INGLÊS - PRIME

ARTICLES
At the end of this unit you’ll be better able an? We use a with nouns:
to:
 Use definite and indefinite

articles; Read this example:

“I had a sandwich and an apple

for lunch. The sandwich wasn’t very
good, but the apple was nice.”

o We say ‘a sandwich’, ‘an apple’

because this is the first time we talk
about them. (indefinite)

o We say ‘the sandwich’, ‘the apple’

because we know which sandwich
and which apple we mean.
(definite)

Compare a/an and the:

Tim sat down on a chair. (maybe one of

many chairs in the room)
Tim sat down on the chair nearest the
door. (a specific chair)

Do you have a car? (not a specific

car) I cleaned the car yesterday.
(= my car)

We stayed at a very cheap hotel. (a type

of hotel) The hotel where we stayed was
very cheap. (a specific hotel)

When do we use a and

1
 INGLÊS - PRIME
ARTICLES
 Started with consonant sounds:
 Jobs and professions
a guitar, a car, a great story
 Started by U, EU and EW with /yu/
sound:

a university, a uniform, a
European, a ewe (ovelha)
 With consonant h:

a house, a hotel, a hamburger

 Started with One:

a one-star hotel, a one-way street,

a one-chapter book

We use an with nouns:

 Started with a vowel sound:

an important subject, an octopus,

an expert, an animal, an umbrela
 Started with voiceless h:

an honest person, an heir, an hour

 Which are abbreviated and
the first consonant is
vocalized:

an X-ray, an MTV program,

an FM station A/an and the

with types of nouns

 Countable nouns

We only use a/an with singular countable

nouns:

 I have a sister and a brother.

 That was an excellent meal.

2
 INGLÊS - PRIME
ARTICLES
When we talk about a person’s job, we use within a general class of people or things.
a/an:

 She’s a gardener.

 He’s an ambulance driver.

 We say ‘once a week / three times

a day
/ £1.50 a kilo’, etc.

 We can use the with singular and

plural countable nouns:

 The car which is parked on the

street belongs to me.

 All the cars in this car park

belong to people who work here.

 We don’t use a/an before

uncountable nouns:

 Could I have rice instead of potatoes

with my fish? Not: Could I have a
rice.

 I hope we have nice weather. Not: I

hope we have a nice weather.

 We can use the before uncountable

nouns when they refer to a specific
example:

 The rice we bought in the Thai shop

is much better than the
supermarket rice.

 The weather was awful last summer.

 General nouns

We only use the with general plural nouns

when we are referring to a specific set

3
  Books are so important in my because they are a part of our physical
life. (any kind of books) environment or part of the natural world:
 The books were all over the
 The earth moves around the sun.
floor. (Probably I know which
books.)

 Inventions, musical
instruments and
cultural institutions

When we talk in general about

inventions, musical instruments or
cultural institutions (such as the
cinema, the theatre, the circus, the
opera, the ballet), we often use
the:

 The computer must be the

greatest invention ever.
(The computer as an
invention in general, not a
specific computer)

 The violin sounds different to the

viola.

 I love a night at the opera.

 No article before
determiners (any, some,
my, this):

We don’t use an article with other

words that specify a noun
(determiner), e.g. any, some, my,
her, this, that!

 The with things that are universally

known

We use the with things known to

everyone (the sun, the stars, the
moon, the earth, the planet)

4
 INGLÊS - PRIME
ARTICLES
 We lay on the grass and watched the  The with groups within society
stars.

 The with everyday things

We use the with things that we know as

part of our daily lives. The does not refer
to particular things in this context.

 I don’t buy the newspaper these

days. It’s free on the Internet.
(newspapers in general)

 They always take the train. (trains in

general)

 Places

We use the with mountain ranges and

some mountains (the Alps, the Eiger),
groups of islands (the West Indies), rivers
(the Danube), deserts (the Gobi Desert),
seas (the Black Sea), geographical regions
or habitats (the Amazon rainforest),
motorways (the M42), the names of some
countries (the People’s Republic of China,
the United States of America).

We don’t usually use articles with

individual mountains or lakes when
the name includes Mount or Lake: Mount
Fuji,
Lake Victoria.

We don’t use articles with continents

(Asia), countries (Romania, Brazil), towns
(Edinburgh, Recife), and streets (Lombard
Street).

3
 INGLÊS - PRIME
ARTICLES
When we talk about particular season, we use the:
groups or people within society,
 The winter of 1947 was one of the
we use the + adjective:
coldest in Britain.
 I think the rich should pay
more tax and that the poor
shouldn’t pay any.

 The young need to be encouraged

and supported in society.

 The with dates

When we say a specific date, we

use the, but when we write it, we
don’t use the:

 Speaking: ‘I’ll see you on

the twenty fourth of May.’

 Writing: I’ll see you on 24th May.

When we talk about months, we don’t use

the:

 My birthday is in September.

 May is my favourite month of all.

When we talk about seasons in

general, we can use either in or in
the. In without the is often used in
more formal or literary contexts:

 These birds arrive in Britain

in summer, and leave as the
winter begins.

 In the summer, we usually go

to the mountains.

 We rarely get snow in the winter.

When we talk about a specific

4
 INGLÊS - PRIME
ARTICLES
 We’ll definitely visit you in the patient)
summer. (meaning next summer)

 The with Internet, radio and

newspaper but mostly not with TV

 I looked it up on the Internet. Not: on

internet

 She was on the radio once. Not: on

radio

 Did you see that story about

parrots in the newspaper? Not: in
newspaper

 There’s usually nothing on TV. (TV

means television)

 The with go to, be at, be in

hospital, school, etc.

We use “go to the” when we are usually

thinking of a specific place. Or when we
don’t say the specific name of the place:

 I have to go to the bank today.

 Is there a bank near here?

 Let’s go to the supermarket!

 Let’s go to Walmart!

When we talk about the activity that

happens in a building rather than about
the building itself, we don’t use the.

 She didn’t want to be in hospital but

she was too ill to go home. (in
hospital means being there as a

5
 INGLÊS - PRIME
ARTICLES
 She didn’t want to be in
the hospital … (in the
hospital means being in the
building)

We don’t use the with bed when

we go there to sleep:

 I always go to bed at eleven

o’clock.
Not: I always go to the bed …

We don’t use the before work

when we talk about the place
where we do our job:

 They go to work at 8 am every

morning.

CAIU NA EEAR

1. Complete the text with the

right articles. Then choose
the correct alternative.

a) a – the – the – a – an – the

b) a – the – the – an – a – the
c) an – the – the – an – a – an
d) a – the – the – the – an – an

6
 INGLÊS - PRIME
ARTICLES
2. Read the text and answer question Add _ sugar and mix again until
I am from New Zealand, which is _ smooth. Leave to cool.
country
that is __ _ Pacific Ocean. Wellington Add _ eggs and vanilla and mix.
in is
_ name of _ capital of my country.
Add _ flour, baking powder, and salt,
and mix until well-combined.
Choose the best alternative to complete
Stir in the walnuts.
the blanks in the text.
Put the mix in a cake tin and cook for 25min
a) a – a – a – the
at 175°C.
b) the – a – a – the
Eat with fruit or ice cream.
c) a – the – the – the
Choose the best alternative to fill in the
d) the – a – the – the
blanks subsequently.

3. Complete the sentence with the

a) a – some – the – some
correct response.
b) the – the – the – the
Frida Kahlo, a master _the art of
c) the – some – some – a
surrealism, is _ icon of Mexican
d) some – a – some – the
popular culture.

a) from – the
b) to – the
c) by – an
d) of – an

4. Read the text and answer question

Traditional American cake bars

Recipe:
100g butter 1tsp. vanilla ½ tsp 5. Fill in the blanks with the suitable

baking powder options, respectively:

200g sugar ¼ tsp salt 100g a) a - a

chopped walnuts b) a - the

2 eggs 100g flour 50g c) the - a

chocolate U d) the - the

Melt chocolate and butter and
mix
carefully.

7
 INGLÊS - PRIME
ARTICLES
6. Fill in
the
blanks
with the
correct
articles:

8
 INGLÊS - PRIME
ARTICLES
a/a
_ _ year 1665 was very bad for England._ a / the
epidemic of terrible disease, bubonic the / a
the / the
plague, killed over seventy thousand
people just in London. (Adapted from Password
English)

a) The / A / a
b) The / An / a
c) An / The / a
d) A / An / the

7. Select the alternative that best

completes the dialogue.

9. Complete the text with the correct

article. a) (1) the – (2) an – (3) the
b) (1) the – (2) the – (3) a
a) an – a – an – a c) (1) the – (2) a – (3) the
b) a – an – an – a d) (1) a – (2) the – (3) a
c) an – an – a – a
d) an – an – an – a 10.Select the alternative that best
completes the extract below.

Workplace Accident Statistics

Every year, millions of people in _ United
States are hurt on the job. Each day 16
workers die from injuries at work and
more than 17,000 are injured. Accidents
also cause the companies to spend more.
Last year, _ total cost was more than
$121 billion.
a) the – a
b) a – the
8. Fill in the blanks, in the text, with c) the – an
the appropriate articles, respectively: d) the – the

9
 INGLÊS - PRIME
NOUNS
 -ist: artist, optimist, pianist
Nouns are one of the four major word
classes, along with verbs, adjectives and
adverbs. Nouns are the largest word class.

Types of Nouns

 Common nouns refer to classes or

categories of people, animals and
things, such as boy, dog, book, etc.

 Proper nouns are the names of

specific people, animals and things.
They are written with a capital
letter at the start, such as John,
Manchester, Snoopy, etc.

 Concrete nouns refer to material

objects which we can see or touch,
such as building, lamp, car, etc.

 Abstract nouns refer to things which

are not material objects, such as
ideas, feelings and situations, such
as education, information, love, etc.

Identifying Nouns

Some word endings can help you to

identify a noun by its form. Examples:

 -age: postage, language, sausage

 -ance/-ance: insurance, importance,

difference

 -er/-or: teacher, driver, actor

 -hood:childhood,
motherhood, fatherhood
 -ism: socialism, capitalism,
nationalism

1
 INGLÊS - PRIME
NOUNS
 -itude: attitude, multitude, solitude cousin, my - two cousins; a book - a box
 -ity/-ty: identity, quantity, cruelty full of books; a city
 -ment: excitement, - several big cities.
argument, government
 -ness: happiness, business,
darkness
 -ship: friendship,
championship, relationship

 -tion/-sion: station, nation, extension

Gerunds

The -ing forms of verbs can also

act as nouns. Examples:

 Smoking is forbidden during

flights.

 Cooking is my favorite hobby.

Nouns and gender

Most English nouns do not have

grammatical gender. However,
some nouns traditionally had
different forms.
Examples:

 actor – actress; host – hostess;

steward – stewardess; waiter –
waitress.

Nouns: countable and uncountable

Countable nouns refer to things

which, in English, are treated as
separate items which can be
counted.

Examples: a car - three cars; my

2
 INGLÊS - PRIME
NOUNS
Singular and Plural
Important!
Countable nouns can be singular or plural.
These nouns are NOT used with a/an or
They can be used with a/an and with
numbers and are NOT used in the plural.
numbers and many other determiners
Some nouns always have plural form but
(e.g. these, a few).
they are uncountable because we cannot
Examples:
use numbers with them.
 She has a younger brother.
Examples:
 These shoes look old now.
 I bought two pairs of trousers.
 I’ll take a few magazines with me for
Not: I bought two trousers.
the flight.
Other nouns of this type are: shorts,
pants, pyjamas, glasses (for the eyes),
Uncountable nouns are seen as a whole or
binoculars, scissors.
mass, because they cannot be separated
or counted.
Quantity expressions (a bit/piece)
Examples:
To refer to one or more quantities of an
 Ideas and experiences: advice, uncountable noun, expressions such as a
information, progress, news, luck, bit of, a piece of, an item of or words for
fun, work containers and measures must be used.

 Materials and substances: water, Examples:

rice, cement, gold, milk
 He bought a very expensive piece of
 Weather words: weather, thunder, furniture for his new apartment.
lightning, rain, snow
 Maggie always has some exciting bits
 Names for groups or collections of of news when she comes to see us.
things: furniture, equipment,
 I think we’ll need five bags of cement
rubbish, luggage
for the patio.
 Other common uncountable nouns
 There’s a litre of milk in the fridge for
include: accommodation, baggage,
you. And I bought you a bar of
homework, knowledge, money,
chocolate.
permission, research, traffic, travel.

3
 INGLÊS - PRIME
NOUNS
Determiners (my, some, the)
 I read a poem once about someone riding a
Uncountable nouns can be used with horse at night.
certain determiners (e.g. my, her, some,
any, no, the, this, that) and expressions of
quantity (e.g. a lot of, (a) little):

 They gave me some information

about courses and scholarships and
things.

 Have you heard the news? Fran’s

getting engaged.

 She’s been studying hard and

has made a lot of
progress.

 There’s no work to do here, so you

can go home if you like.

 This milk’s a bit old, I’m afraid.

Countable Phrases for Uncountable Nouns

We can sometimes use countable noun

phrases to talk about an individual
example of the thing an uncountable noun
refers to.

Examples:

 Finding a place to live is difficult if

you’re a student and you’ve
got no money. (or Finding
accommodation …)

Not: Finding an accommodation …

 She brought two big suitcases with

her.

Not: She brought two big luggages …

4
 INGLÊS - PRIME
NOUNS
Not: I read a poetry …
 Love is like a physical pain for some
 We went on a trip to the
people. (love in general/all love)
Amazon when we were in
 I’ve always had a love of poetry, ever
Brazil.
since I was a child. (a specific liking
Not: We went on a travel … for something)

Countable and Uncountable

Nouns with
Different Meanings

Some nouns can be used either

countably or uncountably, but with
different meanings.

Examples:

 We bought a new iron and an

ironing board. X People
believed that ships made of iron
would sink.
 I broke a glass yesterday. X The
table was made of glass.

Abstract Nouns

Some abstract nouns can be used

uncountably or countably. The
uncountable use has a more
general meaning. The countable
use has a more particular
meaning.

Nouns of this type include:

education, experience, hatred,
help, knowledge, life, love, sleep,
time, understanding.

Examples:

5
 INGLÊS - PRIME
NOUNS
 Time passes more and more quickly We form the plural of most compounds by
as you grow older. (time in general)
adding a plural ending to the last part of
 We had a great time in Ibiza. We the compound:
didn’t want to come home. (a
specific period of time) Examples:

 We saw some large greenhouses with

Nouns: Compound Nouns
vegetables growing in them.
Compound nouns consist of more than one
 They’re building two new car parks in
word. The most common way is to put two
town.
nouns together (noun + noun), an
adjective + noun or a verb + noun. Important!!
The compounds mother-in-law,
 noun + noun
brother- in-law, etc. form their plurals on

 car park the first noun: Example:

 I’ve got one brother-in-law
 Iceland
and two sisters-in-law. Not: two
 shopkeeper sister-in- laws

 website
Nouns: Singular and Plural

 adjective + noun
Regular Plurals
 blackberry

 greenhouse
 To make regular nouns plural, add
 small talk –s to the end.

 verb + noun cat – cats / house – houses

 breakwater (quebra-mar)  If the singular noun ends in –s, –ss, –sh,

 go-kart (corrida de kart) –ch, –x, or –z, add -es to the end to

 runway make it plural:

bus – buses / truss – trusses/ class –

Plurals of Compound Nouns

classes lunch – lunches / tax – taxes /

6
 INGLÊS - PRIME
NOUNS
blitz – blitzes

7
 INGLÊS - PRIME
NOUNS

 If the noun ends with –f or –fe, the f  If the noun ends in consonant + o
or –
take an -es; those ending in vowel
fe are often changed to –ves.
+ o take an -s.
wife – wives / wolf – wolves
potato – potatoes / hero –
calf – calves / elf – elves
half – halves / knife –
heroes radio – radios / video
knives leaf – leaves / life
- lives
– vídeos
loaf (loaf of bread) – loaves / self -
selves shelf – shelves /  However, the rule has been broken
thief – thieves
countless times in regard to consonant

+ o:
 Some nouns ending in F or FE follow
the general rule. Examples:
volcanoes - volcanos / cargoes –

chief – chiefs / cliff (rock) – clliffs

cargos haloes – halos / tornadoes –
handkerchief – handkerchiefs / roof –
roofs safe – safes / sheriff – sheriffs
tornados are all established plurals.

 If a singular noun ends in –y and the Other exceptions:

letter before the –y is a consonant,

photo – photos / piano – pianos / kilo – kilos
change the ending to –ies to make

the noun plural.  If the singular noun ends in –us, the

plural ending is frequently –i.

city – cities / puppy – puppies
cactus – cacti / focus – foci
 If the singular noun ends in –y and

the letter before the –y is a vowel,  If the singular noun ends in –is, the

simply add an –s to make it plural. plural ending is frequently –es.

ray – rays / boy – boys analysis – analyses / ellipsis – ellipses

 If the singular noun ends in –on, the

8
 INGLÊS - PRIME
NOUNS
plural ending is –a.

9
 INGLÊS - PRIME
NOUNS
school.
phenomenon – phenomena / criterion –
criteria

Don't use a/na with plural nouns:

They’re pens. NOT They’re a pens.

Irregular Plurals

Child–
children Die–
dice Foot–
feet Goose–
geese
Louse– lice
Man– men
Mouse– mice
Ox– oxen
Tooth– teeth
Woman – women

Some nouns have the form for singular

and plural:

Aircraft / Deer / Fish / Fruit /

Means Series / Sheep / Species

Nouns Used Only in the Singular

Some nouns are used only in the singular,

even though they end in -s. These include
the words: classics, economics,
mathematics/maths, physics, gymnastics,
aerobics, measles, mumps and news.

Examples:

 Maths was never my best subject at

1
 INGLÊS - PRIME
NOUNS
 Aerobics is great fun – you should clothes, congratulations, stairs, etc.
try it!

Collective Nouns (group words)

Nouns Used Only in the Plural

Some nouns only have a plural

form. They cannot be used with
numbers. They include the names
of certain tools, instruments and
articles of clothing which have two
parts.

Examples:

 binoculars, headphones, sunglasses;

 jeans, pyjamas, tights

A Pair Of

It is used to refer to more than

one example of this type of noun:

Examples:

 I bought a new pair of

binoculars last week.

 That old pair of trousers will

be useful for doing jobs in
the garden.

 They’re advertising two

pairs of
glasses for the price of one.

 I bought three pairs of shorts

for the summer.

 Other nouns which are

always plural in form:

1
 INGLÊS - PRIME
NOUNS
They refer to groups of people and can Say yes, say yes ‘Cause I
take a singular or plural verb, depending need to know
on whether they are considered as a
single unit or as a collection of individuals.

Examples:

audience, crew public, committee, enemy,

team, company, government, etc.

SOURCE:

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-
grammar/

Caiu na EEAR – Questões

1. Todas as palavras abaixo formam o

plural em inglês como
a palavra “photo”, exceto:
a) radio.
b) hero.
c) video.
d) kilo.
e) piano.

2. Mark the option which shows the

appropriate plural form for the word
“phenomenon”:

a) Phenomenae.
b) Phenomena.
c) Phenomenons.
d) Phenomenos.

Rude (Magic)
Can I have your daughter for the rest of my
life?

1
 INGLÊS - PRIME
NOUNS
You say I’ll never get your What have you got in your basket? I asked.
blessing till the day I die She opened her eyes, startled, and looked
Tough luck my friend but the at me. What do you mean? she said
answer is no! Why you gotta defensively.
be so rude? There is something moving in your basket,
Don’t you know I said. Oh, it’s nothing. It’s just a present
I’m human too for somebody. She said.”
Why you gotta be
so rude
I’m gonna marry her
anyway (Marry that
girl) Marry her anyway
(Marry that girl) Yeah no matter
what you say (Marry that girl)
And we’ll be a family
https://www.vagalume.com.br/magic-11/rude.html

3. What is the correct plural

form of the words, in bold
type, in the text?
a) daughter, lives, days, and family.
b) daughters, life, day, and families.
c) daughters, lives, days, and family.
d) daughters, lives, days, and families.

4. Choose the alternative that

indicates the plural of the
words fish, life, woman.
a) Fishes, lifes, woman.
b) Fishs, lives, woman.
c) Fish, lives, women.
d) Fish, lifes, women.

“Ursula! I whispered.
Yes, my darling, she said,
without
_ _ her eyes.

1
 INGLÊS - PRIME
NOUNS

Adapted from, FERGUSON, Kenneth. Read for Meaning,

Comprehension tests for First Certificate. Ed. Evans Brothers, first
Published 1975.

5. The word “darling”, line 2, in the

text refers to
a) an adjective.
b) an adverb.
c) a noun.
d) a verb.
8. In the text, all the nouns bellow
6. Read the text and answer question refer to drones, except:
a) predators (line 2)
Good day! My name is Sheila. I’m from b) ancestors (line 1)
Melbourne, Australia. My __ is c) robotic birds (line 10)
from Montreal, Canada. We live in d) remote-controlled planes (line 3)
Sydney. A lot of
_ living in Australia come from 9. Read the text and answer question
other
_ . Traditional American cake bars
Recipe:
Choose the best alternative to complete 100g butter 1tsp. vanilla ½ tsp
the blanks in the text: baking powder
a) husband – peoples – country 200g sugar ¼ tsp salt 100g
b) husband – people – countries chopped walnuts
c) husbands – persons – country 2 eggs 100g flour 50g
d) husbands – person – countries chocolate U

7. Choose the best alternative that

shows

the irregular plural form: Melt chocolate and butter and mix
a) mice, children, goose,
woman.
carefully.
b) mice, children, geese, Add _ sugar and mix again until
women.
smooth. Leave to cool.
c) mouses, kids, goose,
Add _ eggs and vanilla and mix.
women.
Add _ flour, baking powder, and salt,
d) mice, child, geese, woman.

1
 INGLÊS - PRIME
NOUNS
and mix until well-
combined.
Stir in the walnuts.

1
 INGLÊS - PRIME
NOUNS
Put the mix in a cake tin and cook for 12.All words below are
25min at 175°C. countable nouns, except:
Eat with fruit or ice cream. a) mice
b) news
Choose the alternative in which all the c) sheep
words are uncountable. d) children
a) salt – cake – egg
b) chocolate – butter – walnut
c) flour – baking powder – sugar
d) vanilla – cake tin – ice cream

10.In the sentence: “The steward is

arriving in the airport now.” The
feminine of the word in bold type is
a) woman steward
b) female steward
c) stewardwoman
d) stewardess

11.All the words below are nouns,

except:
a) bless.
b) success.
c) happiness.
d) attractiveness.

1
 INGLÊS - PRIME
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives modify or describe features  Alone
and qualities of people, animals and  Asleep
things.  Content
 Glad
 When we use an adjective with a  Ill
noun, the adjective goes before the  Ready
noun: It’s a nice house. Examples:  Sorry
 Sure
 It's a nice day today.  Unable
 Laura has brown eyes.  Well
 There's a very old bridge in this
village.
 Our teacher was ill. NOT We had
 Do you like Italian food?
an ill teacher.

 Adjectives don't change before a

 We often use very or really
plural noun: Examples:
before adjectives. Examples:
 They're blue jeans.
 Different places (not differents)
 He's very/really intelligent.
 These flowers are very beautiful.
 We can also use adjectives without
a noun, after linking verbs:
 Many adjectives end in -ing and -ed,
Appear, be, become, feel, get, go,
for example: boring and bored.
grow, look, prove, remain, seem,
smell, sound, stay, taste and turn.
 Jane’s job is boring.
Examples:
 Jane is bored with her job.

 Sarah seemed tired.

In these examples, the -ing adjective tells
 The wine tastes fine.
you about the job and the -ed adjective
 She remained calm.
tells you how somebody feels (about the
 I feel happy.
job).
 I get angry when I am hungry.

 Other examples:
 We use some adjectives only after
a linking verb. Examples:
 annoyed / annoying
 Afraid
 bored / boring
 Alive

1
 INGLÊS - PRIME
ADJECTIVES
 confused / confusing  It was made of a strange, green, metallic
 disappointed / disappointing material.
 excited / exciting  It’s a long, narrow, plastic brush.
 frightened / frightening  Panettone is a round, Italian, bread-like
 interested / interesting Christmas cake.
 surprised / surprising
 tired / tiring  A few adjectives are used only in
 worried / worrying front of a noun. Examples:
 north
 There are also some notable  south
exceptions where one of the  east
adjectives doesn’t follow the usual  west
pattern. Examples:  northern
 southern
 scared / scary NOT scaring  eastern
e) g This film is really scary.  western
 countless
 stressed/stressful NOT stressing  occasional
e.g My job is stressful.  lone
 impressed/impressive NOT  mere
impressing
 indoor
e.g The view is impressive.
 outdoor
 delighted/delightful NOT delighting
e.g. Your children are delightful.
 He lives in the eastern district. NOT
 upset/upsetting NOT upseted
The district he lives in is eastern.
e.g. I’m upset that I lost my job.

Questõe
 Generally, the adjective order in s
English is:

1 opinion  2 size  3 physical quality

 4
shape  5 age  6 colour  7 origin 
8 material  9 type  10 purpose  NOUN

Examples:

2
 INGLÊS - PRIME
ADJECTIVES
1. The word 'enough' (line 07) can Palihapitiya said he feels very guilty about
be replaced in the text above by getting more people to use social

a) inadequate.
b) enormous.
c) efficient.
d) sufficient.

