5. Similarly, different values of current and voltage are. obtained.
6. Plot a graph between the values of current and voltage. The graph obtained will be a
straight line.
7. This shows that current and potential are directly proportional to each other. Thus, it
verifies Ohm's law.
LIMITATIONS:
• It is an empirical law that does not hold true for all materials and
experiments.
• It is not applicable to unilateral networks, which have elements that do not
obey the same voltage-current relation for both directions of current.
• It is not applicable to non-linear elements, which have a variable resistance
depending on the current or voltage.
• It is not applicable to non-metallic conductors, which have a different
formula for voltage and current. • It is only valid for a conductor at a constant
temperature, as resistivity changes with temperature.
• Ohm’s law is not applicable to in-network circuits.
• Ohm’s does not apply directly to capacitor circuits and inductor circuits.
• The V-I characteristics of diodes are different.
APPLICATIONS :
• Applications of Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s law is very useful and has several applications.
A few are listed below:
• It is widely used in circuit analysis.
• It is used in ammeter, multimeter, etc.
• It is used to design resistors.
• It is used to get the desired circuit drop in circuit design. • Advanced
laws such as Kirchhoff’s Norton’s law, Thevenin’s law are based on
Ohm’s law.
• Electric heaters, kettles and other types of equipment working
principle follow Ohm’s law.
• A laptop and mobile charger using DC power supply in operation
and working principle of DC power supply depend on Ohm’s law.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON: -RESISTANCE AND N

RESISTIVITY
(1) FOR CONDUCTORS:
- Resistance: In conductors, as temperature increases, the resistance also generally
increases. This is as the temperature rises, the metal atoms in the conductor vibrate more
vigorously, which increases the likelihood of collisions between free electrons and lattice
ions. These collisions impede the flow of electrons, leading to an increase in resistance.
- Resistivity: Resistivity is the intrinsic property of a material that quantifies its resistance
to the flow of electric current. For most metals, resistivity also increases with temperature.
The increased thermal motion of atoms causes more scattering of electrons, which
increases resistivity.
EXAMPLE: COPPER (CU)
• Resistance: At room temperature, copper has a relatively low resistance. As the

temperature increases, the resistance of copper also increases. For example, if you heat a
copper wire, its resistance will go up. This is why electrical circuits can sometimes
experience increased resistance if they get hot due to excessive current flow.
• Resistivity: The resistivity of copper at room temperature is approximately
1.68×10−81.68×10−8 ohm-meter (Ω⋅m). As the temperature increases, the resistivity of
copper also tends to increase.
(2) FOR INSULATORS:
• Resistance: In insulators, the relationship between resistance and temperature is not as

straightforward as in conductors. In some cases, resistance may increase with temperature,
while in others, it may decrease. This depends on the specific properties of the material
and how its electrons behave at an atomic level.
• Resistivity: For insulators, resistivity typically increases with temperature. This is

because as the temperature rises, electrons in the valence band gain energy and become
more mobile. This increased mobility can lead to more hopping of electrons between atoms,
which increases resistivity.
EXAMPLE: GLASS (SIO2)
Resistance: Glass is a good insulator. The relationship between resistance and

temperature for glass can be complex. Some types of glass, like borosilicate glass used in
laboratory equipment, have relatively low temperature coefficients and show only minor
changes in resistance with temperature.
Others may exhibit more significant variations.

Resistivity: The resistivity of glass is very high. For most types of glass, resistivity
increases with temperature
(3) FOR SEMICONDUCTORS:
Resistance: In semiconductors, the relationship between resistance and

temperature is quite significant. For intrinsic (pure) semiconductors, the
resistance decreases as temperature increases. This is due to the increased
generation of charge carriers (electrons) at higher temperatures.
Resistivity: For extrinsic semiconductors, the relationship between resistivity and

temperature can be more complex. In n-type semiconductors, resistivity generally
decreases with temperature due to increased carrier concentration. In p-type
semiconductors, resistivity often increases with temperature.
EXAMPLE: SILICON (SI)
Intrinsic Silicon:
-Resistance: In intrinsic silicon (pure silicon with no intentional impurities),
as the temperature increases, the resistance tends to decrease. This is
because at higher temperatures, more electron-hole pairs are generated,
increasing the conductivity.
-Resistivity: The resistivity of intrinsic silicon decreases with increasing
temperature.
GRAPHS DEPICTING EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE & RELATION
BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND RESISTIVITY
CONCLUSION
Ohm's law provides a fundamental understanding of how electricity behaves
in a circuit.
1.Direct Proportionality: The current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional
to the voltage applied across it. This means that if you increase the voltage, the current will
also increase, assuming the resistance remains constant. Likewise, if you decrease the
voltage, the current will decrease.
2.Inverse Proportionality: The current flowing through a conductor is inversely
proportional to the resistance of the conductor. This means that if you increase the
resistance, the current will decrease, assuming the voltage remains constant. Conversely, if
you decrease the resistance, the current will increase.
3. Predictive Power: Ohm's law allows engineers and scientists to predict and calculate the
behaviour of electrical circuits. By knowing the values of voltage, current, and resistance in
a circuit, you can use the formula (I=V/R) to determine any one of these values if the other
two are known.
4.Universal Applicability: Ohm's law is applicable to a wide range of electrical circuits, from
simple circuits with just a few components to complex systems found in electronics, power
distribution, and more. It forms the basis for understanding and designing a multitude of
electrical devices and systems.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
-https://google.co.in
-https://en.wikipedia.org
THANK YOU !

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INDEX

OHM’S LAW FORMULA IS WRITTEN AS; V ∝ I

Therefore, V = IR where R is a constant called resistance. R depends on the dimensions of the

• Applications of Ohm’s Law

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON: -RESISTANCE AND N

• Resistance: At room temperature, copper has a relatively low resistance. As the

• Resistance: In insulators, the relationship between resistance and temperature is not as

• Resistivity: For insulators, resistivity typically increases with temperature. This is

Resistance: Glass is a good insulator. The relationship between resistance and

Others may exhibit more significant variations.

Resistance: In semiconductors, the relationship between resistance and

Resistivity: For extrinsic semiconductors, the relationship between resistivity and

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