2. Read the sentences below.

I. She has a job.
II. I enjoyed the movie at first, but
after some time I got __ with it.
III. I was _ at her knowledge of
literature.
IV. Which do you find more
, traveling by car or by bus?

Which option completes the

sentences correctly?
a) stressed / boring / surprised / tired
b) stressful / boring / surprising / tiring
c) stressing / bored / surprising / tired
d) stressed / boring / surprised /
tireless
e) stressful / bored / surprised / tiring

TEXT I
Social media ‘destroying how society works'
A former Facebook executive has said
social media is doing great harm to
society around the world. The executive is
a man called Chamath Palihapitiya. He
Facebook in 2007 and _
_a vice president. He
was responsible for increasing the
number of users Facebook had. Mr

3
 INGLÊS - PRIME
ADJECTIVES
networks. He said the networks good in the world."
are destroying society because 3. All the underlined words in text I are
they are changing people's adjectives, EXCEPT:
behavior. Twenty years ago, a) social.
people talked to each other face to b) global.
face. Today, people message each c) long.
other and do not talk. People also d) executive.
really care about what other e) former.
people think of them. They post
photos and wait to see how many Volcano eruption in Italy
people like the photo. They get
very sad if people do not like the
photo.
Mr. Palihapitiya said people
should take a long break from
social media so they can
experience real life. He wants
people to value each other instead
of valuing online "hearts, likes, and
thumbs-up". Palihapitiya also
points out how fake news is
affecting how we see the world, it
is becoming easier for large
websites to spread lies. It is also
becoming easier to hurt other
people online. Anyone can hide
behind a fake user name and post
lies about other people.
Palihapitiya said this was a global
problem. He is worried about
social media so much that he has
banned his children from using it.
However, he did state that
Facebook was a good company. He
said: "Of course, it's not all bad.
Facebook overwhelmingly does

4
 INGLÊS - PRIME
ADJECTIVES
A volcano eruption in southern Italy a) unimpressive - distant
caused chaos in the skies yesterday. The b) extraordinary - young
eruption produced a cloud of smoke c) phenomenal - foreign
that slowly spread itself over an area of
thousands of square kilometers. The
excessive amount of ash particles in the
airspace caused a biplane to crash. The
fine gray particles got inside both engines
and, all of a sudden, neither of them were
working. The crash had one fatal victim: a
21- year-old pilot named Antonella
Ponzini. Her father, a rich landowner, is
said to be devastated at the loss of his
only daughter.

4. The only victim of the crash was

the
_ _ pilot.

a) young Italian beautiful

b) beautiful Italian young
c) Italian beautiful young
d) beautiful young Italian

“My year abroad in the United States was

a truly awesome experience. I’m not a shy
person, and I was very comfortable
speaking to everyone, so I got lots of
speaking practice. (...) When I got home,
my close friends couldn’t believe how
much I had improved!” Mariko Okada – Tokyo
(Neil J. Anderson)

5. Choose the alternative with possible

antonyms of the adjectives
“awesome” and “close”.

5
 INGLÊS - PRIME
ADJECTIVES
d) rare - intimate
7. The words “beautiful”,
“highly”, “intelligent” and “child”, in
6. Read the text and answer the
question. the context, are:
a) Adjective, adverb, adjective, noun

C b) Adjective, adverb, adverb, noun

a c) Adverb, adjective, noun, adverb
m
p d) Noun, noun, adjective, adverb
i
n
g
On Sunday morning, Tom and his
family went camping. They
camped near the lake. Their tent
was shaped like an igloo. It was
made of a thin cloth. Tom helped
clean up. They ate a tasty meal of
barbecued chicken and corn. When
it got dark they made a fire. They
told stories and sang songs. English
Created Resources.

The word “tasty” in the text is:

a) a verb.
b) an adverb.
c) a pronoun.
d) an adjective.

- I have a question. What would

happen if there were a beautiful
and highly intelligent child up in
heaven waiting to be born and his
or her parents decided that the
children they already had were
enough?
- Your ignorance of theology and
medicine is appalling!
- I still think it’s a good question!
Adapted from https://www.peanuts.com/comics/

6
 INGLÊS - PRIME
ADJECTIVES

8. Which of the underlined words in

the text is an adjective?

a) doing
b) walking
c) running
d) encouraging

10.If Mercedes (Amber Riley) is plus-

size, (line 15), it means
that she is
_ _.
a) thin
b) slim
9. The opposite of “willing”, (line 4), is
c) large
a) alive.
d) in shape
b) active.
c) lively.
d) reluctant.

7
 INGLÊS - PRIME
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
Comparative Adjectives  The less I see him the more I like him.
(contrast)
Structure  The more he reads, the less
he understands. (contrast)
Adjective Comparative Spelling
 The older we grow, the wiser we
Old Older One-syllable
adjectives: become. (compare)
Cheap Cheaper
add -er
 The higher you climb, the colder it gets.
Big Bigge Adjectives ending one (compare)
Ho r vowel + one
t Hotter consonante: double Superlative Adjectives
the consonante,
add -er.
Dry Drier Adjectives ending
Structure

Healthy Healthier consonant + y > ier.

Expensiv More/less Two or more Adjective Superlative Spelling
e syllable Cold The coldest Add -est
expensive
adjectives: more/less + High The highest
adj. Big The Double
Good Bette Irregular
Ho biggest consonant, add
Ba r
t The -
 We use comparative adjectives to hottest est
show change or to compare two Dry The driest > -iest
things, people, etc.; Examples: Sunny The sunniest
Dangerous The most The most/least +
 Are you happier now that you’ve
changed your job? dangerous adjective
Goo The best Irregular
 We are busier this week than last
week. d The

 I’m more interested in music than Bad worst

sport. Far The
 Big cars are farthest/furthest
less popular now than twenty years ago.
 We use the + superlative adjective
 We can also use comparison and to express the extreme or highest
contrast with the…the… in parallel degree of a quality. When we use a
clauses. We repeat the + a superlative adjective ('the tallest
comparative adjective. Examples: student') before the noun, we
generally use it with 'the'.
Examples:

1
 INGLÊS - PRIME
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
 She's the most beautiful girl I've
ever seen.

2
 INGLÊS - PRIME
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
 It's the best café in London. Comparative adjectives: using much, a
lot, far, etc.
 We don't use 'the' when there is
a possessive:  We can strengthen or emphasise a
 He's my best student. comparative adjective using words

 That's our most important goal. such as much, a lot, far, even or rather,
or by using than ever after the

 It's possible to drop 'the' when the adjective. Examples:

adjective is used later in the  This food is much better than the
sentence, rather than directly before food we had yesterday.
the noun. We can choose either
 The town is a lot more crowded these
'the' or 'no article', with no change
days because of the new shopping
in meaning. Examples:
centre.
 She is (the) most beautiful.
 This café is (the) best.  Alex is far less intelligent than the
 This bowl is (the) biggest. other kids in the class.

 We’ve been busier than ever at work

 This is NOT possible when the
this last month or so.
adjective comes directly before the
noun:  We can soften a comparative

 She is the fastest runner. NOT She adjective using a little or a bit. A bit

is fastest runner. is less formal:

 John and Lisa are the most  She feels a little/ a bit more
inteligent students. NOT They are confident now that she’s given her
most inteligent students. first public performance.

Questions
 With superlative adverbs, we can
also choose to use 'the' or 'no
1. Choose the incorrect sentence.
article'.
 Luke reads (the) fastest.
a) She is the oldest student in class.
 I like vanilla ice cream (the) best.
b) My English homework was
 She can speak six languages, but
not complicated.
she speaks Spanish (the) most
c) He wants to buy a bigger
confidently.
house for his family.

3
 INGLÊS - PRIME
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
d) That black car is most Overall, they found 37% of all heat-related
expensive than the green deaths in the locations studied were attributable
one. to human activity – but the largest climate
change-induced contributions (more than 50%)
2. Read the text and answer question. were in southern and western Asia (Iran and

Human-induced global heating ‘causes over

a third of heat deaths’
More than a third of all heat-related
deaths around the world between 1991
and 2018 can be attributed to human-
induced global heating, research has
found.
Climate breakdown has a range of
effects ranging from wildfires to extreme
weather. As the temperatures rise, more
intense and frequent heatwaves
disproportionately affect elderly people
and those with underlying chronic
conditions such as asthma, making them
more vulnerable to disease and premature
death.
A study, published in the journal
Nature Climate Change, used data from
732 locations in 43 countries to calculate
the number of deaths attributed to heat
levels higher than the ideal temperature
for human health, which varies across
locations.
The researchers examined past
weather conditions simulated under
scenarios with and without emissions
triggered by human activity – allowing
them to separate the warming and related
health impact linked with human activity
from natural trends.

4
 INGLÊS - PRIME
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
Kuwait), south-east Asia (the
Philippines and Thailand) and Central
and South America. (Adapted
from:https://www.theguardian.com/
environment/2021/may/31/hum aninduced-
global-heating-causes-over-third-heat-deaths)

The opposite of “higher” in bold in the text

is:
a) more expensive
b) extreme
c) cheaper
d) lower

3. Choose the best alternative to

have the text completed
correctly.

a) more low
b) the lowest
c) much lower
d) the most low

4. Which option completes the

tips below correctly?
Leadership

5
 INGLÊS - PRIME
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
- _ way to lead is to lead 5. The adjective form “the best” (line 3)
by
example. A good leader tells you how it’s
done, a great one shows you how.
- As a leader,_ thing that you
can give your team members is your time.
A lot of them will go through a bad phase
or will be clueless about what to do. At
those times, they need to know you are
there.
- People will look up to you. At
times, even for things in which they are
far _ _ than you. You don’t have to take
their decisions, just provide them your
confidence so that they can take their
decisions. (Adapted
from:https://yourstory.com/mystory/4b6ce51011-85-
things- ilearned-being-a-ceo)

a) The better / the bigger / the

most skill
b) The better / the bigger /
more skilled
c) Better / bigger / most skilled
d) The best / the biggest /
more skilled
e) The best / the biggest /
most skilled

6
 INGLÊS - PRIME
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
and “nice” (line 4), underlined Always treat service providers with
in the text, have as their respect. Adapted from Interchange

comparative forms,
respectively: Choose the alternative that
completes the text with the correct
a) good and nicer. comparatives.
b) better and nicer.
c) best and the nicer.
d) the better and the nicest.

6. Read the text to answer question.

To tip, or not to tip?

The word tip comes from an
old English slang. Americans
usually tip people in places like
restaurants, airports, hotels, and
hair salons.
People who work in these
places often get paid low wages. A
tip shows that the customer is
pleased with service.
People such as parking
valets or bellshops usually get
(small) _ tips. The tip for people such as taxi
drivers and waiters or waitresses is
usually (large)
_ .
When you’re not sure about
how much to tip, do what feels
right. You don’t have to tip for bad
services. And you can give a
(big)
_ tip for a very good
service. Remember, though, your
behavior is (important)
_ than your money.

7
 INGLÊS - PRIME
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
a) smaller – larger – bigger – there is one language that is language in the
more important. world. (Adapted from www.usingenglish.com)

b) smaller – the largest – bigger

– the most important.
c) the smallest – the largest –
bigger
– the most important.
d) the smallest – the largest –
the biggest – the most
important.

7. Choose the alternative that contains

the correct answer following the
comparative form:

a) Non-smokers usually live

longer than smokers.
b) My house is more big then
yours.
c) This top model is beautifuler
than that one.
d) Which is the very dangerous
animal in the world?
e) A holiday in the sea is gooder
than in the mountain.

8. Which is the correct way to complete

the paragraph below?

No language is easy to learn well,

though languages which are related to our
first language are . Learning
a completely different writing system is a
huge challenge, but that does not
necessarily make a language __ another.
In the end, it is impossible to say that

8
 INGLÊS - PRIME
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
a) easier/ more difficult/ harder
b) the easiest/ more difficult/
harder
c) as easy as/ the most
difficult/ the hardest
d) easier/ more difficult
than/ the hardest
e) the easiest/ more
difficult than/ the
harder

9. In “They are more interesting

than lions and tigers ...”,
(lines 2 and 3), it means that

a) dolphins, lions and tigers

are equal in some way.
b) tigers and lions are less
interesting than dolphins.
c) there are no circus animals
so interesting as dolphins.
d) dolphins compared with
lions and tigers are less
interesting.

10. Choose the alternative so as

to have the article completed
correctly:

9
 INGLÊS - PRIME
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
long. Easter Island is the world’s most isolated
island. It’s about 3,700

a) high – great
b) higher – greater
c) higher – greatest
d) highest – greatest

11. Read the text and answer question.

World Knowledge

France is the most popular country

to visit. It has about 76 million visitors a
year. China has the greatest number of
stores in the world. There are over 19
million stores. Lake Baikal in Russia is the
deepest lake on earth. It’s 1,637 meters
deep.
Tokyo Disneyland is the world’s
most popular amusement park. It has over
25 million visitors a year. The longest
nonstop flight is from New York to
Singapore. It’s 18 hours long. The busiest
airport in the world is London Heathrow,
with over 55 million passengers a year.
Canada has the longest coastline of any
country on earth. It’s 243,792 kilometers

1
 INGLÊS - PRIME
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
kilometers from the South American control what is now the worst outbreak
continent.
of the coronavirus in Europe."
From the book Interchange

In the alternatives below, there are

superlative forms of adjectives from
the text. The superlative form of
good, bad and big are:

a) The best, the worse, the bigger.

b) The best, the worst, the biggest.
c) The good, the worst, the big.
d) Better, worse, bigger.

12. Mark the option that completes

the paragraph below correctly.

The Russian Vostok weather

station in Antarctica has recorded
temperatures as _ _ as -89.2ºC
(-128.6ºF). Here, the_ temperature ever
measured is -14ºC (7ºF). Adapted from
<https://www.climatestotravel.com/clîmate/antar
ctica>)

a) lowest / high
b) low / higher
c) low / highest
d) lower / higher
e) lower / highest

13. Read the following sentence

and mark the adjective that
forms its superlative the same
way as the underlined word.

"Italian officials have cut short the

Venice Carnival as they try to

1
 INGLÊS - PRIME
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
a) High. a) more low
b) Good. b) the lowest
c) Early. c) much lower
d) Elderly. d) the most low
e) Extraordinary

16. The word “deadliest”, undelined in the

14. The adjective “largest”, (line 2), was text, is a
used in the text as a

a) superlative
a) superlative b) comparative of equality
b) comparative of equality c) comparative of inequality
c) comparative of inferiority. d) comparative of superiority
d) comparative of superiority.

17. Mark the only option which is NOT

15. Choose the best alternative to have grammatically correct.
the text completed correctly.
a) We’ve all got terrible voices, but I
sing worst of all.
b) Thank you very much indeed. That
is most kind of you.
c) She’s the fastest player of them all.
d) We’re walking by far the slowest.
e) The more it is dangerous, the more
I like it.

1
 INGLÊS - PRIME
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
18. Which of the following are examples b) The more far
of comparative and c) The farthest
superlative adjectives, respectively? d) The far most
e) The farest

20. Na frase "But now we can transcend it,

with light beams, light sails, and the
lightest spacecraft ever built.", é correto
afirmar que:

a) o adjetivo light é usado duas vezes

no grau normal e uma no
comparativo
b) a palavra light significa luz e tem
função de agente dos verbos beam e
sail.
c) the lightest significa a mais leve e
está flexionada no grau superlativo.
d) somente nas duas primeiras
ocorrências, o significado de light é
leve.
a) severe (line 14) / major e) as três ocorrências da palavra light
contributor (line 28) têm o mesmo significado.
b) stronger (line 16) / the most
seasoned (line 12)
c) more frequent (line 3) / twice as 21. The adjective that follows the same
much (line 23)
d) more common (line 7) / most jet superlative rule as in “the most
aircraft (lines 17 and 18) rewarding” (line 4) is

19. Choose the word that best completes

the sentence below.

_ place I’ve ever visited was

the Netherlands.

a) The most
a) the most cheap

1
b) the most cruel
c) the most safe
d) the most old

1
 INGLÊS

UNIT 5 – PRONOUNS The imperative, which is used for orders,

invitations and requests, is an exception:
We use pronouns in place of nouns and
noun phrases:

The children were in the garden. They were

getting wet.

There are different types of pronouns.

Examples

 Personal: I/me, you, we/us, she/her,

it, they/them

 Object: me, you, him, her, it, us, them

 Possessive: mine, yours, his, hers,

ours, theirs

 Reflexive: myself, yourself, himself,

herself, yourselves, ourselves,
themselves

 Interrogative: who, whose, which, what

 Demonstrative: this, that, these, those

 Indefinite: -body, -one, -thing, one,

you, they

 Reciprocal: each other/each other’s,

one another/one another’s

 Relative: who, whom, whose, which,

that

Subject and Object Pronouns

We use subject pronouns as the subject of a

verb:

 I like your dress.

 You are late.
 He is my friend.

Be careful!
English clauses always have a subject.

 His father has just retired. > He

was a teacher. (NOT Was a
teacher.)
 I'm waiting for my wife. > She is late.
(NOT
Is late.)

1
 INGLÊS

 Stop!
 Go away.
 Please come to dinner tomorrow.

 If there is no other subject, we use

it or there. We call this a dummy
subject.

We use object pronouns as the object of a verb:

 Can you help me, please?

 I can see you.
 She doesn't like him.

And after prepositions:

 She is waiting for me.

 I'll get it for you.
 Why are you looking at her?

Possessive Pronouns

Be careful!
Possessive pronouns do not have an apostrophe:

 Is that car
yours/hers/ours/theirs? (NOT Is that
car your's/her's/our's/their's?)

We can use a possessive pronoun

instead of a full noun phrase to avoid
repeating words:

 Is that John's car?

No, it's mine. (NOT No, it's [my car].)

 Whose coat is this?

Is it yours? (NOT Is it [your coat]?)

 Her coat is grey.

Mine is brown. (NOT [My coat] is brown.)

We can use possessive pronouns and

nouns after of. We can say:

 Susan is one of my friends. > Susan

is a friend of mine. (NOT Susan is a
friend of me.)

 I am one of Susan's friends. > I am

a friend of Susan's. (NOT I am a
friend of Susan.)

2
 INGLÊS

UNIT 5 – PRONOUNS
So, what’s the difference between a
Possessive Pronoun e a Possessive  teach
Adjective?
Be careful!
Possessive adjectives are DETERMINERS. We do not use a reflexive pronoun after
We use possessive adjectives: verbs which describe things people usually
do for themselves:
 to show something belongs to
somebody:  He washed in cold water.
 That's our house.  He always shaved before going out
 My car is very old. in the evening.

 for relations and friends: We only use reflexives with these verbs
 My mother is a doctor. for emphasis:
 How old is your sister?
 He dressed himself in spite of his injuries.
 She’s old enough to wash herself.
 for parts of the body:
 He's broken his arm.
 She's washing her hair.
We use reflexive pronouns as an indirect
object when the indirect object is the
Be careful!
same as the subject of the verb:
The possessive adjective its does not have
an apostrophe (') either:
 Would you like to pour yourself a drink?
 That bird has broken its (NOT it's)  We’ve brought ourselves something
wing. (it's always means it is or it to eat.
has.)
We use reflexive pronouns as the object of
a preposition when the object is the same
Reflexive Pronouns
as the subject of the verb:
We use a reflexive pronoun as a direct
object when the object is the same as the  They had to cook for themselves.
subject of the verb:  He was feeling very sorry for himself.

 I fell over and hurt myself.  But we use object pronouns,

 Be careful with that knife. You not reflexives, after
might cut yourself. prepositions of place:

We can use a reflexive pronoun as direct  He had a suitcase beside him.

object with most transitive verbs, but (NOT himself)
these are the most common:
And after with when it means accompanied by:
 amuse
 blame  She had a few friends with her.
 cut (NOT herself)
 dry
 enjoy We use reflexives with the preposition by:
 help
 hurt  to show that someone did something
 introduce without any help:
 kill  The children got dressed by themselves.
 prepare  I prepared the whole meal by myself.
 satisfy

3
 INGLÊS

UNIT 5 – PRONOUNS
 to show that someone was alone:
 He lived by himself in an  The group of students often stayed
enormous house. in one another's houses.
 She walked home by herself.
 Note that we do not use
We use reflexive pronouns intensively to reciprocal pronouns as the subject
emphasise the person or thing we are of a clause.
referring to, especially if we are talking
about someone very famous: Be careful!
Reciprocal pronouns and plural reflexive
 Kendal itself is quite a small town. pronouns (ourselves, yourselves,
themselves) have different meanings:
 Sir Paul McCartney himself sang the
final song. John and Fred talk to each other regularly.
= John talks to Fred and Fred talks to John.
We often put the reflexive pronoun at the John and Fred regularly talk to themselves.
end of the clause when we are using it = John talks to himself and Fred talks to
intensively for emphasis: himself.

 I baked the bread myself. Indefinite Pronouns

 She mended the car herself.
Some of the indefinite pronouns in English are:
Some verbs change their meaning slightly
when they have a reflexive pronoun as anybody something
direct object: everybody nobody
somebody anyone
 Would you like to help yourself to everyone no one someone
another drink? = Would you like to anything everything nothing
take another drink?
 I wish the children would behave We use indefinite pronouns to refer to
themselves. = I wish the children people or things without saying exactly
would behave well. who or what they are. We use pronouns
ending in -body or -one for people, and
Reciprocal Pronouns pronouns ending in -thing for things:

We use the reciprocal pronouns each  Everybody enjoyed the concert.

other and one another when two or more  I opened the door but there was no
people do the same thing. one at home.
 It was a very clear day. We could
 Peter and Mary helped each other. see everything.
= Peter helped Mary and Mary
helped Peter. We use a singular verb after an
 We sent one another Christmas indefinite pronoun:
cards. = We sent them a Christmas
card and they sent us a Christmas  Everybody loves Sally.
card.  Everything was ready for the party.

We also use the possessive forms each When we refer back to an indefinite
other's and one another's: pronoun, we normally use a plural
pronoun:
 They helped to look after each
other's children.  Everybody enjoyed the concert.
They stood up and clapped.
 I will tell somebody that dinner is

4
 INGLÊS
ready. They have been waiting a
long time.

Be careful!

5
 INGLÊS

UNIT 5 – PRONOUNS
In negative clauses, we use pronouns with
no-, not pronouns with any-: 1. We use relative clauses to make clear
which person or thing we are talking
 Nobody came. (NOT Anybody didn't about:
come.)
 We do not use another negative in  Marie Curie is the woman who
a clause with nobody, no one or discovered radium.
nothing:  This is the house which Jack built.
 Nobody came. (NOT Nobody
didn't come.) In this kind of relative clause, we can
 Nothing happened. (NOT Nothing use that instead of who or which:
didn't happen.)
 Marie Curie is the woman that
We can add 's to an indefinite pronoun to discovered radium.
make a possessive:  This is the house that Jack built.

 They were staying in somebody's We can leave out the pronoun if it is the
house. object of the relative clause:
 Is this anybody's coat?
 This is the house that Jack built.
(that is the object of built)
We use else after indefinite pronouns to
refer to other people or things:
2. We also use relative clauses to give
more information about a person, thing or
 All the family came, but no one else.
situation:
 If Michael can't come, we'll ask
somebody else.
 Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just
retired.
Relative Pronouns and Relative Clauses
 We had fish and chips, which I
always enjoy.
The relative pronouns are:
With this kind of relative clause, we use
 Subject – who, which and that
commas (,) to separate it from the rest of
 Object - who/whom, which and that
the sentence.
 Possessive - whose
Be careful!
We use relative pronouns to introduce
In this kind of relative clause, we cannot use
relative clauses. Relative clauses tell us that (after or between commas):
more about people and things:
 Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just
 Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.
retired.
 (NOT Lord Thompson, that is 76,
 This is the house which Jack built. has just retired.)
 Marie Curie is the woman that
discovered radium. Whose and Whom
We use: We use whose as the possessive form of who:
 who and whom for people  This is George, whose brother
 which for things went to school with me.
 that for people or things.

There are two kinds of relative clause: When and Where

6
 INGLÊS

UNIT 5 – PRONOUNS that’s a good idea.'

 'I've got a new job.' 'That's great.'
We can use when with times and where
with places to make it clear which time or
place we are talking about:

 England won the World Cup in

1966. It was the year when we got
married.
 I remember my twentieth birthday.
It was the day when the tsunami
happened.

Demonstratives Pronouns

Learn about the demonstratives this,

these, that and those and do the exercises
to practise using them.

this and these

We use this (singular) and these (plural)
as pronouns:

 to talk about people or things near us:

 This is a nice cup of tea.
 Whose shoes are these?

to introduce people:
 This is Janet.
 These are my friends John and Michael.

Be careful!
We say, This is John and this is Michael.
(NOT These are John and Michael.)

to begin a conversation on the phone:

 Hello, this is David. Can I speak to
Sally?

that and those

We use that (singular) and those (plural)
as pronouns to talk about things that are
not near us:

 What's that?
 Those are very expensive shoes.
 This is our house, and that's
Rebecca's house over there.

Demonstratives
We also use that to reply to something
someone has said:

 'Shall we go to the cinema?' 'Yes,

7
 INGLÊS
 What’s the tallest building in the world?

With nouns
We can also use this, these, that and
those with nouns. We use this and these
for people or things near us:

 We have lived in this house for

twenty years.
 Have you read all of these books?

And that and those for people or things

that are not near us:

 Who lives in that house?

 Who are those people?

Interrogative Pronouns

We use interrogative pronouns to ask

questions. They are: who, which, whom,
what and whose. These are also known as
wh-words. Questions using these are
called wh-questions:

 Who called last night?

 Which keys are yours?

 Whom do I ask for at the desk?

 What did you do when the

electricity failed?

We can use who, whose, which and what

both as subject and object:

Who is the best footballer in the world?

(who as subject)

Who did you meet? (who as

object) What happened next?

(what as subject) What did you

buy? (what as object) Who or

whom?

What or which?

 We use what when we ask about

specific information from a general
range of possible answers:

8
 INGLÊS

UNIT 5 – PRONOUNS (a)

 We use which when we ask for little
specific information from a
restricted range of possible
half
answers:
much
 [looking at a list of

addresses] A: Which is your

address?

B: This one here.

The interrogative adverbs why, where,

how, & when are placed at the beginning
of a question.

 Why are you so late? There was a

lot of traffic.
 Where is my passport? In the drawer.
 How are you? I'm fine.
 When does the train arrive? At 11:15.

Determiners

Determiners are words such as the, my,

this, some, twenty, each, any, which are
used before nouns and include:

Articles: a/an, the

Demonstratives: this, that, these, those

Possessives: my, your, his, her, its, our,

their, x’s (possessive ’s)

Quantifiers: (a) few, fewer, (a) little, many,

much, more, most, some, any, etc.

Numbers: one, two, three, etc.

Here is a list of the most common

determiners:

(a) few, fewer,

fewest every

mos

that

9
 INGLÊS
al

which
the
either
(an)oth

er her

my

their

a/an

his

neith

er

these

all

its

no

thi

an

Jim’s, Anna’s,

etc. one, two,

three, etc. those

both

least

our

what

each

less

sever

10
 INGLÊS

UNIT 5 – PRONOUNS

many h most

some (a) little

whose

enoug

more

such

your

What do determiners do?

Determiners have two main functions:
referring and quantifying.

Referring
Referring means showing us who or what
the noun is pointing to or talking about.
The most common types of determiners
which we use for referring are articles,
possessives and demonstratives:

Quantifying
‘Quantifying’ means showing how much of
something there is, or how many:

One of, most of, etc.

Determiners other than all, both and half

must be used with of if they come before
articles, demonstratives or possessives:

 Do you want any of these boxes, or

shall I throw them away?
 Most of her school friends got
married before she did.

 Determiners which we use with of in

this way are:

(a)

few

enoug

11
 INGLÊS
every r

(every fewest

one of) no (pronoun form

much none) any

a least

l one, two, three,

l etc. both

less

f sever

e al

w each

e many

r some

either

n more

e which

i
 Determiners which can be used as
t pronouns in this way are:

h (a)

e few

r either

less

a neith

n er

12
 INGLÊS

UNIT 5 – PRONOUNS

these Questões

(a) littl 1. Mark the only alternative that the

underlined word can be replaced by
e THAT.
a) “BBC Future speaks to three young
enoug people who share their Christmas
stories”.
h b) “In the Netherlands, where I grew
up, a popular tradition around
many Christmas is to put on your skates”.
c) “It is hit on average by more than
one, two, three, 20 typhoons each year, which cause
severe flooding and large-scale
etc. this destruction”.
d) "Christmas is a celebration of what
anoth we've suffered that year, together
as a community".
er
2. Complete the sentence below
fewer using the appropriate

more pronoun:
“Sometimes, you want a search
severa engine to find pages that have
one word on
_ but not another word”.
l those
a) They.
b) Them.
any
c) Their.
d) These.
fewest
e) There.
most

some
3. Which word best completes the
question below?
which
____ _ advice do you follow more,
your parents' or your friends' advice?
both
a) Who
b) Whom
least c) Whose
d) When
much e) Where
that 4. Which option completes the text
below correctly?
whose
Ultimately you cant go long term
each without an appropriate duration of
sleep, so it's
 I’ve had a lot of pairs of sunglasses
of

13
 INGLÊS
different kinds, and I’ve lost a few important to try to get sleep
over the
years on various trips. _ _ nights.
 Pass me those, please. The black While everyone's exact sleep
ones. requirements are different, on
average you should be geiting
between six and nine hours of sleep
a night. Your brain is

14
 INGLÊS

UNIT 5 – PRONOUNS world.”

Other pandemic-related words such as
hardwired for what it needs. coronavirus, social distancing and key
Getting less sleep than you need worker were on the dictionary’s list of the
can cause sleepiness top 10 words. However, the coronavirus
and moodiness, as well as difficulty crisis didn’t completely dominate this
concentrating, poor coordination year’s vocabulary: words like “Megxit,” a
and poor work term to describe Prince Harry and Meghan
quality. Markle stepping back as senior
Overall it's important to try to
maintain a consistent and regular
sleep cycle. Be aware that when
you miss sleep, itll take
_ _ days to get back on
track.
(Adapted from https:/Awexnermedical.osu.edu/)

a) much /all / a little

b) much / every / any
c) enough / every / a little
d) enough / most / a few
e) many / most / a few

Lockdown Named 2020’s Word of the Year

by Collins Dictionary

Lockdown, the noun that has come to

define so many lives across the world in
2020, has been named word of the year
by Collins Dictionary. Lockdown is defined
by Collins as “the imposition of stringent
restrictions on travel, social interaction,
and access to public spaces”. The 4.5-
billion-word Collins Corpus, which contains
written material from websites, books and
newspapers, as well as spoken material
from radio, television and conversations,
registered a 6,000% increase in _ _(1)
usage. In 2019, there were 4,000
recorded instances of lockdown being
used. In 2020, this had risen to more than
a quarter of a million.
“Language is a reflection of the world
around us and 2020 has been dominated
by the global pandemic,” says Collins
language content consultant Helen
Newstead. “We have chosen lockdown
as _ (2) word of the year
because it encapsulates the shared
experience of billions of people who
have had to restrict _(3) daily lives
in order to contain the virus. Lockdown
has affected the way we work, study,
shop, and socialise. It is not a word of the
year to celebrate, but it is, perhaps, one
that sums up the year for most of the

15
 INGLÊS
conviction and integrity as we challenge
the structural barriers that foster conflict
members of the royal family, also made and human suffering and limit people from
the shortlist along with “TikToker” (a gaining the skills, resources, and power to
person who regularly shares or appears in become self-sufficient.
videos on TikTok), and “BLM.” The
abbreviation BLM, for Black Lives Matter is
defined by Collins as “a movement that
campaigns against racially motivated
violence and oppression”, it registered a
581% increase in usage.Adapted
from
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/10/
lockdown- named-word-of-the-year-by-collins-
dictionary

5. Choose the alternative with words

that respectively complete gaps (1),
(2) and
(3) in the correct way.
a) its, our, their
b) my, our, her
c) your, his, our
d) its, his, their
e) my, their, your

The idea of evolution (which is gradual change)

was not a new one. The Greeks had thought of
it, so Erasmus Darwin, the grandfather of
Charles, and also the Frenchman, Lamarck. It is
one thing to have an idea; we can all of us
guess and sometimes make a lucky guess.

6. The pronoun one, in bold in the

text, refers to:
a) Greeks
b) Lamarck
c) Erasmus Darwin
d) Idea of Evolution

OXFAM AMERICA

Oxfam stands for the Oxford Committee

for Famine Relief. It was started in Oxford,
England in 1942 in response to the
European famine- related issues resulting
from the Second World War. Ten other
countries worldwide, including the United
States and Australia, have started
chapters of Oxfam. They make up what is
known as Oxfam International.
Oxfam America is dedicated to creating
lasting solutions to hunger, poverty, and
social injustice through long-term
partnerships with poor communities
around the world. As a privately funded
organization, we can speak with

16
 INGLÊS

UNIT 5 – PRONOUNS e) whose/who

Mary at work yesterday?
Oxfam implements various global 9. Which question word
projects that target areas particularly completes the dialogue
affected by hunger. The projects focus on correctly?
developing self-sufficiency of the
communities in which they are based, as
opposed to merely providing relief in the
form of food aid. Oxfam’s projects operate
on the communal level, and are developed
by evaluating issues causing poverty and
hunger in the community and
subsequently the possible infrastructure
that could end hunger and foster the
attainment of self-sufficiency. Examples of
projects in which Oxfam America has been
or is involved range from a women’s
literacy program in India to providing
microloans and agriculture education
programs for small-scale organic farmers
in California.
Adapted from
http://students.brown.edu/Hourglass_Cafe/Pages/about.htm

7. In the sentence “The projects focus

on developing self-sufficiency of the
communities in which they are
based.” (paragraph 3), the
words in which and they
consecutively refer to

a) Oxfam and the projects.

b) the projects and food aid.
c) the communities and food aid.
d) self-sufficiency and the communities.
e) the communities and the projects.

8. Which is the correct option to

complete the film synopsis
below?

Hacksaw Ridge

Desmond Doss, _endured a troubled

childhood in rural Virginia, enlists in the
army. After Desmond's desire to serve as
an unarmed medic is approved by military
officials, he is sent to the Pacific arena,
he saves dozens
of lives during the Battle of Okinawa.
(Adapted from http
://oscar.go.com/nomÍnees/best-pÍcture/hacksaw-ridge)

a) which / that
b) who/where
c) what/when
d) that/which

17
 INGLÊS
e) there aren’t many cars

Peter:

wasn’t Jane: She

was ill.

a) When
b) Where
c) Who
d) Why
e) Which

10.Which option completes the

paragraph below correctly?

Money and happiness

While it is true that money can't buy love

or happiness, a certain amount is
necessary to have a baseline of
happiness. Interestingly, from science we
learn that for most people the magic
number is between $75- $100K per year.
At that point we have enough money not
to be struggling between paychecks, and
there is a diminishing return on making
more money after that. The nice thing is
happiness is more about our habits and
attitudes that we can control through
things like exercise, mindfulness,
gratitude, kindness, etc. regardless of how
or how ,__ money
we have. Happiness Is a choice and a
process, not a place.
(https ://www.linkedin.com/pulse)

a) much / little
b) many/few
c) much / few
d) many/little
e) many/much

11.Read the extract from the text

‘When the light turns green and there are

no other cars in the intersection, (...)’

Mark the option that can replace the

underlined sentence.

a) there are some other cars

b) there aren’t any other cars
c) there is another car
d) there are a few other cars

18
 INGLÊS

UNIT 9 – POSSESSIVES
Possessive Adjectives

We use possessive adjectives: I My

1. To show something belongs to You Your

somebody:
He His
 That's our house. She Her
 My car is very old.
It Its
2. For relations and friends:
We Our
 My mother is a doctor.
 How old is your sister? They Their

For parts of the body:

 He's broken his arm.

 She's washing her hair.  The students’ books, the boys’ toys,
the teachers’ lounge, etc.
Possessive ’s – Use

 We use ’s to show that something

 Irregular plural noun (NOT ending in
belongs to a person (or a pet) or to
-s) + ‘s
talk about relationships between
 The children’s toys, men’s clothes, etc.
people:
 This is Mary’s father. NOT the father
 When one thing belongs to two or
of Mary
more people, add ‘s only after the
 Peter’s car is red.
last noun.
 My dog’s ears are gray.
 Paul and Katherine’s house, Anna
and George’s car, etc.
 We also use the possessive ‘s to
talk about shops and houses.
 When we have two or more people,
 I am at John‘s. (= at John’s house)
and each person has one thing, we
add ‘s after each person.
Possessive ‘s – form  Anna’s and George’s cars (Anna’s
car and George’s car)
 Singular noun + ‘s
 Sally’s and Tim’s computers (Sally’s
 Anna’s clothes, Chris’s wife, the
computer and Tim’s computer).
student’s books, etc.

 Plural noun ending in -s + ‘

(apostrophe)

1
 INGLÊS

UNIT 9 – POSSESSIVES
Whose car is this? (NOT Who’s car is t
Possessive of  Who’s that man in the lobby? (NOT W

 We use of and NOT ’s when we talk 

about things (and not people or
pets).
 the end of the street (NOT the
street’s end)
 a picture of the eclipse (NOT the
Questions
eclipse’s picture)
1. Choose the alternative that
correctly completes the sentences
When do we use WHOSE? according to the right use of
 We use the question word whose to pronouns.

ask about possession. There are “Dear friend, thanks for _ email. It is
two possible forms: so nice to hear from _ _. Let _ tell
you
_ _news, even though _ are
Whose + noun much more interesting.”

a) your - you - me - my - yours

 Whose car is this? b) yours - you - I - mine - your
c) you - yours - my - his - they
 Whose books are those? d) my - me - mine - my - you
e) yours - I - I - mine – theirs

Whose without a noun

2. Is that book _ ?
a) yours
 Whose is this car? b) your
 Whose are those books? c) yous
d) you

 When we answer with the 3. Choose the alternative that best

possessive ‘s, we can also use ‘s + completes the dialogue below.

noun or ‘s without a noun. “Mary: Whose pencil is that? Is it yours,

Paul? Paul: No, it’s not . I saw Susan
using it. I think it’s .”
 Whose is this car?
It’s John‘s car OR It’s John‘s. a) mine - him
b) mine - hers
c) my - hers
When do we use WHO? d) my - her

4. Choose the alternative that

 Who’s = who is correctly completes the sentences
below:

2
 INGLÊS
“I remember _ _ names, but
they don't remember .
name is
Ana

3
 INGLÊS

UNIT 9 – POSSESSIVES house and the street where

_ _, lived. An ambulance was duly
and _ _ name is David. I told _ dispatched to Whinfield Terrace in
_ that _ name is Carlos.” Rowlands Gill, near Gateshead, Tyne and
Wear. The operator
a) their – mine – Her – his – them - my.
b) they – my – She's – he's – they - mine.
c) they – mine – She – he – their - my.
d) their – I'm – Her – his – them – I'm
e) them – my – She's – he's – they - I

5. Where are our books?

a) Their books are on the table.
b) Yours books are under the table.
c) Theirs books are under the table.
d) Yours are on the table.

6. Which sequence best completes

the text below?

HOW TO GET OFF THE B-SCHOOL

WAIT LIST

Every school has a different policy

about whether you should be in
touch with
_ (1) . Some say outright don't
call
_ (2), we'll call (3). If
_ _ (4) is one of (5),
follow those instructions.
Disobeying will most likely do
more harm than good.
(Adapted from http: / /www.forbes.com)

a) it - me - you - yours- it
b) them - us - you - yours - them
c) it - us - you - its - it
d) them - me - them - theirs- them
e) them - us - them - yours - it

7. Mark the correct option to

complete the text below.

“When Debbie Carr collapsed unconscious

on the floor after an epileptic fit, __
son
might easily have panicked. But the
youngster showed the kind of coolness in
a crisis - and conversational skill - that
was way beyond
_ _ years. _ picked up the
phone, dialled 999 and gave the operator
_ _ full name, _
mother's name and the number of the

4
 INGLÊS

kept _ on the line until for around

half an hour, awaiting the arrival of the
ambulance.”
(Adapted from:
<https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article- 21322/The-
boy-saved-mothers-life.html>)

a) his / her / She / her / her / she / his

b) hers / him / She / him / him / he / his
c) her / his / He / her / his / he / her
d) hers / him / She / him / her / they / him
e) her / his / He / his / his / they / him

8. Which is the correct way to

complete the text below?

11 reasons why it is important to have dreams

Everyone always says: “Follow _

dreams!” But not everyone does . Life
interjects, bills pile up, and sometimes
have to do
boring jobs just to make through the
day. However, there are a number of
reasons to follow dreams, to
break the trend, and to live the life you’ve
always wanted. (http: //www. Iifehack.org)

a) your/it/we/it/your
b) yours/it/you/them/yours
c) you/it/they/l/you
d) your/they/we/them/your
e) yours/them/l/it/yours

9. Mark the INCORRECT option

according to the Genitive Case.

a) The door’s car is open.

b) The world’s population is increasing.
c) I’m going to Grandma’s.
d) Which are Fred's and Eric’s cars?
e) This is my mother-in-law's house.

10.“Their”, (line 7), underlined in the

text, refers to

5
 INGLÊS

UNIT 9 – POSSESSIVES
a) powers.
b) drones.
c) numbers.
d) surveillance and attack. a) blast.
b) aircrews.
11.Choose the correct option to c) passengers.
complete the text. d) Domodedovo airport.

“Lily is worried about her boyfriend, Jamie. 13.Mark the option which shows the
She calls _ every day, but he doesn´t same meaning as in “Americans'
call dependence on family” (lines 54-
_ . When she wants to talk to 55):
Jamie,
_ always says he`s busy. She waits
for
_ after work, but he`s usually with
some friends. Jamie`s friends don`t like
Lily, and she doesn`t like _ _. Lily
says hello, but
_ won`t look at her. Now she knows
that Jamie doesn`t love _. But she`s
happy because she knows that _
can find a new boyfriend.” a) The family's dependence on Americans'.
b) The Americans family dependence.
a) him – her – she – he – they – they – c) The Americans dependence of family's.
her – she d) The dependence of Americans on family.
b) he – she – they – her – he – he –
them – he
14.The ’s in “not the government’s” (l.
c) him – her – he – him – them – they –
19) is the
her
– she
d) her – he – his – she – she – them –
she – them

12.“its”, (line 18), refers to a) plural mark.

b) genitive case.
c) contraction of is.
d) contraction of has.
e) contraction of was.

6
 INGLÊS

UNIT 7 – ADVERBS
Use  When an adverb modifies a verb, there
are usually 3 possible positions within
“Adverbs are one of the four major the sentence or clause:
word
classes, along with nouns, verbs and
adjectives. We use adverbs to add more
information about a verb, an adjective, 1. FRONT - Now I will read a
before book.
another adverb, a clause or a whole
subject
sentence and, less commonly, about a
noun phrase.” (Cambridge Dictionary)
2. MID I often read books.
-
Examples: between
 Can you move it carefully? It’s subject
fragile. + verb
 Quickly! We’re late.
 She swims really well. 3. END I carefully.
- after read
 Don’t go so fast.
verb/objec book
t s
Form
 When an adverb
Adjective Adjective Adverb modifies an adjective or another
ending adverb, it usually goes in front of the
word that it modifies:
Most add -ly quick quickly
adjectiv nice nicely Adverb Adjective/
es sole solely
caref carefull
Adverb
ul y
She really dirty (adj) look.
-able or change regrettab regrettab gave
- ible - e to -y le ly him a
horrible horribly
We quite often (adv) study
-y change happy happily English
- y to - .
ily

-ic change economic economically Kind of adverb can influence position

- ic to -
ically The position of an adverb often
depends on the kind of adverb (manner,
place, time, degree):
 But not all words that in -ly
end are
adverbs. The following -ly words, for Kind of Sentence Usual position
example, are all adjectives: friendly, adverb
lovely, lonely, neighbourly, etc.
 Some adverbs have the same form Manner She spoke END
as the adjective: early, fast, hard, gently.
high, late, near, straight and wrong.
 And some adverbs have no Place He lived here. END
particular form. Some examples:
well, fast, very, never, always, often,
still, etc. Time I’ll do it today. END
(definite)

1
 INGLÊS
Position

2
 INGLÊS

UNIT 7 – ADVERBS
10.Adverbs of duration
Kind of Sentence Usual position 11.Adverbs of certainty
adverb

Time We often go MID 1. Adverbs of manner

(Frequency) to Paris.
Describe how an action is performed
or how something happens.
Degree I nearly died. MID
angrily badly
beautifully calmingly
carefully cautiously
It was terribly Before adj. cleverly dangerously
funny. eagerly excitedly
foolishly fast
He works really Before adv. furiously greedily
fast. happily hard
hurriedly kindly
nervously politely
Duration I’m not END quickly quietly
staying secretly silently
long. slowly softly
stupidly unhappily
Focusing He simply MID
walked out of well wickedly
the room. willingly wisely

Certainty or It’ll probably -Probably, 2. Adverbs of degree

obligation rain. possibly
and They are used to qualify verbs, adjectives, or
certainly go adverbs by expressing extent or degree.
Maybe Nick in
will know MID position.
a bit slightly pretty
- Maybe and
quite rather somewhat
the answer. perhaps goes
in FRONT awfully extremely highly
Can I get you position or in terribly a lot really
a drink, the END after a incredibly particularly deeply
perhaps? comma. enormously greatly incredibly
Types: lots most remarkably
strongly verytotally utterly
An adverb can fall into one or more completely absolutely entirely
categories depending on how it is used. perfectly thoroughly remarkably
Some of the main types of adverbs are: fairly a little

1. Adverbs of manner
2. Adverbs of degree 3. Adverbs of time/frequency
3. Adverbs of time/frequency
4. Adverbs of purpose Describe when something happens.
5. Adverbs of place
6. Linking adverbs
7. Focusing adverbs
8. Interrogative adverbs
9. Relative adverbs
Points of Frequency Frequency Relationsh
time (definite) (indefinite) ips in time

3
 INGLÊS
(definite) (indefinite)
Now Annually Always Already
Then Daily Constantly Before

4
 Tonight Monthly Generally Eventually
Yesterday Nightly Never Finally
Quarterly Normally First
Weekly
INGLÊSOccasionally Just
Yearly Often Last
Rarely Late
Regularly Later 6. Linking adverbs (conjunctive adverbs)
UNIT 7 – ADVERBS
Seldom Lately
Sometimes Previously They connect two independent clauses,
near nearby north
Usually Recently by turning the second clause into an
off on out
Since adverbial modifier of the first. They can
outside over south
Soon introduce consequence, condition,
Still there towards under
comparison, contrast and clarification.
up upstairs west
where
4. Adverbs of purpose accordingly also
besides consequently
Help to explain why something is the case. conversely finally
Many adverbs of purpose function as furthermore hence
linking adverbs. however indeed
instead likewise
therefore meanwhile moreover
hence nevertheless next
so that nonetheless otherwise
consequentl similarly still
y subsequently then
in order to therefore thus
since
thus 7. Focusing adverbs
lest
They are used to emphasize a particular
‘So that’ is a common Adverb of Purpose. part of a sentence. They’re typically
We can use only ‘so’, but it is considered positioned next to the word they’re
informal: drawing attention to.

 You should work in the kitchen so Adding Limiting Partially limiting

that information information information
you can learn to cook. Also Alone Especially
 You should work in the kitchen so As well But Mainly
you can learn to cook.(correct but Too Exactly Mostly
less formal) Exclusively Notably
Just Particularly
(Not) only Predominantly
5. Adverbs of place Precisely Primarily
Purely At least
They describe where something Simply By and large
happens.
about above abroad 8. Interrogative adverbs
anywhere away back The interrogative adverbs “when,”
backwards behind below “where,” “why,” and “how” are used to
(also introduce a question.
backwar
d)
down downstairs east
elsewhere far here

5
 INGLÊS

UNIT 7 – ADVERBS
 When do you want to go shopping? a) John looked around but he
 Where did you get that doughnut? couldn't see the monkey.
b) He is probably in the park.
9. Relative adverbs c) The water was extremely cold.
d) He swims well.
The relative adverbs “where,” “when,” and e) I will call you later.
“why” are used to introduce dependent or
relative clauses.
3. The passage “the damage was
 This is the city where I spent my nothing compared to what had
childhood. happened in Siberia nearly one
 That was the moment when I first hundred years ago” states that
noticed him. the incident occurred _ a
century ago.
10. Adverbs of duration
a) actually
They describe us how long something b) precisely
happened. c) approximately
d) exactly
briefly temporarily
shortly permanantly 4. In the sentence “My teacher told
forever long us to read quietly”, “quietly” is
an adverb of
11. Adverbs of certainty _ .

Describe how sure or certain we are a) time

about something b) place
c) manner
definitely d) frequency
probably
maybe 5. The Importance of the
English Language
Questions
Nowadays, more and more people
1. The sentence that is not correct are dedicating time to studying English as
is: a second language. Many countries
include English in their school syllabus and
a) Could you talk more quiet? children are starting to learn English at a
I’m trying to work. younger and younger age. Do you know
b) Our new car is harder to drive why learning English is so important? Here
than our old one. are five good reasons to take an English
c) What’s the most popular of Language Course.
all the new TV shows? 1. English is the most commonly
d) Sorry we’re late. Your house spoken language in the world. One out of
is much farther than we five people can speak or at least
thought. understand English!
2. Studying English can help you get a
2. "All authorities have acted job.
quickly and with great 3. English is the language of the
caution." Internet.

Mark the option that contains a sentence above.

sentence with the same type of
adverb underlined in the

6
 INGLÊS
4. Travelling is a lot easier
with a good knowledge of English.
5. English gives you
access to multiple cultures.
Adapted from
https://www.british-
study.com/en/importance-of-english-language/

7
 INGLÊS

UNIT 7 – ADVERBS

Without changing the meaning of

the sentence, which alternative can
replace the word, in bold type, in the text?

a) Previously
b) Eventually
c) Currently
d) Actually

6. Are any foods safe to eat

anymore? The fears and the
facts

Food was once seen as a source e) a situation that carries the

of sustenance and pleasure. Today, the solution.
dinner table can instead begin to feel like
a minefield. Is bacon really a risk factor of
cancer? Will coffee or eggs give you a
heart attack? Does wheat contribute to
Alzheimer’s disease? Will dairy products
clog up your arteries? Worse still, the
advice changes continually. As TV-cook
Nigella Lawson recently put it: “You can
guarantee that what people think will be
good for you this year, they won’t next
year.”
This may be somewhat inevitable:
evidence-based health advice should be
constantly updated as new studies explore
the nuances of what we eat and the
effects the meals have on our bodies. But
when the media (and ill- informed health
gurus) exaggerate the results of a study
without providing the context, it can lead
to unnecessary fears that may, ironically,
push you towards less healthy choices.
The good news is that “next
year” you may be pleased to learn that
many of your favourite foods are not the
ticking time bomb you have been
led to believe... Adapted
from http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20151029-
are-any-foods-safe-to- eat-anymore-heres-the-truth

In the text, the word ironically

(paragraph 2) introduces

a) a situation that is irreversible.

b) a situation that ends the
problem.
c) a situation that is not true.
d) a situation that carries
a contradiction.

8
 INGLÊS

7. As used in (line 5),

‘currently’ can be
replaced by

a) now.
a) finally.
b) actually.
c) eventually.

8. Os advérbios têm a
mesma função em inglês
e em português, ou seja,
modificam um verbo, um
adjetivo outro advérbio
ou uma frase completa.
Com base nessas
informações analise as
sequências apresentadas
a seguir.

I - Actively, quickly, easily,

independently, carefully, poorly.
II - Above, below, here, there,
near, far
(from).
III - Today, yesterday, now,
early, late, last next, soon, ago.
IV - Temporarily, shortly,
indefinitely, permanently, forever.
V - Very, almost,
extremely, greatly, partially,
strongly, totally.
VI - Possibly, perhaps,
maybe, almost, certainly,
definitely.

Assinale a alternativa cuja

correspondência entre os
exemplos (acima) e os tipos
(abaixo) de advérbios está correta.

9
 INGLÊS
10.In “…, don’t try to do the whole job at
once.”, (lines 11 and 12), the
UNIT 7 – ADVERBS underlined expression is closest
in meaning to

a) adverbs of manner, adverbs a) later.

b) finally.
of c) occasionally.
place, adverbs of degree, d) at the same time.
adverbs
of
time, duration, adverbs of
adverbs of probability
b) adverbs of manner, adverbs
of place, adverbs of time,
adverbs of duration, adverbs
of degree, adverbs of
probability
c) adverbs of place, adverbs of
manner, adverbs of time,
adverbs of duration, adverbs
of degree, adverbs of
probability
d) adverbs of manner, adverbs
of probability, adverbs of
time, adverbs of duration,
adverbs of degree, adverbs of 11.“regularly”, (line 15), can be
place replaced by
e) adverbs of probability,
adverbs of place, adverbs of a) often.
time, adverbs of duration, b) seldom.
adverbs of degree, adverbs c) hardly ever.
of manner d) almost never.
9. Read the sentences
below. I- I work hardly 12.“I have to prepare the country
every day. for the World Cup and the
II- My classmates speak French very Olympics, but I also have
well. another commitment, and that is
III- Ana drives incredibly fast. to work very hard to end
IV- Our father is a very carefully driver. absolute poverty in Brazil. We
Choose the option according to the still have 14 million in poverty.
correct use of the adverbs and modifiers. That’s my major challenge,”
a) Only the sentences I, lll and Dilma Roussef, Brazil’s first
IV are correct. female president, said.
b) Only the sentences I and lll GLOSSARY
are correct. commitment – compromisso
c) Only the sentences II and lll
are correct. “hard”, in bold type in the extract, is
d) Only the sentences II, lll and an adverb of
IV are correct.
e) Only the sentences III and IV
are correct.

1
a) time.
b) place.
c) manner.
d) frequency.

1
 INGLÊS
underlined conjunction is correctly
explained in parenthesis.
UNIT 7 – ADVERBS

13.The words “sometimes” and

“never”, in bold type in the text,
are adverbs of

a) time
b) place.
c) manner.
d) frequency.

14.Choose the correct option to

complete the paragraph below.

Is an autonomous ship a 'ship' in the eyes

of the law?

Different defmitions of 'ship' appear in

different statutes and conventions, and it
has often fallen to judges to decide if a
floating object is, or is not, a 'ship'. _ ,
none of the defmitions of'ship' requires
that the floating object be manned,
generally simply requiring that it be used
or be capable of being used in navigation.
Whether this is by remote control or fully
autonomous would not appear to be a
problem in terms of the legal definition of
a 'ship'. It appears probable, ,
that autonomous ships are likely to fali
within the legal definition of 'ship' and so
will have to comply with the relevant laws
and conventions _ the
laws themselves might require some
modification.
(Abridged from SEAWAYS -The International Journal o f the
Nautical Inslitute. Dec/2017).

a) Also / however / even so

b) Because / otherwise / anyhow
c) Moreover / instead / in addition
d) Hence / as well / in spite of
e) However / therefore / although

15.Mark the option in which the

idea expressed by the

1
a) She stared at me as if I were a

complete
b) stranger.
While
in she(condition)
was asleep, thieves broke
and stole her handbag. (time)
c) I cannot tell whether she is old
or young, for I have never seen
her. (result)
d) I was feeling hungry, so I made
myself a sandwich (reason)
e) Unless they get protection,
they will not testify. (purpose)

1
 INGLÊS

UNIT 8– PREPOSITIONS
 Are you out of your mind?
What is preposition?
A preposition is a word placed before a
noun or noun equivalent to show its
relationship to another word in the
sentence. It helps us understand order,
time connections, and positions. Examples:

 I am going to Canada.
 Alex threw a stone into the pond.
 The present is inside the box.
 They have gone out of the town.

Fun Facts about prepositions:

1. Prepositions cannot be plural,

possessive, inflection, or anything
else.
2. Sometimes a preposition works as
nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.
3. Prepositions can be of one, two,
three, or even more words.
Prepositions with two or more words
are called phrasal prepositions.
There are some commonly used
phrasal prepositions: because of, in
case of, instead of, by way of, on
behalf of, on account of, in care of, in
spite of, on the side of, etc.

Types of Preposition

Simple Preposition

The most common type of prepositions.

They are often used to join two clauses.

Examples:

Double Preposition

Two Simple Prepositions joining together

to form one which connects the noun(s) or
pronoun(s) to the rest the words in a
sentence.

Examples:

1
 INGLÊS

UNIT 8– PREPOSITIONS
 I was allowed the inside of the  Barring (excepting, apart from
temple. that): Barring any
 She’s sandwiched in unforeseen circumstances, the
between two of her plane will take off on time.
cousins.  Concerning (about): Concerning her
artwork, critics have mixed
Compound Prepositions/ opinions.
Phrasal
Prepositions

Compound Prepositions are

composed of prepositions as well

as other words. Along with, apart

from, because of, by means of,

according to, in front of, contrary to,

in spite of, on account of, in

reference to, in addition to, in regard

to, instead of, on top of, out of, with

regard to, etc. are the most

common phrasal prepositions.

Examples:

 They along with their

children went to Atlanta.
 According to the new rules,
you are not right.
 In spite of being a good
player, he was not selected.
 I’m going out of the city.
 I started for home, with
a view to celebrating Eid
with my family.
 On behalf of our family, my
father attended the family
reunion.

Participle Preposition

Present participles (-ing) and past

participles (-ed and -en) that are
and as
used but prepositions
at toinstead
on of in
for
verbs, of are upcalled off from
participle out
wit during
prepositions. down below beside over
h
Examples:

2
 INGLÊS

UNIT 8– PREPOSITIONS
 Considering (taking into the prepositions about and for are being
account): Considering the features of detached from their objects.
the car, its price is reasonable.
 During: Napoleon conquered many
countries during the French
Revolution.
 Pending (a period till ): Pending
further investigation, she will
remain in police custody.
 Regarding (about): Regarding your
resume, we have filled the position
with a more qualified candidate.
 Respecting (in respect of):
Respecting your proposal, we have
to say that it lacks feasibility.

Disguised Preposition

These prepositions are usually disguised

as some other element in the English
language. Often these prepositions are
disguised as "a" and "o" in sentences.

Examples:

 I wake up at 5 o'clock. (Of the clock)

 Keep striding ahead. (on the head)
 Pope went ashore. (onshore)
 Rimi visits the riverbank once a day.
(in a day)

Detached Preposition

A preposition is called a detached

preposition when it does not come before
its object. It is detached from its object.
When the object of a preposition is an
interrogative pronoun or a relative pronoun, the
preposition comes at the end of the
sentence.

Examples:

 She is the woman whom I

was talking about.
 Here are the books that you asked
for.
 Which of the houses were
you working in?

 In the first two of the above

examples, we can see that because
of relative pronouns whom and that,

3
 INGLÊS

UNIT 8– PREPOSITIONS
 He is playing with his brothers.
Prepositions of Time

They show the relationship of time

between the nouns to the other
parts of a sentence. On, at, in, from,
to, for, since, ago, before, till/until,
by, etc. are the most common
preposition of time.

Examples:

 He started working at 10 AM.

 The company called
meeting on 25
October.
 There is a holiday in December.
 He has been ill since Monday.

Prepositions of Place and Direction

They show the relationship of

place between the nouns to the
other parts of a sentence. On, at,
in, by, from, to, towards, up, down,
across, between, among, through, in
front of, behind, above, over, under,
below, etc. are the most common
prepositions of place/direction.

Examples:

 He is at home.
 He came from England.
 The police broke into the house.
 I live across the river.

Prepositions of Agents or Things

They indicate a causal relationship

between nouns and other parts of
the sentence. Of, for, by, with,
about, etc. are the most used and
common prepositions of agents or
things.

Examples:

 This article is about smartphones.

 Most of the guests have already left.
 I will always be here for you.

4
 INGLÊS

UNIT 8– PREPOSITIONS
Commonly Confused Prepositions e) along

2. Choose the correct preposition

to complete the sentence: “I study
English
_ _ Mondays.”

a) for
b) on
c) in
d) at

3. Read text V to answer question .

There are no excuses for racism.

Racism takes many forms and can happen

1
__ many places. lt includes prejudice,
discrimination or hatred directed at
someone because of their color, ethnicity,
or national origin.
People often associate racism with acts of
abuse or harassment. However, it doesn't
need to involve violent or intimidating
behavior. Take racial name-calling and
jokes. Or consider situations when people
may be excluded from groups or activities
because of where they come 2 _ _.
Racism can be revealed through people's
actions as well as their altitudes. It can
also be reflected in systems and
institutions. But sometimes it may not be
revealed at all. Not all racism is obvious.
For example, someone may look 3 _ a
list of job applicants and decide not to
interview people with certain surnames.
Racism is more than just words, beliefs,
Questions and actions. lt includes all the barriers that
prevent people from enjoying dignity and
1. Preencha o espaço em branco com equality because of their race.
<https://humanrights.gov.au/our- work/race-
a única preposição correta. discrimination/what-racism>

Hey, break the rules again and you are Complete the gaps 1, 2, and 3 in the text,
_ of the game”, said the referee to the respectively, with the correct preposition
soccer player.” “Sorry, Sir”, said the and then, mark the correct option.
soccer player. “It won’t happen again.”
a) on /for/ at
a) out b) into / of/ through
b) at c) with /from / to
c) off d) onto/ at/ for
d) with e) in / from / through

4. Which option completes the

5
 INGLÊS

UNIT 8– PREPOSITIONS
sentence below correctly?

6
 INGLÊS

UNIT 8– PREPOSITIONS
Our founder made the decision to close _ learning have been informed by research in
Sundays 1946, when he opened his second language acquisition. Also giving
first restaurant in Hapeville, Georgia. learning a
(Adapted from https://www.chanhassencfa.com/sundays>)

a) at / at
b) in / in
c) on/ on
d) in / on.
e) on / in

5. Based on the text, answer

question.

I- __ _ my experience as a Captain,
your crew is your first line II- _ _
defense III- __ any
major incident. As soon as something
goes awry, they burst IV-
_ action, they're trained to do
so, it's instinctive. I have no doubt,
everyone aboard the Ever Given did
everything V- _ their power to protect
that ship and avoid a major incident,
but some things are VI-
_ _your control. They will never be
praised for saving the ship, only criticized
for grounding it.

a) I - In / II -of / III - for/ IV- in / V - at /

VI - under
b) I - In / Il - for / II - under / IV - into/ V
- in / Vl - at
c) I - Under /II - of / III - against / IV- in
/ V- above / VI - beyond
d) I - From / II - of / III - from / IV- over
/ IV - into / V - over / VI - under
e) I - From / II - of / III - against / IV -
into / V- in /VI- beyond

6. Read the following extract to

answer question.

Innovation in the language teaching

field in the late 1980s and 1990s has been
stimulated by a special concern for the
language learning process. New methods
propose that language learning is best
served when students are interacting –
completing a task or learning content or
resolving real-life issues – where linguistic
structures are not taught one by one, but
where attention to linguistic form is given
as necessary. These views of language

7
 INGLÊS

UNIT 8– PREPOSITIONS
special focus are methodological we went again, making a U-turn
innovations of the late 1980s and back to the bay to drop anchor with
1990s. These include teaching the other cruisers who'd opted to
learning strategies, using skip the draft headaches. We made
cooperative learning, and planning it just before the gale
lessons in such a way that overtook us.
different intelligences are
addressed. a) of / into / out / on / up
b) towards / over / up / along / over
In the fragment from the text c) off / along / into / at / out
“innovation in the language d) from / on / off / in / on
teaching field in the late 1980s e) to / in / along / over / off
and 1990s”, the underlined
expression is an instance of Prison without guards or weapons in Brazil

a) noun phrase.
b) prepositional phrase.
c) adjective phrase.
d) absolute phrase.

7. Choose the correct

alternative to complete the
paragraph
below.

Charter, Sail, Repeat: new

ventures and old favorites
in the Greek Isles By
Zuzana
Prochazka On our
first day, we sailed
southwest nearly 50 miles
011 a nice beam reach,
winding through Kolpos
Idras, or the Hydra Gulf. By
the end, we were running
out daylight, so we
pulled _ the miniscule
harbor on Spetses Island. I
read the guides twice, but
the most I got was a
warning about tl1e inner
harbor being only 4ft deep,
which made me suck in my
stomach as we crept in. The
harbor turned
_ _ to be a mix of private
yachts, commercial boats
and fishing craft, and as we
were looking round, I
happened to notice black
clouds _ the horizon.
The wind was also now
picking _ , so out

8
 INGLÊS

UNIT 8– PREPOSITIONS
Tatiane Correia de Lima is a 26-
year-old mother of two who is serving a 9. Choose the correct alternative to complete
12-year sentence in Brazil. The South the excerpt below.
American country has the world’s fourth
largest prison population and its jails “I agonized _ _ whether I wanted to splurge
regularly come under the spotlight for _ a private tour and have a little more autonomy
their poor conditions, with chronic _ _ where we went and how long
overcrowding and gang violence
provoking deadly riots.
Lima had just been moved from a
prison in the mainstream penitential
system to a facility run _ _(1) the
Association for the Protection and
Assistance to Convicts (APAC) in the town
of Itaúna, in Minas Gerais state. Unlike in
the mainstream system, “which
steals your femininity”, as
Lima puts it, at the APAC jail she is
allowed to wear her own clothes and
have a mirror, make-up and hair dye. But
the difference between the regimes is far
more than skin-deep. The APAC system
has been gaining growing recognition
as a safer, cheaper, and more humane
answer to the country’s prison crisis. All
APAC prisoners must have passed through
the mainstream system and must show
remorse and be willing to follow the strict
regime of work and study which is part of
the system’s philosophy. There are no
guards or weapons and visitors are
greeted by an inmate who unlocks the
main door to the small women’s jail.
Inmates are
known as
recuperandos (recovering people),
reflecting the APAC focus __ (2) restorative
justice and rehabilitation. They must study
and work, sometimes in collaboration with
the local community. If they do not - or if
they try to abscond - they risk being
returned to the mainstream system. There
have been physical fights but never a
murder at an APAC jail.

8. Choose the alternative containing

the correct words to respectively
complete gaps (1) and (2).
a) to, in
b) in, of
c) at, on
d) by, from
e) by, on

9
 INGLÊS

UNIT 8– PREPOSITIONS
we spent each place, but ultimately I November
went 21 2010, grossing over US$392
_ a Gamma Travel group tour.” million worldwide and became the most
purchased DVD of the year. The
a) on / at / on / at / in soundtrack was released in the same year.
b) about / in / in / in / on Following the success
c) over / on / over / at / with
d) in / over / - / in / on
e) - / about / - / in / with

10.Observe the city map.

lt’s correct to say that the

a) grocery store is in front of the high

school.
b) library is behind the hospital.
c) drugstore is next to the café.
d) barbershop is across from
the sports center.
e) the bank is between the shopping
center.

T
w
i
l
i
g
h
t

Twilight is a 2008 American

romantic vampire film based _
Stephenie Meyer’s popular novel
of the same name. It is the first
film in The Twilight Saga film
series. This film focuses on the
development of the relationship
between Bella Swan and Edward
Cullen (a vampire), and the
subsequent efforts of Cullen and
his family to keep Swan safe _ a
coven of evil vampires.
The project was in
development for approximately 3
years _ Paramount Pictures, during
which time a screen adaptation
that differed significantly from the
novel was written. Principal
photography took 44 days and the
film was primarily shot in Oregon.
Twilight was theatrically released _

1
 INGLÊS

UNIT 8– PREPOSITIONS
of the film, New Moon and Eclipse, the a) of / of / in / with / in / at
next two novels in the series, were b) of / of / for / of / by / on
produced as films the following year. c) in / about / of / with / for / in
d) in / about / of / of / by / in
11.Choose the correct prepositions to e) on / on/ for / with / on / on
fill in the gaps above.
‘Navigation , derived _ _ the Latin
a) of – off – at – in words “navis” (meaning “ship”) and
b) about – to – over – at “agere” (meaning “to drive”) is the
c) under – for – off – in process of accurately determining the
d) on – from – at – on position and controlling of a craft or
vehicle
_ a desired course. This is
accomplished _ finding the navigator’s
12.Choose the option that position compared _ _ known locations
correctly completes the text below, or patterns (…)’. (MarineLink.com – Maritime
respectively. Reporter and MarineNews magazines online)

“_ half-past twelve next day Lord 14.The blanks of this excerpt can be
Henry Wotton strolled from Curzon Street adequately filled by:
over to the Albany to call on his uncle,
Lord Fermor, a genial if somewhat a) from – towards – by – with
rough-mannered old bachelor, b) from – along – on – with
_ _ the outside world called selfish, __ it c) of – along - on – to
derived no particular benefit from d) of – towards- by – to
him, but e) from – along – by – to
_ _ was considered generous by Society
as he fed the people who amused him.” 15.Choose the altemative that
(WILDE, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Collins Classics.) correctly completes the sentences
below:
a) On / which / nonetheless / that
b) About / where / notwithstanding / _ March 25th she will be_ _ the
which
c) In / who / instead / whom
d) At / whom / because / who
e) Around / that / consequently / plane. She arrives_ 7 am.
which
Once London she will call us.
13. Which sequence completes the
text
below? vessels appears to be occurring at an
unprecedented rate. This recent trend is
“The profile of the global maritime partially explained _ the larger percentage of
industry encompasses a significant
variation cultural diversity. More
pointedly, a culturally diverse milieu
officers and ratings is becoming more of
the norm _ _ contemporary maritime
shipping ventures. Unlike the planned
cohabitation of mixed cultures that were
known to be tolerant and compatible each
other, the current mixing of diverse
nationalities on board merchant cargo

1
 INGLÊS

UNIT 8– PREPOSITIONS
a) On - in - on - on. Gabarito:
b) At - in - at - in.
c) On - on - at - in. 1. A
d) Since -on- in - at. 2. B
e) From - at - at - in. 3. E
4. E
5. E
mixed crew foreign flagged 6. B
ships.
Regardless of the causes, however, there 7. A
can be no doubt that the maritime
environment has become multi-cultured, 8. E
dynamic, fast paced and laden with 9. C
liability.” 10.D

1
 INGLÊS

UNIT 8– PREPOSITIONS
11.D
12.A
13.B
14.E
15.C

1
 INGLÊS

UNIT 9 – SIMPLE PRESENT

The simple present tense is used:

To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions

and wishes: He drinks tea at breakfast.

• She only eats fish.

• They watch television regularly.

• Water freezes at zero

degrees. To give instructions or
directions:

• You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.
• Open the packet and pour the contents into
hot water. To express fixed arrangements, present or
future:

• His mother arrives tomorrow.

• Our holiday starts on the 26th March.

• Your exam starts at 09.00

To express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as, until:

• He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.

• She'll see you before she leaves.
• We'll give it to her when she arrives.
Be careful! The simple present is not used to express actions happening now.

Form:

Affirmative: I go to school every morning. / He wants ice cream.

Interrogative: Do you watch the news in the morning? / Does he play
soccer well? Negative: I don’t go to school every morning. / He doesn’t
want ice cream.

In the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:

• He wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.

Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies: fly --> flies, cry --> cries

1
 INGLÊS
Exception: If there is a vowel before the -y: play --> plays, pray --> prays

2
 INGLÊS

UNIT 9 – SIMPLE PRESENT

Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch: he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes

QUESTÕES

1. Leia o texto para responder à questão.

A number of writers in our field have criticized the concept of language teaching
methods. Some say that methods are prescriptions for classroom behavior (Pennycook
1989); others that teachers do not think about methods when planning their lessons
(Long 1991), and that methodological labels tell us little about what really occurs in
classrooms (Katz 1996).

A particular method can be imposed on teachers by others. However, we also know

that teaching is more than following a recipe. Any method is going to be shaped by a
teacher’s own understanding, beliefs, style, and level of experience. After all, teachers
are professionals who can, in the best of all worlds, make their own decisions. They
are informed by their own experience, the findings from research, and the wisdom of
practice accumulated by the profession (see, for example, Kumaravadivelu 1994).

Furthermore, a method is decontextualized. How a method is implemented in the

classroom is going to be affected not only by who the teacher is, but also by who the
students are, the institutional constraints and demands, and factors connected to the
wider sociocultural context where the instruction takes place. In addition, decisions
that teachers make are often affected by exigencies in the classroom rather than by
methodological considerations. Saying that a particular method is practiced certainly
does not give us the whole picture of what is happening in the classroom. Then, too,
since a method is more abstract than a teaching activity, it is not surprising that
teachers think in terms of activities rather than methodological choices when they
plan their lessons.

[...] Some language teaching methods share the view that language can best be
learned when it is taught through communication, rather than for it; and second, that
language acquisition can be enhanced by working not only on language, but also on
the process of learning (learnng strategies, cooperative learning and multiple
intelligences). (LARSEN FREEMAN, D. Techniques and principles in language teaching. 2th ed. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2000. pp. xi-xii. Adaptado)

Note that the text is predominantly written in the present tense. This can be explained
by the fact that

a) the text is about what teachers and researchers are presently doing as far as
methods in language teaching are concerned.
b) this is the tense typically used to talk about processes, of which language
acquisition is an emblematic example.
c) the text relates to past criticisms about language teaching methodology which

3
 INGLÊS
have reached the present.
d) the text is talking about the state-of-the-art in language acquisition principles and
concepts.
e) this is a text referring to constant or universal beliefs and truths about
language teaching methodologies.

4
 INGLÊS

UNIT 9 – SIMPLE PRESENT

2. Dad arrives at midnight”. The verb arrives is in the:

a) simple past tense – affirmative form
b) simple present tense – affirmative form
c) present perfect tense – affirmative form
d) present continuous tense – affirmative form

Helping at a hospital

Every year many young peopie finish school and then take a year off before they start
work or go to college. Some of them go to other countries and work as volunteers.
Volunteers give their time to help people. For example, they work in schools or
hospitals, or they help with conservation.

Mike Coleman is 19 and_ in Omaha, Nebraska, in the United States. He

wants to become a teacher but now he in Namibia. He's working in a hospital near
Katima Mulilo. He says, " I'm working with the doctors and nurses here to help sick
people. I'm not a doctor but I can do a lot of things to help. For example, I help carry
people who can't walk. Sometimes I go to villages in the mobile hospital, too. There
aren't many doctors here so they need help from people like me. I don't get any
money, but that's OK, l'm not here for the money.”

"I'm staying here for two months, and I'm living in a small house with five other
volunteers. The work is hard and the days are long, but I'm enjoying my life here. I'm
learning a lot about life in Southern África and about myself! When I finish the two
months' work, I want to travel in and around Namibia for three weeks. For example, I
want to see the animals in the Okavango Delta in Botswana." http://vyre- legacy-
access.cambridge.org

3. Which verb forms respectively complete the gaps in the text?

a) is living / leaves
b) lives / is living
c) is living / lives
d) leaves / is living
e) leaves / is leaving

4. Which option completes the sentence “She __ _ early” correctly?

a) getting usually up

5
 INGLÊS
b) usually gets up
c) gets usually up
d) gets up usually

6
 INGLÊS

UNIT 9 – SIMPLE PRESENT

5. Complete the text with the correct verbs:

“My neighbors are very noisy. A young couple with a baby and a dog live upstairs.
They aren`t happy together, so they_______________all the time. Their dog when they
aren`t at home, and their baby
when they are. An old couple lives downstairs. They can`t hear, so they
always _ ________________________ the TV on very loud. They loudly
because the TV is loud, and they _ a lot
about
which shows to watch.”

a) sleep – barking – to cry – had - ‘d talked – ‘ll argue

b) talk – will bark – crying – to have – talks – argued

c) sing – barked – cried – has – to talk – arguing

d) shout – barks – cries – have – talk – argue

6. Complete the sentence with the correct option:

_ dinner at 7 o'clock?

a) Do he always has
b) Does he always have
c) Does he always has
d) Is he always have

7. The correct verbs to fill in the blanks are, respectively:

a) buy/ make/ give/ clean

b) buy/ clean/ make/ give

c) give/ buy/ clean/ make

d) make/ give/ buy/ clean

8. Read the sentence below.

Scientists took digital photographs of the footprints and created a 3D image from
them.

The altemative that correctly transforms the sentence above to the simple present is:

7
 INGLÊS
a) Scientists take digital photographs of the footprints and create a 3D image from them.
b) Scientists tooks digital photographs of the footprints and creates a 3D image from them.
c) Scientists takes digital photographs of the footprints and create a 3D image from them.
d) Scientists tooks digital photographs of the footprints and create a 3D image from them.

8
 INGLÊS

UNIT 9 – SIMPLE PRESENT

e) Scientists took digital photographs of the footprints and creates a 3D image from them.

9. Choose the sentence that is grammatically correct.

a) These flowers smell nice.

b) He lived happy with his work.
c) I have hard any money.
d) There is a bird highly in the sky.
e) She closed the door quiet.

10. Which sequence best completes the text below?

Each naval district_ at least one base from which it and its vessels , but,
except for Aratu in the 2nd Naval District, most _ not large. Aratu to be the
MB's number two dockyard complex outside Guanabara Bay. (Adapted from
http://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/2013/12/look--brazilian-navy/)

a) has/operates/is/seems
b) has/operate/are/seems
c) have/operate/are/seem
d) have/are operated/are/seem
e) have/are operating/is/seem

11. Mark the option that completes the text with the right form of the verbs in
parenthesis, respectively.

Betty's doctor told her to exercise more. So she began running. She (to enjoy) running. She
(to run) almost every day. Betty will run in the marathon next week. A marathon
_ _(to be) 26 miles. She will run for three hours without stopping. She will try to
finish it.

a) enjoys / rans / was.

b) enjoy / run / be.
c) enjoys / runs / is.
d) enjoyes / runes / is.
e) enjoyed / runned / was.

9
 INGLÊS
UNIT 10 – PRESENT CONTINUOUS
_ _
We use the present continuous form mainly  Are you visiting your parents?
in 3 situations:  Is he eating pizza right now?
1. For something that is happening now,  Are you sleeping?
at this moment. Examples:  Where are you going now?
 You are using the computer.
 You are studying English language. Continuous or Gerund?
The easiest way to differentiate gerund
2. To describe an action that is going on from present continuous is to check if the
during a period of time. Examples: sentence contains the verb to be.
 Are they still studying in the Examples:
same school?  She is sleeping.
 Are you reading many books?  We are studying.
 They are reading.
3. For an action or event which has already
been planned or prepared in the future. On the other hand, if the —ING form is
Examples: starting the sentence or following a verb
 I'm meeting my friends tonight. or preposition, then this is the gerund.
 Are you visiting me next holiday?
Examples:
Affirmative: Subject + to be + verb ING  Playing chess is really fun!
 He enjoys running.
 After having a shower, I waited
 I am listening to my favorite song. for Steven.

 She is running.
 He is studying for the tests. QUESTÕES

Negative: Subject + to be + not + verb ING 1. Mark the sentence from the text that
contains the use of Present Continuous.
a) "Three people have died."
b) "The reporting chain worked
 I am not (I'm not) doing exercises.
without delay."
 She is not (isn't) listening to me.
c) "He said the quarantine restrictions
 You are not (aren't) working
properly. could last for weeks."

Interrogative: To be + subject + verb ING + ?

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 10 – PRESENT CONTINUOUS
them because they have a milk allergy or lactose

d) "Officials reported a third intolerance. Others choose them for

environmental reasons or because they want a
vegan diet. Some just like the taste. Cow’s milk
death on
_ _ once one of America’s most iconic
Sunday, an elderly woman from the

town
of Crema suffering from cancer."
e) "Italian officials say they are still
trying to trace the source of the
outbreak."
2. Mark the option in which there is NO
Present Continuous Tense.
a) A former Facebook executive has
said social media is doing great
harm to society around the world.
b) He was responsible for increasing
the number of users Facebook ad.
c) He said the networks are destroying
society because they are changing
people's behavior.
d) Palihapitiya also points out how
fake news is affecting how we see
the world.
e) It is becoming easier for large
websites to spread lies.
3. Which is the correct way to complete the
paragraph below?
A change of habits
In recent years, dairy milk alternatives
made from almonds, soy, cashews, and
coconuts _ _ in popularity. Many people
consider them more nutritious than cow's
milk. Some people _

2
 c) Singers with a perfect smile are

beverages. But now Americans _ _ making consumers more prone to

buy their CDs.

less of it.

(Adapted from https ://www.nytimes.com)

a) have exploded/bought/was/are
drinking
b) have exploded/buy/was/are drinking
c) have exploded/buys/was/drink
d) exploded/buy/is/have drunk
e) exploded/bought/is/drink
4. Choose the option that correctly
completes the sentences below,
respectively.
“Due to the influences of the wind
and the sea the vessel can make
different rotating and linear
motions: I - when the whole ship
moves bodily to starboard to port,
the vessel is and then to port, the
vessel is . lI-
when her bow is pushed to
starboard and then to port, the
vessel is _ .

a) I- pitching / II- rolling

b) I- surging / II- heaving
c) I-rolling / II- surging
d) I- swaying / II- yawing
e) I- yawing / II- pitching

5. Which alternative is in the

progressive tense?
a) After completing his task,
he smiled so happily.
b) Having perfect set of teeth
please more American fans.

3
 INGLÊS
UNIT 10 – PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The Amazon rainforest is most likely now

d) Being good-looking seems to be a net contributor to warming of the planet,

according to a first-of-its-kind analysis from
more than 30 scientists.
strongly

associated with the so-called

beauty
premium.

6. Marque a opção em que o uso

do ing denota ação contínua.

a) …disturbing number of adults… (linha

1)
b) Collecting them is no idle pursuit…
(linhas 3 e 4)
c) …your first sticker […] has a
640/640 probability of being
needed. (linhas 6 e 7)
d) According to Sylvain Sardy and
Yvan Velenik… (linha 8)
e) …the market is not being rigged.
(linha 12)

First study of all Amazon greenhouse gases

suggests the damaged forest is now
worsening climate change

4
 do.

For years, researchers have expressed Yet no team had ever tried to assess the
cumulative impact of these processes,
concern that rising temperatures, drought, and even as the region is being rapidly
deforestation are reducing the capacity of the
world’s largest rainforest to absorb transformed. The research estimates that
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and atmospheric warming from all of these
help offset emissions from fossil-fuel sources combined now appears to swamp
burning. Recent studies have even the forest’s natural cooling effect.
suggested that some portions of the The damage, however, can still be
tropical landscape already may release reversed. Halting global emissions from
more carbon than they store. coal, oil, and natural gas would help
But the inhaling and exhaling of CO2 is restore balance, but curbing Amazon
just one way this damp jungle, the most deforestation is a must, along with
species-rich on Earth, influences the reducing dam building and increasing
global climate. Activities in the Amazon, efforts to replant trees. Continuing to clear
both natural and human-caused, can shift land at current rates appears certain to
the rainforest’s contribution in significant make warming worse for the entire world.
ways, warming the air directly or Internet:<www.nationalgeographic.com> (adapted).
7. Based on the text above, judge the follow
releasing other greenhouse gases that
item.

5
 INGLÊS
UNIT 10 – PRESENT CONTINUOUS

The terms “inhaling”and “exhaling” a) Certo

b) Errado
(third

paragraph) are verbs that express the

idea that
the action is happening now.
a) Certo
b) Errado
8. The companies are expanding their
business and they __ _ all the help
they can get. So they several
people.
a) need – are employing
b) are needing – are employing
c) needed – are employing
d) are to need – employed
e) needing – employ

9. Assinale a alternativa que preenche

corretamente cada lacuna da frase
apresentada:
I __ to the radio every day, but I
_ _ listening to it now.

a) listen – am not
b) listened – had
c) listening – was not
d) was listening – not
e) not listen – was

10. “On workdays, I almost always have

lunch after midday.”

Regarding this sentence, judge the

following item:

6
The verb “have” is in the present
continuous because it’s an action that
is happening at the moment of
speaking.

7
 INGLÊS
UNIT 11 – SIMPLE PAST
We use the past tense to talk about:
Verb ending
 Something that happened once in Add ... Example
in...
the past:
Eg.: I met my wife in 1983. 1 vowel + 1 Double stop -
stopped
We went to Spain for our holidays. consonant consona
nt and

 Something that happened several add -ed

times in the past:

Eg.: When I was a boy, I walked a mile to  Questions:
school every To form a question: 'did' + subject +
infinitive. Eg.: Did we have classes last
day. week?
We swam a lot while we were on holiday.  Negative:
Subject + didn’t + infinitive
 Something that was true for some Eg.: We didn’t have classes last week.
time in the past:
Eg.: He enjoyed being a Questões
student. She played a lot of tennis when
she was younger. 1. Which option completes the text
below correctly?
 We often use expressions with ago
with
the past simple: Jack _ _ a young sailor. He _ in
Eg.: I met my wife a long time England, but he _ _ often away with his
ship. One summer he back
ago. How to use it: from a long voyage and _ new
neighbours near his mother's house.
 Add -ed to the regular verb. look - They _ a daughter, and Jack
looked, watch – watched, soon in love with her.
play – played. (Adapted from HILL, LA. Elementary Stories for
Reproduction 2. OUP, 1980. p.4.)

Verb ending a) is /lives /is / come / find / have / fall

Add ... Example
in... b) were/lived / were / came / find / has / feel
c) was / lived / was / came / found / had / fell
-e only add - d live -
d) were / lives / were / comes / found /
lived
has / fell
date - dated

Consonant Change y to carry -

+y
i an add -ed carried cry -
1
e) was / lived / was / come /
founded / had / feel

2
 INGLÊS
UNIT 11 – SIMPLE PAST
2. Mark the option that completes the generation equipment, and a living area for
excerpt below correctly. 64, as well as medical, healthcare,

[...] Then he I __ a lot,

and I
_ _ that I did. He where,
and I __ him that I

throughout Europe and to the east

coast in America, primarily.
(MCDANIEL, Phyllis. Over the line: a Detective

Bendix mystery VI. 2013. p. 200)

a) asked / travel / said / asked if / told

/ had gone
b) asked / traveled / told / asked if /
said / went
c) asked if / travel / told / asked / said /
go
d) asked if / traveled / told / asked /
said / go
e) asked if / traveled / said / asked /
told / went

3. Choose the correct option to

complete the paragraph below.

The Brazilian Navy _ its new

Antarctic station "Estação Antártica
Comandante Ferraz" (EACF) on 15
January. The facility _ by China
National Electronic Imports and
Exports Corporation (CEIEC) to
replace the original EACF, which by
a fire in 2012. The new
station _ of
laboratories, communications and
meteorological modules, power

3
 catering, and technical
areas.
(Adapted from https://www.janes.com)

a) was inaugurated / built /

destroyed / composes
b) inaugurated / was built /
destroyed / composes
c) was inaugurated / built /
destroyed / is composed
d) inaugurates / builds / was
destroyed / was composed
e) inaugurated / was built /
was destroyed / is
composed

4. Read the sentence below.

“He feels like eating a lot of ice

cream on Friday.”

Change the sentence to Simple Past

tense and negative form. Then, mark the
correct option.
a) He didn't fell like eating a
lot of ice cream last Friday.
b) He didn't felt like eating a
Jot of ice cream last Friday.
c) He didn't feel like eating a
lot of ice cream last Friday.
d) He didn't like eating a lot of
ice cream last Friday.
e) He didn't fall like eating a
lot of ice cream last Friday.

An e-mail
to Mary
Hi, Mary!
How are you? I miss you so much!

4
 INGLÊS
UNIT 11 – SIMPLE PAST
I arrived in Rome last week and I’m B: Good morning, Sue!
having a lot of fun. This morning my A: Tell me, dear,_ you go to
parents and I woke up at 8:00 and had a Theo's bday party last night?
great breakfast at the hotel. Afterwards, I B: oh, yes, I__ _ . It was great! I
walked a little and saw many tourists _ so much fun! But I ____ _
(many from Russia and China) and even you there! _ you there, sweetie?
some famous people! A: No, I ___ .I_ at
Now we are going to Venice. home. What time did you get home?
How are things in Las Vegas? Come B: It___ about 11 p.m. when I got
meet us! See you soon! there! A: AII right then! See you around!
Paul. B See ya!

5. All verbs below, underlined in the Mark the option that completes the
text, are in the Simple Past, dialogue correctly.
EXCEPT: a) were / was / did / don't see / Was /
a) Arrived not / went / was
b) Woke b) did / did / had / didn’t see / Were / wasn’t
c) Come / stayed / was
d) Had c) will / will / am having / am not see
/ Do / don’t / am / is
6. Mark the right option to fill in the d) were / were / did / saw / Were /
blanks in the cartoon, respectively. weren‘t / were / is
e) did / did / was having / wasn't / Did / didn’t
/ stayed / got

The cost of a cigarette

A businesswoman’s desperate need for a
cigarette on an 8-hour flight from
a) amazes - spend
American Airlines in her being arrested
b) amazed - spend
and handcuffed, after she was found
c) amazed - spends
lighting up in the toilet of a Boeing 747,
d) amazes - spends
not once but twice. She
e) amazed – spent
_ because she
7. Read the dialogue
below. A: Hi, Anna!

5
_ violent when
the plane landed in
England, where the
police subsequently
arrested and
handcuffed her. Joan
Norrish, aged 33,

6
 INGLÊS
UNIT 11 – SIMPLE PAST
yesterday _ _ the first person to be "Egyptian hieroglyphic
prosecuted under new laws for smoking _ undeciphered until
on board a plane, when she was fined the 19th century. Members of Napoleon’s
£440 at Uxbridge magistrates’ court. Egyptian expedition of 1799_
Adapted from Innovations , by Hugh Dellar and Darryl
Hocking. a black basalt
stone,
8. Choose the best alternative to
_ _ 114 x 72 cm, at Rashid
complete the text using verbs in the
(Rosetta). The stone _ _ with
Simple Past:
three different scripts: hieroglyphic, the
a) result / were / turning / become
derived demotic script,
b) resulted / was / turned / become
everyday purposes, and
c) resulted / was / turned / became
Greek. (...)”
d) result / were / turning / became (CRYSTAL, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language,
3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, 2010.)

9. Choose the alternative that is NOT

in the Simple Past: a) remained - discovered - measuring -
was carved - used for
b) remained - had discovered -
measuring - carved - used to
c) had remained - had discovered -
measured - is carved - using to
d) had remained - discovered -

a) A man has chosen to occupy his measured - was carved - uses for

free time revitalizing a square. e) could remain - discovered -

b) People congratulated the man for measuring - would carve - uses for

the gradual changes in the square.

c) He planted a number of pau-brasil,
palm and banana trees.
d) Residents noticed the square’s
changes.

10.Which option correctly completes

the text below?

The Rosetta Stone

7
 INGLÊS
UNIT 12 – PAST CONTINUOUS
We generally use the past continuous to right option.
talk about actions and states in progress a) saw / was arguing / were listening / went
(happening) around a particular time in the
past.

Use 1 – an interrupted action in the past

Here the Past Continuous is used to indicate

a long action that was interrupted. Usually
the action that interrupts the long action is
the Past Simple.

 I was studying when Danny called

me.
 I broke my leg while I was skiing.

Use 2 – parallel actions

The Past Continuous is used to indicate that

two actions were happening at the same
time; hence parallel actions.

 I was watching TV while the children

were playing outside.
 While Sarah was speaking to Fred,
Peter was trying to get her attention.

Use 3 - Reasons and contexts for events

We often use the past continuous to give a

reason or context for an event:

 I didn’t make the meeting last week;

I was travelling to Rome.

Form

We use was/were + the -ing form of the

verb.

Questões

1. Complete the sentences with the

correct use of the Simple Past and
the Past Continuous.

- I was waiting for the bus when I_ _

(see) her.
- The children _ (argue) when
the teacher arrived.
- Everyone_ (listen) to music when
the lights _ . (go) out.

To fill in the gaps respectively, mark the

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 12 – PAST CONTINUOUS
b) was seeing / was arguing / listened /
were
c) were seeing / argued / listened /
were
d) saw / were arguing / was listening /
went
e) was seeing / argued / listened /
were going

2. Write (T) for true and (F) for

false according to the
explanation of the tenses in
parenthesis.

( ) When you are looking back from

a point in past time, and you are
concerned with the effects of
something which happened at an
earlier time in the past. (Past perfect
)
( ) When you are concerned with
the present effects of something
which happened at an indefinite
time in the past. (past perfect
continuous)
( ) When you are talking about
something which continued to
happen before and after a particular
time. (past continuous)

Choose the alternative that

corresponds to the right order.

a) T–F–F
b) T–F–T
c) F–T–F
d) F–F–T

3. Qual das alternativas

apresenta a estrutura correta
do “Past continuous”?

a) verb to be (present) + main verb + ing

b) verb to be (past) + to + main verb
c) verb to be (past) + main verb + ing
d) verb to be (present) + to + ing
e) verb to be (past) + ing

2
 INGLÊS
UNIT 12 – PAST CONTINUOUS

6. Choose the correct option to

4. Fill in the blanks with the suitable complete the sentences:
verb forms, respectively
a) is coming / sings 1. Where have you been? I _ _ for you for
b) comes / is singing two weeks!
c) was coming / sang 2. Their bus at 3:00 p.m.
d) came / was singing 3. Tim _ to the beach, when he
heard the weather forecast and changed
his mind.
4. Research _ that excessive
sue of cell phones may cause headaches.
5. When the police arrived, the thieves
_ _.
a) have been looking / has arrived /
drove / showed / had run away
b) am looking / has arrived / was driving
/ has shown / has run away.
c) have been looking / has arrived /
drove / has shown / ran away.
d) have been looking / arrives / was
driving / has shown / had run away.
e) am looking / arrives / was driving / showed
/ ran away.

7. Read an extract of a news report and

decide which verb correctly
completes the sentences. Then,
choose the correct alternative.

“Drivers on a Chinese motorway in Sichuan

had to stop suddenly because an ostrich _ _
along the road. It _ _ to belong to a Mr
Liu, or Meishan, who that the ostrich
_ away when he
it.”

a) ran – was turning out – was

explaining – ran – fed
b) was running – turned out – explained
– was running – was feeding
c) was running – turned out – explained – ran
5. The -ing form in “Helicopters were – was feeding
swarming …”, (lines 24 and 25), is d) ran – turned out – was explaining –
being used in the same way as in was running – was feeding
e) ran – was turning out – explained –
a) Carter admits feeling nervous […] was running – fed
b) Soon after arriving at the base, […]
c) […] when he first found out he 8. Choose the option that correctly
was deploying to Iraq […] completes the
sentence:

As they ___ _ down the street they

3
 INGLÊS
UNIT 12 – PAST CONTINUOUS
d) Carter said his Sather tour has been _ Amelia.
extremely rewarding, […]

4
 INGLÊS
UNIT 12 – PAST CONTINUOUS
a) walked – saw
b) were walking – saw
c) walked – were seeing
d) was walking – was seeing
e) were walking – were seeing

9. Which sequence best completes the

text below?

Davis beckham (1) in a

minor car accident on Friday. The
football ace (2) near Torrence in
Califirnia when he (3) into
the back of
a stationary vehicle
with his Cadillac SUV.

(Adapted from http://www.thisislondon.co.uk)

a) involved - was driving run

b) was involved was driving- ran
c) was involving - drove - was running
d) has been involved - had been driving - run
e) was involved - drove – ran

10.Mark the option that

completes the paragraph
below correctly.
The Portuguese navy _ all 22
crew members via helicopter.
Authorities
_ the rescue mission as
“highly skilled and physically
demanding.” The crew members
to a hotel on Faial Island
in the Azores. Nobody _ in
the fire. (Adapted from
https:/Avww.washingtonpost.c
om/)

a) rescued / described / took / were injured

b) rescued / described / were taken /
was injured
c) were rescued / was described /
were taken / injured
d) was rescued / were described /
took / was injured
e) was rescued / were described / was taken
/ were injured

5
 INGLÊS
UNIT 13 – PRESENT PERFECT
Uses recently for events taking place a very short time
We use the present perfect simple to refer before now:
to events in the past but which connect to
the present.

Experiences
We use the present perfect simple to talk
about our experiences up to now. The
time of the experiences is not important:

We’re going to Outback for dinner

tonight. I’ve been there a couple of times
before.

Although we do not give a specific time,

we often use general time expressions like
ever, never, before, in my life, so far, up
until now with this use of the present
perfect simple:

We haven’t met before, have we?

They’ve sold 110 so far. (so far = from a

point in the past up until now)

We often use ever, not … ever and never

when we talk about experiences:

It was the worst

performance we have ever seen.

We often use the present perfect simple

for a unique experience when we are
using a superlative:

The dome of the Blue Mosque is the most

beautiful building I have ever seen.

It was the best decision I have ever made

in my life.

We usually use the present perfect

simple with the first time when we’re
talking about an immediate, continuing or
recent event:

That’s the first time I’ve seen you get angry.

Recent completed events

We use the present perfect simple to talk
about a finished event or state in the very
recent past. We do not give a specific
time. We often use words like just or

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 13 – PRESENT PERFECT
What’s this? What’s just happened? simple, mainly in questions and negative
statements, to refer to things we intend to
The company employs around do in the future but which are not done:
400 staff and has recently opened
an office in the UK. Don’t wash up that cup. I haven’t finished
my coffee yet. (I intend to finish it.)
Past events, present results

We use the present perfect simple

when a single past action has a
connection with the present:

She’s broken her arm in two

places. (Her arm is still broken
now.)

Your flowers haven’t arrived. (Your

flowers are not here; they were
supposed to arrive in the past.)

Time + for and since

We use the present

perfect simple with for and since
to talk about a present situation
that began at a specific point in
the past and is still going on in the
present. We are looking back from
the present to a point in the past.

For refers to periods of time, e.g.

three years, four hours, ages, a
long time, months, years.

Since refers to a previous point in

time, e.g. last Monday, last year,
1987, yesterday.

How long …?

We often use expressions with for

and since to answer the question
How long …+ present perfect
simple. We use the How long
…? question to ask about the
duration of a state or activity:

How long have you worked there?

Since 21 August. So for about four months.

Yet

We use yet + the present perfect

2
 INGLÊS
UNIT 13 – PRESENT PERFECT
Already tribe to get the baby eskimo but was not
successful. Other tigers were unhappy with Diego
We use already + the present perfect because of his incompetence to get the baby, who
simple when we want to emphasise that is now with Manfred, the mammoth, and Sid, the
something is done or achieved, often sloth. Eventually the three animals get together,
before the expected time:

I’ve already booked my flight home.

Still

We use still + the present perfect simple

when we want to emphasise that
something we expected to happen
continues not to happen:

She still hasn’t said sorry to me.

We can also use the present perfect

simple to introduce an ‘open’ general
point about something. We can then use
the past simple (underlined) to give more
detailed specific information:

Have you seen any Arthur Miller plays? I

saw a fantastic production of ‘The
Crucible’.

Questões

1. Choose the alternative in which

you can NOT find Present Perfect
tense:
a) Researchers have already
discovered cures for many diseases.
b) I had three cups of coffee with
milk this morning.
c) We’ve just gotten back from Los
Angeles.
d) They have won several awards.

ICE AGE

Ice Age is an animated movie about a

story that took place 20,000 thousand
years ago. At that time, (I) everything was
covered in ice. The movie follows the path
of a mammoth, a sabertooth tiger and a
sloth after they encounter an Eskimo baby
and decide to protect it from the cold and
other animals.
(II) Diego, the tiger, had attacked the

3
 INGLÊS
UNIT 13 – PRESENT PERFECT
although with very different b) has injured
agendas, and form a friendship c) had injured
bond while taking care of the d) injured
human baby.
The movie also features a 4. Change the sentence into
squirrel desperately trying to bury the interrogative form.
an acorn without success. This
squirrel has such a distinctive “The cost of living has doubled in relative
personality that we can only hope terms over recent years.”
(III) he’ll star in his own movie
someday.

The sentences that are underlined

in the text are in the:
a) I Simple Past - II Simple
Past - III Future Perfect
b) I Past Perfect - II Simple Past
- III Simple Future
c) I Simple Past - II Past Perfect
- III Simple Future
d) I Past Continuous - II Present
Perfect - III Future
Continuous

2. Which option completes the

paragraph below
correctly?

If your child has no

symptoms of vision
problems and no family
history of vision problems,
every
one to two years. Otherwise,
schedule eye exams based
on the advice of your eye
doctor.
(Adapted from
https://www.mayoclinic.org)

a) have rechecked his or her vision

b) have his or her vision rechecked
c) his or her vision has rechecked
d) has rechecked his or her vision
e) have had rechecked his or her
vision

3. The statement “many

people were injured by
falling glass” (line 7) stands
for

Falling glass _ many people.

a) have injured

4
 INGLÊS
UNIT 13 – PRESENT PERFECT
a) Has the cost of living double in all again I said: Oh my God, I see you walking by
relative terms over recent years? Take my hands, my dear, and look me in my eyes
b) Has the cost of living doubled in Just like a monkey, I’ve been dancing my whole
relative terms over recent years? life
c) Have the cost of living double in
relative terms over recent years?
d) Have the cost of living doubled in
relative terms over recent years?

The Chronicles of Narnia - The Lion, the

Witch and the Wardrobe

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe,

completed by the end of March 1949 and
published by Geoffrey Bles in the United
Kingdom on 16 October 1950, tells the
story of four ordinary children: Peter,
Susan, Edmund, and Lucy Pevensie,
who _ _
evacuated to the English countryside from
London following the outbreak of World
War II. They discover a wardrobe in
Professor Digory Kirke’s house that leads
to the magical land of Narnia. The
Pevensie children help Aslan, a talking
lion, save Narnia from the evil White
Witch, who has reigned over the land of
Narnia for a century of perpetual winter
with no Christmas. The children become
kings and queens of this new-found land
and establish the Golden Age of Narnia,
leaving a legacy to be rediscovered in
later books.
Adapted

from
www.en.wipedia.org/wiki/
the_lion_the_witch_and_the_wardrobe

5. Keeping in mind the structure of the

Present Perfect Tense, fill the blank
in the text.
a) has been
b) have been
c) have to be
d) hasn’t been

Dance Monkey

I’ve never seen anybody do the things you

do before
They say
Move for me, move for me, move for me,
ay-ay- ay
And when you’re done I’ll make you do it

5
 INGLÊS
UNIT 13 – PRESENT PERFECT
And you just beg to see me dance
just one more time
Ooh, I see you, see you, see you every
time
Adapted from:
https://www.letras.mus.br/tones-and-
i/dance- monkey

6. The sentences underlined,

in the text, are in the:

a) Present Perfect, Imperative,

and Simple Present.
b) Present Perfect, Simple
Present, and Imperative.
c) Simple Present, Imperative,
and Present Perfect.
d) Simple Present, Present
Perfect, and Imperative.

7. The correct form of the

sentence “more than
100,000 people burst into a
rendition of ‘Happy
Birthday’ ” (lines 2 and 3) in
the present perfect is:

a) More than 100,000 people

has bursted into a rendition
of Happy Birthday.
b) More than 100,000 people
have bursted into a
rendition of Happy Birthday.
c) More than 100,000 people
have burst into a rendition
of Happy Birthday.
d) More than 100,000 people
has burst into a rendition of
Happy Birthday.

6
 INGLÊS
UNIT 13 – PRESENT PERFECT
b) heard i has been / developed / could have
/ have been achieved
c) had heard / is / has been
developed / could be / have
achieved
d) would hear / is / would have
developed / could have been /
achieved
e) have heard / has been / had
developed / could have / have been
achieved

10.Which option completes the

paragraph below correctly?

Millennium development goals: an overview

8. Considering the underlined
expression in the sentence “Flight The millennium development goals
operations to and from Chennai (MDGs)_ _, eight key areas - poverty,
have been affected due to heavy education, gender equality, child
rains” (lines 8 and 9), it is correct to mortality, maternal health, disease, the
say that environment and global partnership.
a) the present perfect tense was used Each goal , by 21 specific targets and
to refer to a temporary continuing more than 60 indicators. The UN _ _the
action. MDGs 'the most successful anti- poverty
b) the present perfect tense was used movement in history’, but what progress
to announce news of a recent on each of the goals?
event.
c) the past perfect tense was used to (Adapted from https://vwwv.theguardian.com)
say that something was in progress.
d) the simple past tense was used to a) have been targeted/supports/has
announce an earlier past. been called/has made
b) have targeted/support/has
9. Which option best completes the called/has been made
paragraph below? c) have targeted/is supported/has
called/has been made
What is Marine Engineering? d) have been targeted/supported/has
been called/has been made
About a century ago no one_ _about a e) have targeted/are supported/has
been called/has made
marine engineer, but today it __ as
established as any other famous ones.
Over the last 100 years, engineering as
a field of study
_ _ and diversified far beyond what
_ _imagined prior to this period. Not
only this, it has also branched out into
various specialized fields that _ great
progress. Most of these new fields are
aligned to any of the basic engineering
branches like mechanical, electrical, civil,
electronics, computers etc and have
something or the other incorporated from
them. One such branch is called marine

7
 INGLÊS
UNIT 13 – PRESENT PERFECT
engineering.
(Adapted from http: / / www. marineinsight. com / careers)

a) would have heard / is / has

developed / could have been / have
achieved

8
 INGLÊS
UNIT 14 – PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Present Perfect or Present Perfect Not: They haven’t been knowing each other
Continuous? for very long.
 We use the present perfect simple 3. Verbs of the senses (hear, smell, taste):
with action verbs to emphasise the
completion of an event in the
Have you heard the news?
recent past.
Not: Have you been hearing the
 We use the present perfect
continuous to talk about ongoing
news? Questions
events or activities which started at
a time in the past and are still
continuing up until now. 1. In paragraph 2, the option that fits
the gap appropriately in standard
language is
Compare

I’ve written an essay. Completed event.

I’ve been writing Ongoing activity:

an essay. I’m still writing it.

I’ve thought Suggests that I’m

about buying a not thinking about
it any more. a) have been studied.
laptop. b) has been studied.
c) has studied.
I’ve been thinking Focuses on the d) is studied.
about buying a new action of thinking
laptop for a while but I over a period of 2.
haven’t decided which time up to now.
one to get.

 Sometimes we can use either form

and the meaning is the same:

I’ve lived here for 20 years.

I’ve been living here for 20 years.

 The present perfect continuous

form is not normally used with:

1. Verbs that refer to actions that are

completed at a single point in time
such as start, stop, finish: “He has been living abroad for
decades...”, (line 11), means that Nunes
Has the concert started already?
Not: Has the concert been starting already?
a) used to live abroad.
b) is still living abroad.
2. Verbs of mental process (know,
c) has been to different countries.
like, understand, believe):
d) has recently moved to another country.
They haven’t known each other for very long.

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 14 – PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
She nearly discouraged me from travelling alone. S
3. Mark the correct option to Tom was very embarrassed when his wife saw him
complete the sentence. The basketball team didn't object to training on the
My legs are aching now because I _ _
since 2 o’clock.

a) am swimming
b) swam
c) swim
d) have been swimming
e) would be swimming

4. What Explains Brazil's Surfing Boom?

Brazil _ more than 4,000 miles of

coastline, and Brazilians its waves at
least since
the Australian surfer Peter Troy _ a
demonstration in Rio de Janeiro in 1964.
So why the sudden dominance? The
answer is that the country itself _ .
(http://nytimes.com)

Which is the correct way to complete the disapproved of Peter moving to New
paragraph below? Zealand.
b) The boss insisted on fire the lawyer after
a) has/have surfed/has given/has the big scandals were exposed.
changed.
b) has/have been surfing/has
given/has changed.
c) has/have been
surfing/gave/has changed.
d) has had/have
been surfing/gave/changed.
e) has had/have surfed/has
given/changed.

5. What is the correct way to

complete the sentence below?

Most of the instructions in this

handout
_ _.

a) have not been followed.

b) are not being follow.
c) are not been followed.
d) are not been follow.
e) have not being followed.

6. Which option is
grammatically INCORRECT?

a) Everybody in the family has

2
 INGLÊS
UNIT 14 – PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

7. In paragraph 2, the option

that fits the gap
appropriately in standard
language is

a) have been studied.

b) has been studied.
c) has studied.
d) is studied.

8. The sentence “But I’ve

developed a new
philosophy” is an example
of Present Perfect. Choose
the alternative which follows
the same grammar rule.

3
 INGLÊS
UNIT 14 – PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
a) He’s wanted for murder.
b) She has many overcooked cookies. “The oldest human footprints in Europe have been
c) They needed to withdraw money discovered in Britain. There are only three
today.
d) He’s tried that new restaurant
downtown.

9. Gregory “Greg” Heffley is an

American middle school student
and also the main protagonist of the
book series Diary of a Wimpy Kid.
Greg is lazy, petty, slightly narcissistic,
sociopathic, egotistical, eccentric,
egocentric, usually backstabbing, and
sometimes even selfish and dishonest, and
apparently lacks talent. He hardly has any
skills aside from video games and possibly
singing. However, despite all this, Greg
has had his kind and caring moments, but
not that often.
Adapted from https://diary-of-a-
wimpy- kid.fandom.com/wiki/Greg_Heffley

The negative form of the underlined

sentence is

a) Greg doesn’t have his kind and

caring moments, but not that often.
b) Greg haven’t had his kind and
caring moments, but not that often.
c) Greg hasn’t have his kind and
caring moments, but not that often.
d) Greg hasn’t had his kind and
caring moments, but not that often.

10. Choose the best alternative to

complete the blank.
a) putting
b) putted
c) puts
d) put

4
 INGLÊS
UNIT 14 – PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
other sets of footprints that are
older and they are in Africa.
Scientists took digital
photographs of the footprints and
created a 3D image from them.
The images and model were
unveiled at a news conference at
the British Museum in London.
Scientists think that most of the
footprints are children’s. There
was at least one adult, too.
Discoveries of ancient man’s
footprints are extremely rare.
Scientists say that the discovery
will rewrite our understanding of
human occupation of Britain and
Europe.”

In the sentence: “The oldest

human footprints in Europe have
been discovered in Britain”, choose
the correct verb tense.

a) Simple past.
b) Past perfect.
c) Simple present.
d) Present perfect continuous.
e) Present perfect.

5
 INGLÊS
UNIT 15 – PAST PERFECT/ PAST
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Past perfect simple: Uses Compare

The past perfect refers to time up to a Past perfect

point in the past (time up to then), just as I’d waited an hour simple emphasises
the present perfect refers to something for the bus. the completion of
that happened in the time up to the the activity (the
moment of speaking (time up to now): waiting is over).

Compare Past
I’d been waiting
an hour for the perfect continuous
I’d been to five Past perfect: bus. focuses on the
countries in Europe ‘time up to then’ duration of the
by 2001. (2001). activity.
The past perfect simple suggests
I’ve been to Present something more permanent than the past
perfect continuous, which can imply that
five countries in perfect: ‘time up something is temporary.
Europe. to now’.
Compare
We commonly use the past perfect:
In reported clauses where the reporting
verb is in the past: She’d always lived We don’t know
 The policeman said Mr Hammond with her parents. how long.
had driven through a red light.
 No one told me that the shop had
closed. Suggests
She’d been living with
 The doctor felt my mother had got
her parents.
worse since last week. (perception a temporary
verb) situation.

To refer to situations which have changed: Past Perfect Continuous or Past Continuous?
A: Are you going anywhere today?
B: I had planned to go to the beach but In English, the choice of verb tense – Past
look at the rain! Perfect Continuous or Past Continuous –
will make the idea much clearer.
In a clause with if, when we imagine a
different past: Compare
I would have helped to paint the house
if you’d asked me. (You didn’t ask me.)
Past perfect simple or past perfect
continuous? I was reading a When she got
book when she got home I was sitting
 We use the past perfect simple with home. on the sofa
action verbs to emphasize the reading a book.
completion of an event. I had been reading When she got
 We use the past perfect continuous a book home I was no
to show that an event or action in when/before she longer
the past was still continuing. got home. reading the book.

Questions

1
 a) was fancying / hadn’t ever met /
INGLÊS had / wants / was
b) fancying / have never met / have /
UNIT 15 – PAST PERFECT/ PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS want / wasn’t
1. The contraction 'd (line 04) means c) fancied / had never met / had /
wanted / was
d) fancies / have never met / haven’t
/ wanted / am
e) fancied / had never met / hadn’t / wanted
/ was

4. Janet was out of breath because

a) had. _ _.
b) would.
c) did. a) she does run
d) do. b) she didn’t run
c) she’s been running
2. Choose the correct verbs forms to d) she’s run
complete the sentences: e) she’d been running

I - I wish you __ all the water! 5. When Martin _ _the car, he took
I’m thirsty. it out for a drive.
II - If you hadn’t helped me, I _
the task so easily. a) were washing
III - If you __ me back, I wouldn’t b) had washed
have to borrow money from my parents. c) has washed
IV - If it ____ _ for the d) washed
goalkeeper, our team would have lost. e) was washing

a) didn’t drink/ wouldn’t finish/ had 6. Which option completes the paragraph
paid/ weren’t below correctly?
b) hadn’t drunk/ wouldn’t finish/ had
paid/ hadn’t been ln 1984, Dallas, Texas, a call to the
c) hadn’t drunk/ wouldn’t have emergency services
finished/ have paid/ wasn’t catastrophically wrong. An elderly
d) didn’t drink/ wouldn’t have woman
finished/ paid/ weren’t _ breathing in her home. Her
e) hadn’t drunk/ wouldn’t have son, clearly distressed, _ 911. His
finished/ paid/ hadn’t been conversation with the dispatcher
soon
3. Choose the option that completes the _ out of control.
text below: (Adapted from https://www.bbc.com)

I had a really funny evening yesterday, a) had gone / stopped / had called / spiraled
Mary. I got talking to this boy in the pub, b) was going / had stopped / has called
very nice-looking he was, and I could see / was spiraling
he _ me. He said he anybody c) went / has stopped / had called /
like me before, and he felt I _ _ a very had spiraled
unusual kind of beauty. Oh, yes? I said. d) had gone / has stopped / called /
Then he asked me if I _ a lift was spiraling
home, so I said no, I _ _ hungry, e) went / had stopped / called / spiraled
so we went out for a curry.
7. Mark the correct alternative:

2
 INGLÊS
UNIT 15 – PAST PERFECT/ PAST
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
When I saw a diamond necklace in a local
jewelry store, I knew it was exactly what I 9. Choose the alternative in which you can find
__ _ for. the Past Perfect Continuous.

a) have looked a) About 30 people had been staying on cots

b) had looked inside.
c) have been looking b) We were laying in bed when I heard sirens.
d) had been looking
e) looking

8. Mark the correct option to complete

the text below.

Achemical-laden cargo ship is sinking off

the coast of Sri Lanka, sparkling fears of
an environmental disaster

The Singapore-registered X-Press

Pearl I-
_ _ on fire for almost two weeks
before the blaze II- _ this week.
Hundreds of tonnes of oil from fuel
tanks III- ___ into the sea, IV- _
nearby marine life. The Sri
Lankan and Indian navies V-
_ jointly over the past days in
an attempt VI- _ _ the fire and
VI-
_ the ship from breaking and
sinking. (Adapted
from
https://www.bbc.com>news>word...)

a) I- has been / II- has been put out /

III - leaked / IV - to devastate / V -
worked / VI
- to put out / VII - had prevented
b) I- has been / II- was put out / III -
had leaked / IV - devastating / V -
have worked
/ VI- putting out / VII – preventing
c) I- had been / II- was put out / III-
could leak
/ IV- devastating / V- had worked /
VI- to put out / VII - prevent
d) I- had been / II - put out / III- could
have leaked / IV- devastating / V-
have worked
/ VI - to put out / VII - to prevent
e) I- was / II - put out / HI - were
leaking / IV- devastating / V - had
worked / VI - to put out / VII -
preventing

3
 INGLÊS
c) More than 50 roads have been
closed.
d) Schools were opened for evacuees.

10. Read the text to answer question.

Evacuations as typhoon hits China coast

More than 200,000 people_

evacuated as a typhoon made
landfall on China’s east coast, state
media say. Typhoon Yagi hit China’s
Zhejiang province shortly before
midnight on Sunday packing winds
of up to 102km/h, the official
Xinhua news agency reports, citing
provincial flood control
headquarters.
A total of 204,949 people in 10
cities, including Taizhou, Zhoushan,
and Wenzhou, have been
evacuated and almost 21,000
fishing boats called back to port, it
said. The storm will also bring
heavy rain and will gradually
weaken as it moves slowly inland to
the northwest, Xinhua said.
Summer is China’s typhoon season,
although casualties _ minimised
in recent years by early
government planning and
evacuations from potencial danger
zones. Adapted from www.news.com

Complete the text with the correct

alternative.

a) has been – had been

b) had been – had been
c) has been – have been
d) have been – have been

4
 INGLÊS
UNIT 16 – IF CLAUSES
My eyes will do the same if you walk away Everyda
It will rain – Bruno Mars __
If you ever leave me, baby 'Cause there'll be no sunlight If I
As If-clauses são as conditional tenses (frases condi
Leave some morphine at my door lose you, baby
'Cause it would take a whole lot of And there'll be no clear skies If I
medication To realize what we used to lose you, baby
have And just like the clouds
We don't have it anymore
There's no religion that could save me
No matter how long my knees are on the
floor (oh)
So keep in mind all the sacrifices I'm
makin' To keep you by my side
To keep you from walkin' out the
door 'Cause there'll be no
sunlight
If I lose you, baby
There'll be no clear
skies If I lose you,
baby
Just like the clouds
My eyes will do the same if you walk
away Everyday it'll rain, rain, ra-a-a-
ain
I'll never be your mother's favorite
Uh, your daddy can't even look me in the
eye Ooh, if I was in their shoes, I'd be
doing the same thing
Sayin', "There goes my little
girl Walkin' with that
troublesome guy"
But they're just afraid of something
they can't understand
Ooh, but little darlin' watch me change
their minds
Yeah for you I'll try, I'll try, I'll try, I'll try
And pick up these broken pieces 'til I'm
bleeding If that'll make you mine
'Cause there'll be no
sunlight If I lose you,
baby
There'll be no clear
skies If I lose you,
baby
Just like the clouds
My eyes will do the same if you walk
away Everyday it'll rain, rain, ra-a-a-
ain
Oh, don't you say (don't you say)
goodbye (goodbye)
Don't you say (don't you say)
goodbye (goodbye)
I'll pick up these broken pieces 'til I'm
bleeding If that'll make it right

1
 INGLÊS

Zero Conditional

Utilizada para apresentar

um fato, ou seja, alguma coisa de
que você tem certeza ou que
acontece com bastante
frequência. A Zero Conditional é
formada por duas sentenças e os
dois verbos no presente. Examples:

If grandma goes to the

supermarket on foot, her legs hurt.

Também é
possível usar o when ou
unless, que funcionam como as
palavras “quando” e “a menos
que” em português. Examples:

I feel very good when I go on

a trip. Don’t wake me up unless Beth
gets back home early.

First Conditional

A First Conditional é utilizada

para dar conselhos ou impor
condições. Neste caso, enquanto o
verbo da if-clause está no presente,
o da sentença principal é usado no
futuro. Examples:

If you don’t take a coat with

you, you’ll be cold at night.
She won’t pass the year
unless she studies hard.

Second Conditional

Para falar de situações

hipotéticas no presente ou no
futuro, utilizamos a Second
Conditional. Nela, o verbo da if-
clause é usado no simple past e o da
sentença principal é acompanhado
dos modais “would” (mais comum),
“could” ou “might”. Examples:

2
 INGLÊS
UNIT 16 – IF CLAUSES
If she had a car, she could see her Nesse segundo tipo de oração condicional
boyfriend every day. mista, o tempo verbal da oração "if" é o
"simple past", enquanto que o da oração
If I were you, I wouldn’t spend so
principal é o "perfect conditional".
much money on clothes.
If I wasn't afraid of spiders, I would have
(Mesmo para he, she, it e I, o verbo
picked it up.
usado é o were)
If we didn't trust him we would have sacked
him months ago.
Third Conditional

A third conditional também fala de Questions

situações hipotéticas, mas agora sobre o
passado, ou seja, é para quando 1. Mark the option in which the
queremos comentar algo que não passage expresses a condition.
aconteceu.
Para isso, usamos o verbo da if- a) From a perceptual standpoint […]
clause no past perfect e o da sentença b) Unless you are in an emergency
principal no present perfect, acompanhado situation […]
de “would”, “could” ou “might”, o que dá à c) Rather than knowingly making the
estrutura a ideia de uma possibilidade que wrong choice […]
não aconteceu. Examples: d) Furthermore, pro-social and
altruistic behaviors can be
If they had planned better, they might influenced […]
have moved to England.
2. The sentence in the text “As you
Condicional mista know, if you dedicate to your
studies, you will succeed in life.”,
Em uma oração condicional, existe a lines 11 and 12, is classified by
possibilidade de suas duas partes
indicarem períodos ou momentos a) Second Conditional.
distintos. O resultado disso é uma oração b) Third Conditional.
condicional mista ("mixed conditional"). c) First Conditional.
Existem dois tipos de orações condicionais d) Zero Conditional.
mistas:
3. Read this paragraph.
1. Resultado atual de uma condição
situada no passado "Innovative" IBM Kills Working from
Home
Nesse tipo de oração condicional mista, o
tempo verbal da oração "if" é o "past
If you would list the reasons why IBM's
perfect", enquanto o da oração principal é growth isn't what management wants it to
o "present conditional". Examples: be, geographic dispersal probably
wouldn't be in the top ten. WFH only works
If I had worked harder at school, I would if you can actually assess on an ongoing
have a better job now. basis what work is getting done, but then
again that's true for in-office work as well.
If we had looked at the map we wouldn't be
Lazy managers assume work is getting
lost.
done if you're in the office, just as
delusional ones assume everyone works
2. Resultado passado de uma condição
productively and independently if they are
atual ou em progresso
remote. But if the actual performance
goes down due to lower motivation and

3
 INGLÊS
UNIT 16 – IF CLAUSES
wasted time, then it is a problem.
(Adapted from https: / / www. linkedin .com / pulse)

4
 INGLÊS
UNIT 16 – IF CLAUSES
Which option contains a sentence I’ll prepare her ticket.
with INCORRECT grammar? b) If Ann won’t be here on Monday, we’d
better cancel the meeting.
a) “If you would list the reasons why
IBM's growth isn't what
management wants it to be,
geographic dispersal
probably wouldn't be in the top
ten.”
b) “WFH only works if you can actually
assess on an ongoing basis what
work is getting done".
c) “Lazy managers assume work is
getting done if you're in the office”.
d) "[...] delusional ones assume
everyone works productively and
independently if they are remote.’’
e) "But if the actual performance goes
down due to lower motivation and
wasted time, then it is a problem.”

4. Which of the sentences below is

correct?

a) You wouldn’t spend so much if you

didn’t have a good salary.
b) If you would plan to use Wi-Fi,
connect your TV with your router.
c) Unless he tried hard, he won’t get
the job of his dreams.
d) If he were married, he won’t travel
alone so much.
e) She won’t buy a new car even if
she'll have the money.

5. The first conditional expresses a

possibility in the future. Complete
with the most suitable verb forms.

“If you _ _on the Internet,

you
_ that almost every day of the
year celebrates some kind of food.”

a) Were looking – would seeing

b) Are looking – would see
c) Had looked – would have seen
d) Look – will see
e) Looks – sees

6. Which option is NOT correct?

a) If your mother will fill in this form,

5
 INGLÊS
UNIT 16 – IF CLAUSES
c) If you should run into
Peter, tell him he owes me
a letter.
d) Hadn’t we missed the plane,
we would all have been
killed in the crash.
e) If it hadn’t been for your
help, I don’t know what I’d
have done.

7. You should have called the

master if the problem .

a) continue.
b) has continued.
c) was being continued.
d) would have continued.
e) had continued.

8. Which of the sentences

below is INCORRECT?

a) If the Earth dies, you die. If

you die, the planet surely
survives.
b) If you don't want to wait 1.5
seconds, press Control-
Power button.
c) I will not go away if you
promise to change and
behave yourself.
d) You could see it through my
eyes if you would realize
how special you are.
e) My mother is going to kick
me out tomorrow unless I
stop all contact with my
boyfriend.

9. Replace the numbers (1)

and (2) in the cartoon with
the right form of the verbs.

a. will look – (2) had sink

b. would look – (2) had sank
c. would look – (2) hadn’t sunk
d. wouldn’t look – (2) haven’t
sunk

6
 INGLÊS
UNIT 16 – IF CLAUSES
d) If the pilot had been skilled, the
10.Para a questão, escolha a plane would not have collided with
alternativa que complete a the airport.
sentença corretamente:
12. Select the alternative that
If we don’t hurry up, all the best indicates the type of conditional in
seats the sentence below.
_ .
According to scientists, if the amount of
a) will take carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
b) take increases, there will be a global warming.

a) zero conditional
b) first conditional
c) third conditional
d) second conditional

13. If Hagar’s friend had told the

soldiers what he was asked to in
c) will be taken English he would have said:
d) are taken a) If you go away, we will not harm
e) would be taken you.
b) If they go away, we will not harm
11. Select the alternative in which the you.
conditional sentence has the same
idea as in “…the skill of the pilot 14.Choose the correct alternative
kept the airliner from colliding with to complete the following sentence:
the airport.”, (lines 10, 11 and 12).
“If she hadn’t been so bad-tempered, I
_ her.”

a) shall have married

b) ought to have married
c) might have married
d) will have married
e) must have married

15.The conditions expressed in the

sentences "If they had known the
outcomes, they would have taken
different measures" and "you should
know people better, if you really want
to make more friends" are,
respectively:
skilled.
c) If the pilot were not skilled, the plane
would have collided with the airport.
a) The plane will collide with the
airport if the pilot is skilled.
b) The plane would have collided
with the airport if the pilot were

7
 INGLÊS
UNIT 16 – IF CLAUSES
a) unlikely / unlikely
b) impossible / unlikely
c) likely / unlikely
d) impossible / likely
e) likely / impossible

8
 INGLÊS
UNIT 17 – PASSIVE VOICE
Passive Voice  Her mother gave each child
a present. (active)
 We use the terms active voice and  A present was given to each child
passive voice to talk about ways of
(by her mother). (passive)
organising the content of a clause:
 Each child was given a present (by
her mother). (passive)
 Cambridge
University Press published this book.
Passives without an agent
(active)
 This book was published by Passive structures without an agent are
Cambridge University Press.
very common.
(passive)
 We use these structures when an
agent is not important, or is
 We use the passive when we want unknown or obvious:
to change the focus of a clause, or if
the doer of the verb is not
 All applications must be received
important or not known or if we do
before 31 July.
not want to say who the doer is.
 The data was analysed and
the results have just been published.
 Form:
 I walked to work.
The car’s being repaired.

It and there

 We often use an impersonal

expression with it or there when the
agent is not important:

 It was decided to charge £10 per ticket.

 It has been estimated that in
 When verbs have two objects, Tanzania one elephant in three is an
either object can be the theme or orphan.
subject of the passive structure,  There were no comments given
depending on what we want to about the proposal and no decisions
focus on: made. (No comments were given …

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 17 – PASSIVE VOICE
no decisions were made.)

2
 INGLÊS
UNIT 17 – PASSIVE VOICE
Typical Errors  Those shoes don’t suit the dress. Not:
The dress isn’t suited by those shoes.
 We don’t often use perfect
continuous forms (have/has been
being + -ed form) in a passive
structure. We usually find a way to
reword sentences like this.

The house has been not common,

being renovated for we usually
almost a year. avoid this form

They have been

renovating the house preferred form
for almost a year.

 We don’t form passive structures

with verbs like be, become, seem
where the complement of the verb
refers back to the subject (linking
verbs):

 After six years of

training she has finally become a
doctor.

 We don’t form passive structures

with intransitive verbs:
 She died.
Not: She was
died.

 We don’t form passive structures

with verbs that describe states:

3
 INGLÊS
UNIT 17 – PASSIVE VOICE
 We use the past form of be (Douglas Brown. Principles of language learning and
teaching. 5th ed. Longman, 2000. P. 211. Adaptado)
+ born to talk about
someone’s birth: Note the use of the passive in “Casual
conversation is said to be less frank than
 She was born conversation in Greece”. Another correct
at home. Not: She use of an impersonal passive is found in
is born at home. alternative:

Questions

1. Leia o texto para responder à

questão.

Culture is really an integral part of

the interaction between language
and thought. Cultural patterns of
cognition and customs are
sometimes explicitly coded in
language. Conversational
discourse styles, for example, may
be a factor of culture. Consider the
“directness” of discourse of some
cultures: in the United States, for
example, casual conversation is
said to be less frank and more
concerned about face-saving than
conversation in Greece, and
therefore a Greek conversation
may be more confrontational than
a conversation in the United
States, In Japanese, the
relationsltip of one’s interlocutor is
almost always expressed explicitly,
either verbally and/or non-verbally.
Perhaps those forms shape one’s
perception of others in relation to
self.

4
 INGLÊS
UNIT 17 – PASSIVE VOICE
a) The Prime Minister has been diplomat about international events.
reported to be very fearful about
the consequences of workers’
strikes in pandemic times.
b) New York City’s school employes
are being classified according to
their basic special skills.
c) A different judgement could have
been pronounced, but unfortunately
the result came out too quickly.
d) All public manifestations have been
banned in the state by the new
governor.
e) Attending art lessons may help kids
have their perceptions of beauty
and harmony increased.

2. Choose the alternative that you can

find Passive Voice tense:
a) They also record it.
b) It is sold at newsstands
everywhere.
c) Many readers subscribe to
the magazine.
d) One million people do not
speak Japanese.

3. Change the following sentence to the

passive voice:

“A diplomat must inform his country

about international events.”

a) His country must inform a diplomat

about international events.
b) His country has to be informed by a

5
 INGLÊS
UNIT 17 – PASSIVE VOICE
c) His country will be informed
by a diplomat about
international events.
d) His country must be
informed by a diplomat
about international events.

4. Read the article and answer question.

In “The giant structure was

inaugurated with a firework
display...” the correct active voice
is: “Someone the giant
structure”
a) inaugurated
b) inaugurates
c) is inaugurating
d) was inaugurating

5. Which of the following

sentence is being used in
passive voice?
a) Riordan was pulled halfway
out of the aircraft.
b) Passengers were able to pull
Riordan back into the plane.
c) It was the first fatality in US
passenger plane accident in
nine years.
d) Another passenger felt
severe pressure after
positioning his back against
the opening cabin.

6. All the sentences below are in

the passive voice, EXCEPT:

6
 INGLÊS
UNIT 17 – PASSIVE VOICE

Millennium development goals: an overview

a) The pilot’s licence was suspended.

b) The pilot was removed from the
cockpit.
c) All the passengers were put at the
hotels.
d) An airport employee noticed the
drunk pilot.

7. The sentence “People negotiate and

consume drugs”, in the Passive Voice
is:

a) Drugs are negotiated and

consumed.
b) Drugs were negotiated and
consumed.
c) Drugs will be negotiated and
consumed.
d) Drugs had been negotiated
and consumed.

8. Which option completes the

paragraph below correctly?

7
 INGLÊS
UNIT 17 – PASSIVE VOICE
The millennium development bike path earlier this year.
goals (MDGs)_ _, eight key areas -
poverty, education, gender equality,
child mortality, maternal health,
disease, the environment and global
partnership. Each goal ,
by 21 specific targets
and more than 60 indicators. The UN
_ _the MDGs 'the most successful
anti- poverty movement in history’,
but what progress
on each of the goals?
(Adapted from https://vwwv.theguardian.com)

a) have been
targeted/supports/has been
called/has made
b) have targeted/support/has
called/has been made
c) have targeted/is
supported/has called/has been
made
d) have been
targeted/supported/has been
called/has been made
e) have targeted/are
supported/has been
called/has made

9. What’s the active voice for “The bike

a) Someone has inaugurated the
path was inaugurated earlier this
bike path earlier this year.
year”.
b) Someone will inaugurate the
bike path earlier this year.
c) Someone inaugurated the
bike path earlier this year.
d) Someone inaugurates the

8
 INGLÊS
UNIT 17 – PASSIVE VOICE
Chinese Woman Opens Plane’s Emergency air
Exit for Some Fresh Air
10. Choose the alternative that has the
A flight was delayed for an hour and a sentence “...he was held by Thai authorities
woman detained by police after she for one day and given a fine of 500 baht…”
opened the emergency exit for “a breath (paragraph 4) correctly changed into
of fresh air” before the flight took off in active voice.
central China’s Hubei province, mainland
media reported. The incident happened on
Xiamen Air Flight MF8215 from Wuhan to
Lanzhou, which was scheduled to take off
at 3.45 p.m. on September 23.
Cabin crew had briefed the woman, who
was in her 50s, about the rules when
sitting next to the emergency exit and
reminded her not to touch the button that
opened the emergency exit. However, the
woman said she needed some fresh air
and touched the button to open the exit
when the stewardess turned around to
help others, the report said. The woman
was taken away and the flight was
delayed for an hour. Opening the
emergency exit can be considered to be
disturbing public order in an aircraft,
which is punishable by police detention
and a fine.
In July last year, a woman who was
flying for the first time mistook the
emergency door for a lavatory door before
her plane took off in Nanjing. The
emergency slide was released and the
flight was delayed for two hours. The
woman was detained for 10 days. Some
passengers have paid a heavy price for
releasing the emergency slide, which may
take days and considerable expense to
repair and reinstall. In January 2015, a
man who opened an emergency door after
a plane landed in Chongqing had to pay
35,000 yuan (150,000 baht) in
compensation to the airline.
In June, a man from Hubei who was
returning to China from Bangkok on a Thai
Lion Air Flight opened an emergency exit
before take-off. After apologising
repeatedly, according to witnesses, he
was held by Thai authorities for one day
and given a fine of 500 baht before being
deported.
Adapted

from
https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1762629/chinese-
woman- opens-planes-emergency-exit-for-somefresh-

9
 INGLÊS
UNIT 17 – PASSIVE VOICE
a) Thai authorities had held him
for one day and given him a
fine of 500 baht.
b) Thai authorities will hold him
for one day and give him a fine
of 500 baht.
c) Thai authorities have held him
for one day and gave him a fine
of 500 baht.
d) Thai authorities were holding
him for one day and giving him
a fine of 500 baht.
e) Thai authorities held him for
one day and gave him a fine of
500 baht.

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 18 – REPORTED SPEECH
Discurso direto: Repete exatamente o que
foi dito.

 She says, "What time will you be home?"

 She said, "What time will you be
home?" and I said, "I don't know! "

Discurso Indireto: O discurso indireto

informa o que foi dito e são utilizados
verbos declarativos como "say", "tell" e
"ask". Ainda podemos empregar o termo
"that" para introduzir o discurso emitido e
não são utilizadas aspas.

 She said that she had seen

him. (discurso indireto)
 She told him (that) she was happy.
Marque a alternativa que contém uma
"Say" e "tell" pergunta direta correta:
a) I would like to know where could I
Utilize "say" quando não houver objeto find a Starbucks.
indireto: b) Do you happen to know where
 He said that he was tired. can Starbucks be found?
c) Can you please tell me where could
Sempre utilize "tell" quando o interlocutor I find a Starbucks?
d) I would like to know where I could
for mencionado (ou seja, por meio de um
find a Starbucks.
objeto indireto):
e) Is there any chance you could
 He told me that he was tired.
tell me where to find a Starbucks?
"Talk" e "speak"
Can you recognize your emotions?
Utilize esses verbos para descrever uma
If I ask you how you are feeling, you
ação comunicativa:
may answer: “I’m feeling good, I’m fine”!
 He talked to us.
But what does that “good” or “fine” really
 She was speaking on the telephone. mean? Would it mean fascinated, curious,
balanced, joyful, encouraged, hopeful,
Os verbos acima são empregados junto ao motivated, happy?
termo "about" para indicar o que foi dito: On the other hand you might also reply:
 He talked (to us) about his parents. “I’m feeling bad”, and, then, recognize
that you are feeling bored, lonely, sorry,
Questões anxious, fearful, nervous, insecure or
frustrated.
1. Leia o desenho animado.
The advantage of making such
distinctions, rather than feeling “good” or
“bad” is that your emotions indicate what
you need to do to feel more satisfying.
For example, if you are angry with a
person, you can argue with him, you can
request him to stop his offensive behavior
or you can avoid him. You have choices.
Recognize each of your emotions and pay
attention to what they are communicating

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 18 – REPORTED SPEECH
to you. Adapted from Inglês no mundo do
trabalho.

2
 INGLÊS
UNIT 18 – REPORTED SPEECH
2. Put this statement into the e) said that he had seen Jane the day before
reported speech:
5. Which is the correct option to
a) She said: “I’m feeling good, she is complete the dialogue?
fine”. What did John tell Mary last Saturday?
b) She said she feels good, she is fine.
c) She said I’m feeling good, I’m fine. John told before.
the day
d) She said she is feeling good, she is
fine.
e) She said she was feeling good, she
was
fine.
a) said Jane that he saw her yesterday
b) told he saw Jane the previous day
c) says he had seen Jane the following day
d) told Jane that he has seen her the next
day

3. The correct form of the sentence

“Flight operations to and from
Chennai have been affected due to
heavy rains” – announced IndiGo
Airlines”, in the indirect speech is:
a) IndiGo Airlines announced that
flight operations to and from
Chennai would be affected due to
heavy rains.
b) IndiGo Airlines announced that
flight operations to and from
Chennai had been affected due to
heavy rains.
c) IndiGo Airlines announced that
flight operations to and from
Chennai will be affected due to
heavy rains.
d) IndiGo Airlines announced that
flight operations to and from
Chennai was affected due to heavy
rains.

4. Which is the correct option to

complete the sentence?
Peter: I saw Jane yesterday.
Peter .

3
 INGLÊS
UNIT 18 – REPORTED SPEECH
a) Mary that he will buy some flowers
b) her that he had bought some
flowers
c) him that he did buy some flowers
d) to Mary that he bought some
flowers
e) that he has to buy some flowers

6. Choose the sentence that

corresponds to the right
form of the reported speech
for the dialogue:
The mother said to the son:
– Do not watch TV after midnight!

a) The mother told her son to

does not watch TV after
midnight.
b) The mother told her son do
not to watch TV after
midnight.
c) The mother told her son to
not watch TV after midnight.
d) The mother told her son not
to watch TV after midnight.

7. The Direct Speech of the

two sentences "...I'd missed
the train." and "... I was
sorry..." (lines 16 and 17) is

4
 INGLÊS
UNIT 18 – REPORTED SPEECH
a) "I missed the train" and "I am sorry".
b) "I miss the train" and "I was sorry".
c) "I have been missing the train" and
"I was sorry".
d) "I would miss the train" and "I have
been sorry".

10.The sentences below taken from the

text were changed into Indirect
Speech. Mark the one that was
changed correctly.
a) The author quoted that the film is
8. Considering the Reported Speech, being the highest grossing
Dr. animated film of all time. (lines 8, 9)
Bush said that b) The text mentioned that The
a) among the states, suicide levels are Lion King still held the record as the
risen sharply to six times. highest grossing traditionally
b) suicide levels rose sharply in animated film in history. (lines 9,10,
recent years. 11)
c) in recent years, suicide levels had c) The text assumed that the movie
risen sharply to six times. was receiving positive reviews from
d) suicide among 15 to 24-year-olds critics, who praised the film for its
rises in recent ten years. music and story. (lines 14 to 16)
d) The movie has been currently the
9. Which alternative is correct? twenty- eighth highest-grossing
a) The teacher said the student do feature film. (lines 18, 19)
not eat in class.
b) The teacher told the student not to
eat in class.
c) The teacher said to the student to
not to eat in class.
d) The teacher told to the student not
to eat in class.
e) The teacher told the student to do
not eat in class.

5
 INGLÊS
UNIT 19 – MODAL VERBS
Modals are different from normal verbs: to give advice. For example:

1. They don't use an 's' for the third

person singular.
2.They make questions by inversion ('she
can go' becomes 'can she go?').
3. They are followed directly by the
infinitive of another verb (without 'to').

Here's a list of the modal verbs in English:

 can
 could
 may
 might
 will
 would
 must
 shall
 should
 ought to
 need

Probability

First, they can be used when we want to

say how sure we are that something
happened / is happening / will happen. We
often call these 'modals of deduction' or
'speculation' or 'certainty' or 'probability'.
For example:

 It's snowing, so it must be very cold

outside.
 I don't know where John is. He could
have missed the train.
 This bill can't be right. £200 for two
cups of coffee!

Ability

We use 'can' and 'could' to talk about a

skill or ability. For example:

 She can speak six languages.

 My grandfather could play golf very
well.
 I can't drive.

Obligation and Advice

We can use verbs such as 'must', ‘have to’

or 'should' and ought to’ to say when
something is necessary or unnecessary, or

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 19 – MODAL VERBS
 Children must do their homework. usually do or did in the past. For example:
 We have to wear a uniform at work.
 You should stop smoking.  When I lived in Italy, we would often
eat in the restaurant next to my flat.
MUST x HAVE TO

‘Must’ is used for specific

obligations, while ‘have to’ mainly
expresses common or normal
obligations. For example:

 I have to brush my teeth twice a day.

 I must tell you something.

 Important: To express an
obligation, a duty or a
necessity in the future and in
the past, we use have to. For
example:

 We had to buy another ticket.

 We'll have to buy another ticket later.

In the negatives mustn't and don't

have to have completely different
meanings:

Mustn't express prohibition:

 You mustn't drive.

Don't have to express absence of

obligation or necessity:

 You don't have to drive.

Permission

We can use verbs such as 'can',

'could' and 'may' to ask for and
give permission. We also use
modal verbs to say something is
not allowed.
For example:

 Could I leave early today, please?

 You may not use the car tonight.
 Can we swim in the lake?

Habits

We can use 'will' and 'would' to

talk about habits or things we

2
 INGLÊS
UNIT 19 – MODAL VERBS
 John will always be late! 4 – Advice

SHALL x WILL

Shall is only used for future time reference

with I and we, and is more formal than will.
We use will and shall to:

 Make predictions and to state facts

about the future;
 To announce decisions and to make
offers.

For example:

 The year 2025 will be the four-

hundredth anniversary of the founding
of the university.
 We shall need an extra bedroom
when the new baby arrives.
 A: Which size do you want? Medium
or large? B: I’ll have large. (decision)
 Wait. I’ll open the door for you. (offer)

Need/ Needn’t

It is used to express necessity or

obligation (or not) to do something,
generally in an interrogative tone. For
example:

 I need to get a visa.

 Need I come again?/ Do I need to
come again? (meaning: Is it necessary
for me to come again?)
 You needn’t/ don’t or doesn’t need to
do it now. (meaning: It isn’t necessary
for you to do it now.)

 In the past, we use need (to) with the

auxiliary did:

 Did you need to see me?

Questions

1. Match the columns according to the

meaning of the modal verb in bold in each
sentence below.
1 – Impossibility
2 – Possibility
3 – Prohibition

3
 INGLÊS
UNIT 19 – MODAL VERBS
( ) Mark studied hard for his where in a book on linguistic theory they
exams, but he got poor marks; he would be highly contentious. Is it true
can’t be very clever. that “fundamental ways of organizing
( ) You should work less! You experience into concepts [and] of relating
look too tired! ( ) She may be ideas to each other” are specific to
in the garden. individual languages and are therefore
( ) You mustn’t enter here. likely to be lost when a language ceases to
be used? Is it true that when speakers
a) 1 - 4 - 3 - 2 speak a different language, they “say
b) 4 - 2 - 3 - 1 different things and even think different
c) 1 - 4 - 2 - 3 thoughts”? Again, the extent to which
d) 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 thought depends on language is very
controversial.
2. Leia o texto destacado para These questions must be now faced,
responder à questão. because only when we have reached an

In a new survey of North

American Indian languages,
Marianne Mithun gives an
admirably clear statement of what
is lost as each language ceases to
be used. “Speakers of these
languages and their descendants
are acutely aware of what it can
mean to lose a language,” she
begins – and this is perfectly true,
although these speakers must
have taken the decision
themselves not to teach the
language to their children. It
happens all too often – people
regret that their language and
culture are being lost but at the
same time decide not to saddle
their own children with the chore
of preserving them.
When a language disappears
[Mithun continues] the
most intimate aspects of culture
can disappear as well: fundamental
ways of organizing experience into
concepts, of relating ideas to each
other, of interacting to people. The
more conscious genres of verbal
art are usually lost as well:
traditional ritual, oratory, myth,
legends, and even humor.
Speakers commonly remark that
when they speak a different
language, they say different things
and even think different thoughts.
These are very interesting
assertions. They slip by in a book
on anthropological linguistics,

4
 INGLÊS
UNIT 19 – MODAL VERBS
opinion on them will we be able to accept make them give up such confidential details.
or reject Marianne Mithun’s conclusion: (Adapted from https:/Avww.muo.com)
“The loss of a language represents a a) could / can / might / can / can
definitive separation of a people from its b) must / should / must / could / must
heritage. It also represents an irreparable c) should / must / might / ought to / can
loss for us all, the loss of opportunities to d) must / can / must / can / should
glimpse alternative ways of making sense e) could / should / must / ought to / must
of the human experience.” Fonte: Dalby,
Andrew. Language in danger. New York: Columbia 5. Read the text and answer question.
University Press, 2003, p. 252; 285. Adaptado.

O termo “must”, destacado em negrito no

excerto do terceiro parágrafo, “These
questions must be now faced”, pode ser
substituído, sem alteração de significado,
por:

a) could.
b) might.
c) ought to. The modal verb “can’t” represents the idea of:
d) used to.
e) had to. a) prohibition.
b) obligation.
3. Read the sentences below. c) future.
d) advice.
Jane is a very good pianist. She can play the
piano very well. 6. No trecho “because they may need to
make “in-flight” changes in response to
In the previous sentence, the modal verb the actuality of the classroom.”, o verbo
can is used to express: destacado traz a ideia de:

a) prohibition. a) necessidade.
b) ability. b) conveniência.
c) permission. c) capacidade.
d) order. d) probabilidade.
e) recommendation. e) sugestão.

4. Which is the correct option to complete 7. Read the text and answer question.
the text below?
Social engineering: here's how you the act of manipulating people to steal private
_ be hacked information from them or

Learn how social engineering _

affect you, plus common examples to help
you identify and stay safe from these
schemes.
Social engineering is an important term
in the security world, but you _ not be
familiar with exactly what it means. While
it is a broad subject, there are specific
types of social engineering that we __ _
examine to learn more. Let's look at social
engineering as a concept so you _ avoid
falling victim to it. Social engineering is

5
 INGLÊS
UNIT 19 – MODAL VERBS
‘Emily in Paris’ star says he partly
understands why critics panned
the ‘cliché’ Netflix show

Despite being a huge hit for

Netflix, critics across the board
(particularly French critics) have
slammed the show for indulging in
outdated and offensive
stereotypes that present Parisians
as rude, sexist, and elitist.
The main love interest in Netflix’s
controversial comedy “Emily in
Paris” said he partly understands
why critics have panned the show.
“I think they’re right in a way,”
Lucas Bravo, who

6
 INGLÊS
UNIT 19 – MODAL VERBS
plays chef Gabriel in the show, said during a) Children can practice math during common
an interview with Cosmopolitan. activities such as baking or dining.
The 32-year-old French actor continued: b) They do not need to sit at the table and work
“At some point, if you want to tell a story with a book.
about Paris, you have to choose an angle. c) Parents must be a substitute teacher.
You have to choose a vision. French critics, d) It is not an easy task.
they didn’t understand the fact that it’s
just one vision. They’re like, ‘Oh, this is
not what Paris is.’ Of course. Paris is many
things.”
Adapted from https://www.insider.com/emily-in-paris-star-
lucas- bravounderstands-netflix-show-criticism-2020-10.

In the sentence “At some point, if you want to

tell a story about Paris, you have to choose an
angle”, the words “have to” could be
substituted by:

a) can
b) must
c) could
d) should

8. Read the text and answer question.

Home School Tips

Many schools around the world closed

because of the coronavirus. Parents must
be a substitute teacher, and they learn
with their children at home. It is not an
easy task.
Some parents expect that their
children will work as hard as they do in
school. However, parents need to
understand that every child is different
and works at different speeds. It is
important to be kind and thoughtful.
It does not have to be boring to learn.
It can be fun, too. When parents teach
their children math, they do not need to
sit at the table and work with a book.
Children can practice math during
common activities such as baking or
dining.
Experts also say that it is important to
communicate with the school and teachers
and to stay in contact with school
friends.
www.newsinlevels.com

Choose the correct alternative that shows

a modal verb indicating an obligation.

7
 INGLÊS
UNIT 19 – MODAL VERBS
9. Read the text and answer question.

TITANIUM - DAVID GUETTA

You shout it out

But I can’t hear a word
you say I’m talking
loud not saying much
I’m criticized but all your
bullets ricochet You shoot
me down, but I get up
I’m bulletproof
nothing to lose Fire
away, fire away
Ricochet, you take
your aim Fire
away, fire away
You shoot me down but I won’t fall,
I am titanium You shoot me down
but I won’t fall
I am titanium, I am titanium, I am
titanium, I am titanium. Adapted from
https
://www.google.com.br/search?
ei=R4G4XISrDYKP0Aad4r34Bg&q= titaniuou&oq

The modal verb can’t, bolded in the text

means

a) inability.
b) obligation.
c) permission.
d) prohibition.

10.Read the text and answer question.

The modal verb can in “but we can

stop sharing it” conveys the idea of
_.

a) certainty
b) obligation
c) permission
d) possibility

11. Which option completes the

text below correctly?
Tips for a Healthy Diet

8
 INGLÊS
UNIT 19 – MODAL VERBS

You __ eat vegetables every a) He knew that he could dream about peace and
day.
Vegetables contain essential vitamins and
substances that are very important for 13. In the famous words by John Lennon: “You
your organism. You _ _ only eat may say I’m a dreamer but I’m not the only one. I hope
what you like to eat because to stay someday you’ll join us and the world will be as one”, the
healthy you also need to eat what your modal verb in bold indicates that:
organism needs you to eat.
(Adapted from https://nexter.org/top-5-tips-for-a-healthy-
diet)

a) can’t / can
b) should / can
c) shouldn’t / can’t
d) should / shouldn’t
e) shouldn’t / should

12.Read the text to answer question.

The cabin crew battled to save the passenger

(Ben Graham)

Shocked passengers watched as

doctors and cabin crew tried to save the
life of a critically ill passenger on a Qantas
flight to Sidney on Friday.
A Qantas spokeswoman confirmed that
the passenger _ _ received treatment
during the medical emergency couldn’t
survive.
The flight from London, via Singapore,
was forced to land in Adelaide because of
the incident. No passengers got off the
flight while it was in Adelaide.
A witness on board told that everything
started with a cabin announcement asking
for any doctors on board. There were two
passengers with medical training, but
nothing could be done to save the
passenger. The crew did everything they
could, including performing CPR with a
doctor on board, but unfortunately the
passenger has passed away. Adapted from
nypost.com

In “The crew did everything they could

(...)”, the modal “could” is used to
indicate:

a) ability
b) obligation
c) permission
d) prohibition

9
 INGLÊS
UNIT 19 – MODAL VERBS
try to help everybody.
b) He understood that he could
be seen as a dreamer.
c) He was not able to dream
about peace and love.
d) He considered himself the only
dreamer.

14. In the sentence “It’s never too

late to make changes to prevent
diseases that may end your flying
career”, the modal verb “may”
expresses
_ _.

a) ability
b) necessity
c) deduction
d) possibility

15.Choose the alternative

according to the right use of
modals.

a) Do you can close the door, please?

b) Would you please bring me some tea?
c) We must go to the beach yesterday.
d) I can to go with you.
e) I needn't to do this now.

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 20 – TÉCNICAS DE
INTERPRETAÇÃO DE
que todo o texto seja lido ou traduzido
Quan estamos ingl é para o português para responder as
normal encontrarmos textos que questões.
consideramos indecifráveis. Usar um Seguem alguns passos para a
dicionário, claro, seria a primeira opção, mas 1 Ler primeiramente a questão e
recorrer a ele toda vez que se depara com identificar a palavra-chave da
uma palavra desconhecida não é a melhor pergunta que na maioria das vezes é
forma de fazer uma leitura (além de não 2 um substantivo;
algumas dicas para responder questões O scanning é uma técnica que consiste numa
de interpretação de texto! leitura mais rápida e objetiva, sem a necessidade de

Skimming e Scanning

Essas duas técnicas são usadas para

ajudar a entender textos em inglês mais
rapidamente e de acordo com objetivo
proposto.
Quando é necessária uma
compreensão do geral do texto a técnica a se
usar é o skimming. Já quando se procura uma
informação específica, então a técnica
adequada é o scanning.

Skimming

Esta prática consiste em identificar a

ideia principal do texto, sem que isso
comprometa o tempo. Por isso, devemos
atentar para a disposição do texto,
compreender os parágrafos introdutórios e
conclusivos, além de cognatos, falsos
cognatos, palavras conhecidas, termos
destacados. Nesse sentido, o conhecimento
prévio da língua inglesa é muito importante
para a execução dessa prática.

Uma DICA é ler a primeira frase de

parágrafo! Na maioria dos textos, a ideia
aparece na primeira sentença.
Scanning

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 20 – TÉCNICAS DE
INTERPRETAÇÃO DE
que todo o texto seja lido ou traduzido
Quan estamos ingl é para o português para responder as
normal encontrarmos textos que questões.
consideramos indecifráveis. Usar um Seguem alguns passos para a
dicionário, claro, seria a primeira opção, mas 1 Ler primeiramente a questão e
recorrer a ele toda vez que se depara com identificar a palavra-chave da
uma palavra desconhecida não é a melhor pergunta que na maioria das vezes é
forma de fazer uma leitura (além de não 2 um substantivo;
questão, passando rapidamente os Consider a home security system with
olhos;
integrated fire protection to provide you and
3. ler somente o parágrafo em que
your family with safety and peace of mind.
encontrou a palavra-chave, Available at: https://www.safewise.com/home-security-
pois na maioria das vezes a faq/house-fire/. Accessed on: July 30, 2021. [Fragment]

resposta estará nele. 1. The objective of the text is

a) to mention that house fires

Let’s Practice! endanger everyone in the home.

Learn how to prevent home fires

The best way to ensure fire

protection is by preventing fires in the
first place. Small steps add up to a
safer home for you and your loved
ones: switch to LED candles, avoid
smoking indoors, keep an eye out for
frayed wires, and teach your children
about fire protection by informing
them about the dangers of matches
and lighters.
Keep emergency equipment
like fire extinguishers and fire escape
ladders in your home on each floor to
help fight any fires that occur.
Checking your smoke alarms once a
month can help prevent dead
batteries and faulty detectors.
Now that you know what to do
in case of a fire in your home, the next
step is doing everything you can to
make fire prevention a top priority.

2
 Cooking Fire Safety

INGLÊS
UNIT 20 – TÉCNICAS
INTERPRETAÇÃO DE
DE TEXTO
b) to bring information on how to
prevent home fires.
c) to state that the majority of
house fires could be prevented.
d) to describe the main fire
dangers around the house.
Essa questão é sobre o objetivo
principal do texto. Logo, podemos usar a
técnica de skimming. No primeiro paragráfo já
temos uma dica do que se trata o texto: “The
best way to ensure fire protection is by
preventing fires in the first place. Small steps
add up to a safer home for you and your loved
ones.”, ou seja “a melhor forma de prevenir
incêndios” e “passos para um lar mais
seguro.” O início do último parágrafo também
nos dá outra pista do que se trata o texto:
“Now that you know what to do in case of a
fire in your home”, “agora que você sabe o
que fazer no caso de um incêndio...”.
Agora vamos analisar essa segunda
questão sobre o mesmo texto:
2. Preventing fires should be a priority to
families. According to the text, which
are the recommended emergency
equipment to be kept at home?
a) Fire extinguishers, fire escape
ladders and smoke alarms.
b) LED candles, smoking indoors,
frayed wires.
c) Dead batteries and faulty detectors.
d) Matches and lighters.
A pergunta é sobre quais equipamentos
de emergência deve-se ter em casa. Logo, a
reposta pede dados específicos do texto.
Questões

3
 Cooking is often a relaxing and fun task especially when going to the beach. (…) The
that brings family and friends together, but subway system (Metro) is clean, fast and
cooking is also the number one cause of home efficient, but only goes as far as Botafogo. It
fires and home injuries. Being mindful while does
you cook, however, can go a long way to
helping prevent these fires. Here is everything
you need to know about cooking safely!
Cooking and Fire Safety- Tips
• Be on alert! If you are sleepy or have
consumed alcohol don’t use the stove or
stovetop.
• Stay in the kitchen while you are
frying, grilling, boiling or broiling food.
• If you are simmering, baking or
roasting food, check it regularly, remain in the
kitchen while food is cooking, and use a timer
to remind you that you are cooking.
• Keep anything that can catch fire —
oven mitts, wooden utensils, food packaging,
towels or curtains — away from your stovetop.
Available at: https://www.ssvfd.org/safety/cooking-fire-
safety/.Accessed on: July 30, 2021. [Fragment]

1. The leading cause of house fires is

a) consuming alcohol.
b) cooking.
c) food packing.
d) relaxing.

Text: Rio de Janeiro

“Rio de Janeiro is Brazil’s heart, its
cultural capital and emotional nerve-center
(…). It’s wise to remember that the romantic
sparking lights that glimmer in the hillsides
illuminate the city’s notorious shanty towns.
Crime, especially in the tourist-filled
Copacabana district, is common. Most visitors
are easy targets, if only because they usually
lack a tan. Don’t wear expensive watches or
jewelry and carry as little cash as possible,

4
 estão se voltando para os
investimentos no ramo da
INGLÊS
construção.
UNIT 20 – TÉCNICAS
INTERPRETAÇÃO DE
DE TEXTO
not extend to Copacabana. Buses are plentiful
but are uncomfortable and can be dangerous.
(…) Business visitors should not be surprised
when meetings start late or executives are
informally dressed. This relaxed attitude is
counterbalanced by the “carioca’s” quickness
and creativity. “Cafezinhos” (literally little
coffees), usually highly sugared, and mineral
water are staple of nearly every business
meeting in this city. In meetings between men
and women (and between women), kisses on
both cheecks are common. Men shake hands
enthusiastically. Cariocas are easy going and
slow to take offence. (…)”. Source: 1998 Business
Travel Guide adaptado de Inglês Intrumental de Rosângela
Munhoz
2. Quais destas características, de acordo
com o texto, se referem ao transporte
público feito pelos ônibus do Rio de
Janeiro:
a) Clean and comfortable.
b) Fast and dangerous.
c) Efficient and plentiful.
d) Uncomfortable and plentiful.
e) Clean and dangerous.
3. Marque a única alternativa correta de
acordo com o texto abaixo.

The Ovambo people in Namibia

traditionally build a house for their children,
using wooden poles standing closely together
to form circular walls. However, as the region
where they live is running short of trees, this
enterprising ethnic group is turning to a more
abundant building material: the empty beer
bottles that litter the roadsides and are
cheaply available at local stores.
a) Como são um grupo étnico
empreendedor, os Ovambos

5
 b) Na Namíbia, encontra-se o litro Racism is more than just words,
da cerveja à venda a preços beliefs and actions. lt includes all the barriers
baixos nas lojas de beira de that prevent people from enjoying dignity
estrada. and equality because of their race.
c) Em função da escassez de <https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/race-
discrimination/what-racism>
madeira, os Ovambos estão
construindo casas com garrafas
4. According to the text, racism
de cerveja vazias.
d) As casas são construídas
próximas umas das outras no
interior de uma muralha circular
feita de madeira.
e) O povo Ovambo tem a tradição
de construir casas para as
crianças utilizando madeira e
tijolos.

There are no excuses for racism.

Racism takes many forms and can

happen 1
__ many places. lt includes prejudice,
discrimination and hatred directed at someone
because of their colour, ethnicity or national
origin.
People often associate racism with acts
of abuse or harassment. However, it doesn't
need to involve violent or intimidating
behaviour. Take racial name-calling and jokes.
Or consider situations when people may be
excluded from groups or activities because of
where they come 2
_ .
Racism can be revealed through
people's actions as well as their altitudes. It
can also be reflected in systems and
institutions. But sometimes it may not be
revealed at all. Not all racism is obvious. For
example, someone may look 3
a list
of job applicants and decide not to interview
people with certain surnames.

6
 and inclusion. Adapted

INGLÊS from https:/twww.businessinsider.com/generation-z

UNIT 20 – TÉCNICAS
INTERPRETAÇÃO DE
DE TEXTO
a) is all about certain surnames.
b) is not a violent way to
address people.
c) is clear and easy to identify.
d) goes beyond words, beliefs and
actions.
e) is exclusively revealed
through people's words.
Generation Z News - Latest
Characteristics, Research, and Facts
Generation Z (aka Gen Z, iGen, or
centennials), refers to the generation that was
born between 1996-2010, following
millennials. This generation has been raised on
the internet and social media, with some the
oldest finishing college by 2020 and entering
the workforce. Generation Z is the youngest,
most ethnically-diverse, and largest
generation in American history, comprising
27% of the US population. Pew Research
recently defined Gen Z as anyone born after
1997. Gen Z 1
_ _ up with technology, the
internet, and social media, which sometimes
causes them to be stereotyped as
techaddicted, anti-social, or "social justice
warriors." The average Gen Z got their first
smart phone just before their twelfth birthday.
They communicate primarily through social
media and texts, and spend as much time on
their phones as older generations do watching
television. The majority of Gen Zs prefer
streaming services to traditional cable, as well
as getting snackable content they can get on
their phones and computers. Gen Z is the most
ethnically diverse and largest generation in
American history, and eclipses all other
generations before it in embracing diversity

7
 5. ln relation to generation Z, it is correct To stay on track with your online
to say that they course, make sure that you always keep in
a) prefer traditional cable services. mind what you hope to accomplish by the end
b) come after millennials. of it.
c) all have finished college by 2020.
d) are reserved and tech - addicted.
e) were born only in 2020.

Study Tips For Online Learners

By Christopher Pappas

You have just enrolled in your first

online course, but are you ready to study for
it? Does it need more, less or the same level of
commitment with the traditional instructor-led
class you are used to? What are the best
strategies for studying in online learning? In
this article, I'll share some study tips for online
learners that will help you succeed while
studying for your online courses.
(I) -
The first thing you need to realize is
that online courses are not an easier way to
learn, but rather a more convenient one. To
successfully learn online, you need to dedicate
a significant amount of your time, consistently
attend the program, be concentrated while
studying, and fully commit to your learning
process, just as you would do for a regular
course.
(II) -
Whether you decide to study in your
office or in your living room, ensure that this
place is quiet, organized, distraction-free, and
available for use at any time. Your study
environment should be one of your main
concerns when you are an online leamner, so
make sure that it enables your study routine.
(III)-

8
 d) (II) (IV) (III) (I) (V)
e) (I) (III) (II) (V) (IV)
INGLÊS
UNIT 20 – TÉCNICAS
INTERPRETAÇÃO DE
DE TEXTO
(IV) -
Your performance will decrease if you
are feeling tired or frustrated while studying.
Integrate some personal time into your study
routine and you will be able to work more
effectively on your online course goals. A mild
physical activity, such as a walk around the
block, will help you maintain balance, renew
energy, and go back to studying with a clear
mind.
(V) -
Online learning doesn't necessarily
mean learning in isolation. Connecting with
your virtual classmates on social media or
your online course's forum will enhance
tremendously your eLearning experience.
Follow these study tips for online
learners and you will be able to make your
online learning a fun and enjoyable eLearning
experience.
(Adapted from
https://elearningindustry.com)
6. The headings below were removed
from the text. Number them to indicate
the order they must appear to
complete the text correctly. Then, mark
the option that contains the right
sequence.
( ) Identify your learning objectives and
goals ( ) Participate in online
discussions
( ) Have a dedicated study space
( ) Understand online learning
practices and expectations
( ) Take study breaks
a) (III) (IV) (I) (II) (V)
b) (III) (V) (II) (I) (IV)
c) (II) (V) (III) (IV) (I)

9
 dog. Current standard fees range from around
Job Search Tips $75 to $200

1. You should tell all your friends that

you are looking for a job.
2. You’d better not quit your present job
before you find a new one.
3. You shouldn’t tell your boss that
you are looking for a new job.
4. You ought to apply for several jobs at once.
5. You shouldn’t immediately ask
an interviewer about job benefits.
6. You should always give
the interviewer accurate salary
information.
From the book Grammar Express
Intermediate.
7. According to the tips:
a) Sharing with your friends about
your job search is not a good
idea.
b) You ought to keep your
present job during your search.
c) Asking about benefits right
away sounds good.
d) You should apply for just one job.

Flying with a Dog? Here’s What You Need

to Know

The choice to take your dog in the

cabin with you versus traveling in the cargo
hold will often be decided for you by the size
of the animal and the airline’s policy. Some
airlines restrict the total number of pets
allowed on any given flight, and these spots
are usually parceled out on a first-come, first-
served basis—so you will want to book early.
Expect to pay a fee to fly with your

1
 The 'Queen's Gambit' Effect: Everyone
Wants a Chess Set Now
INGLÊS
UNIT 20 – TÉCNICAS
INTERPRETAÇÃO DE
DE TEXTO
each way and can go up to several hundred
dollars for larger dogs that must be transported
on cargo planes. If possible, choose a direct
flight. As tough as

flying is on a dog, especially in the cargo hold, _(1) for the past few years the most
traumatized.
https://www.smartertravel.com/flying-with-a-dog/
8. According to the text:
a) The choice to take your dog in the cabin
submitting them to travel times plus
with you versus traveling in the cargo
hold will often be decided for you mostly
by the size of the animal and will have
almost zero connection to the airline’s
multiple policy.
b) The choice to take your dog in the cabin
with you versus traveling in the cargo
encounters even longer with baggage hold will often be decided for you both
by the size of the animal and the airline’s
policy.

handling can c) The choice to take your dog in the cabin

with you versus traveling in the cargo
hold will often be decided for you either
easily go sideways. My family flew cross-
by the size of the animal or the airline’s
policy.
country with d) The choice to take your dog in the cabin

our dog several years ago, and had purchased with you versus traveling in the cargo
hold will often be decided for you neither
direct
flights,
way home but due to aircraft problems on the by the size of the animal or the airline’s
had to switch to a connecting itinerary. During
policy.
our connection in St. Louis, we watched
helplessly through the airport windows as a
baggage hander in St. Louis let our dog’s
travel crate nearly free-fall onto the tarmac.
When we at our
home airport, the crate was shattered and the
dog significantly

1
 and virtual) rack in the wake of the show's hit
season. Just ask Anthony Barzilay Freund,
editorial director and director of fine art at
popular (2) on Netflix was undoubtedly vintage site 1stDibs: “The Queen's Gambit is
driving an interest in the game of chess
among new audiences and demographics,”
Freund confirms: “At 1stDibs, in just the month
Her following the show's release, we've seen a
100% increase in sales of chessboards, pieces,
and tables as compared to this time period last
year.”
Majesty Queen Elizabeth, as portrayed by
Of course, while it might be enjoying
a renewed popularity at the moment, the
game of chess dates back centuries and has
Claire Foy
long captivated players all over the world. It's
believed to have derived from a 7th-century
and Olivia Colman in The Crown, this fall Indian game, then evolved as it spread
across Asia and Europe in the following
another type centuries. As a result, says Freund, “you can
find a variety of vintage and contemporary
of queen (3) her mark: Beth Harmon,
chess paraphernalia from dealers all over the
the
captivating
Gambit, a protagonist of The Queen's world.” Those who don't necessarily have the
Netflix original that became an budget for pawns of precious stone have a
overnight sensation and inspired a myriad of options on the market at all price
slew of discerning viewers to pick ranges. So light a fire, make a drink, and set
up (4). up the chessboard – Beth Harmon would be
Call it the Queen's Gambit effect: proud. Adapted from
Chessboards are flying off the (literal https://www.housebeautiful.com/design-
inspiration/a34874207/queens-gambit-beth-harmon-chess-sets/

1
 the emergency exit can be considered to be
disturbing public order in an aircraft, which is
INGLÊS
punishable by police detention and a fine.
UNIT 20 – TÉCNICAS
INTERPRETAÇÃO DE
DE TEXTO
9. According to the text, choose the In July last year, a woman who was

correct statement. flying for the first time mistook the emergency

a) “The Queen's Gambit” is a game door for a lavatory door before her plane took

of chess created by Netflix. off in Nanjing. The

b) After “The Queen’s Gambit”, new

audiences became interested in
chess.
c) If you do not have a lot of
money, you cannot afford to buy
a chess set.
d) Vintage and contemporary
chessboards are considered
unusual.
e) The game of chess emerged in
India in the last century.
Chinese Woman Opens Plane’s
Emergency Exit for Some Fresh Air
A flight was delayed for an hour and a
woman detained by police after she opened
the emergency exit for “a breath of fresh air”
before the flight took off in central China’s
Hubei province, mainland media reported. The
incident happened on Xiamen Air Flight
MF8215 from Wuhan to Lanzhou, which was
scheduled to take off at 3.45 p.m. on
September 23.
Cabin crew had briefed the woman,
who was in her 50s, about the rules when
sitting next to the emergency exit and
reminded her not to touch the button that
opened the emergency exit. However, the
woman said she needed some fresh air and
touched the button to open the exit when the
stewardess turned around to help others, the
report said. The woman was taken away and
the flight was delayed for an hour. Opening

1
emergency slide was released, and the flight the deep sea.
was delayed for two hours. The woman was This litter is harmful to marine life: sea
detained for 10 days. Some passengers have creatures can become trapped inside
paid a heavy price for releasing the containers or
emergency slide, which may take days and
considerable expense to repair and reinstall. In
January 2015, a man who opened an
emergency door after a plane landed in
Chongqing had to pay 35,000 yuan (150,000
baht) in compensation to the airline.
In June, a man from Hubei who was
returning to China from Bangkok on a Thai
Lion Air Flight opened an emergency exit
before take-off. After apologizing repeatedly,
according to witnesses, he was held by Thai
authorities for one day and given a fine of 500
baht before being deported. Adapted from
https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1762629/chinese-woman-
opens-planes-emergency-exit-for-somefresh-air

10. The woman who caused the incident

on Xiamen Air Flight MF8215 was
Alternativas
a) less than 50 years old less
than 50 years old.
b) an hour late.
c) between 50 and 59 years old.
d) a stewardess.
e) a policewoman.

What problems does marine litter cause?

In addition to the environmental and
health problems posed by marine litter,
floating garbage and plastics pose a costly as
well as dangerous problem for shipping, as
they can be a navigational hazard and become
entangled in propellers and rudders.
Another problem requiring urgent
remedial action is the massive accumulation of
plastics, not only in coastal areas but also in

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 20 – TÉCNICAS DE
INTERPRETAÇÃO DE
strangled by nets or ropes, and microplastics necessarily have to live with sleepless nights.
can also
Some simple changes in your daily routine and
enter the food chain as they are indigestible
habits may result in better sleep.
when swallowed. Adapted from https://www.imo.org
htttp://www.mayoclinic.com.

11. Which statement is NOT correct?

a) Three hours waterway blockage.
b) Whale and elephant's habitat
put at risk.
c) UN Environment's data is
available.
d) Brazil's and Africa”s great
coastal areas.
e) Environmentalist's analysis
is optimistic.

Insomnia

Insomnia is the most common of all

sleep complaints. Almost everyone has
occasional sleepless nights, perhaps due to
stress, heartburn or drinking too much caffeine
or alcohol. Insomnia is a lack of sleep that
occurs on a regular or frequent basis, often for
no apparent reason.
How much sleep is enough varies.
Although 7 1/2 hours of sleep is about
average, some people do fine on 4 or 5 hours
of sleep. Other people need 9 or 10 hours a
night.
Inability to get a good night’s sleep
can affect not only your energy level and
mood but your health as well because sleep
helps bolster your immune system. Fatigue, at
any age, leads to diminished mental alertness
and concentration. Lack of sleep is linked to
accidents both on the road and on the job.
About one out of three people have
insomnia sometime in their life. Sleeplessness
may be temporary or chronic. You don’t

1
 INGLÊS
12. The text contains information on:
a) The different intellectual
activities which may keep a
person’s mind too busy to
sleep.
b) The effects of sleep
problems on people’s body
and mind.
c) The activities that help
promote a good night’s
sleep.
d) The food that is necessary
to eat to sleep better.

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 21 – FUTURE TENSES
Simple Future

8. Junto ao termo "you", para dar ordens:

Funções  You will do exactly as I say.

1. Prever um evento futuro: money?

 It will rain tomorrow. 9. Junto ao termo "you" na form
2. Junto aos termos "I" ou "we", para
indicar uma decisão espontânea:
 I'll pay for the tickets by credit card.

3. Para expressar vontade ou

disposição de fazer algo:
 I'll do the washing-up.
 He'll carry your bag for you.

4. Na forma negativa, para

expressar indisposição para fazer
algo:
 The baby won't eat his soup.
 I won't leave until I've seen the
manager!

5. Junto ao termo "I" na forma

interrogativa, acompanhado por
"shall", para fazer uma oferta:
 Shall I open the window?

6. Junto ao termo "we" na forma

interrogativa, acompanhado por
"shall", para fazer uma sugestão:
 Shall we go to the cinema tonight?

7. Junto ao termo "I" na forma

interrogativa, acompanhado por
"shall", para pedir conselhos ou
instruções:
 What shall I tell the boss about this

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 21 – FUTURE TENSES
interrogativa, para fazer um
convite:
 Will you come to the dance with
me?
 Will you marry me?

Formação

Afirmativa: Sujeito + will + infinitivo

sem "to". Negativa: Sujeito + will not +
infinitivo sem "to". Interrogativa: Will +
sujeito + infinitivo sem "to"?

Future Continuous

O "future continuous" indica

uma ação ou evento não concluído
que permanecerá ocorrendo após
o presente momento e pode ser
empregado para nos projetar a um
momento no futuro.
Formação

Afirmativa: Sujeito + will + (radical +

"ing") do verbo principal.
Negativa: Sujeito + will not + (radical +
"ing") do verbo principal.
Interrogativa: Will + sujeito + (radical +
"ing") do verbo principal + ?
Exemplos:
 This time next week I
will be sun- bathing in
Bali.
 By Christmas I will be
skiing like a pro.

2
 INGLÊS
UNIT 21 – FUTURE TENSES
 Just think, next Monday you so I can tell her.
will be working in your new
job. Quando combinado ao termo still, o "future
continuous" indica eventos que já estão
O "future continuous" pode ainda
ser utilizado para fazer previsões ou
suposições sobre eventos que ocorrerão
no futuro.
Exemplos:
 He'll be coming to the meeting, I
expect.
 I guess you'll be feeling thirsty
after working in the sun.
 You'll be missing the sunshine
once you're back in England.

Na forma interrogativa, o "future

continuous" pode ser utilizado para pedir
educadamente informações sobre o
futuro.
Exemplos:
 Will you be bringing your friend to
the pub tonight?
 Will Jim be coming with us?
 Will she be going to the party
tonight?

O "future continuous" também pode

ser utilizado para se referir a eventos
contínuos que esperamos que ocorrerão
no futuro.
Exemplos:
 I'll be seeing Jim at the conference
next week.
 When he is in Australia he will be
staying with friends.
 I'll be eating with Jane this evening

3
 INGLÊS
UNIT 21 – FUTURE TENSES
acontecendo neste momento,  By the time you read this I will have left.
os quais  You will have finished your report
acreditamos que se prolongarão by this time next week.
no futuro.
Future Perfect Continuous
Exemplos:
 In an hour I'll still be ironing my
clothes.
 Tomorrow he'll still be
suffering from his cold.
 Next year will she still be
wearing a size six?

Future perfect
O "future perfect" indica
uma ação que será concluída no
futuro. Quando utilizamos esse
tempo, estamos nos projetando ao
futuro e observando uma ação que
será finalizada em algum
momento posterior ao presente.
Em geral, ele é mais utilizado junto
a expressões temporais.

Formação
Afirmativa: Sujeito + will + have +
particípio passado do verbo
principal.
Negativa: Sujeito + will not +
have + particípio passado do
verbo principal.
Interrogativa: Will + sujeito + +
have + particípio passado do verbo
principal + ?

Exemplos:
 I will have been here for
six months on June 23rd.

4
 INGLÊS
UNIT 21 – FUTURE TENSES
Assim como o "future perfect", to + verbo principal.
utilizamos esse tempo verbal para nos Interrogativa: To be + sujeito + going to + verbo
projetar ao futuro e olhar para trás. Ele principal + ?
indica eventos ou ações não concluídos,
situados em um período entre o presente
e o futuro. Seu uso é mais frequente junto
a expressões temporais.

Formação
Afirmativa: Sujeito + will + have been +
particípio passado do verbo principal.
Negativa: Sujeito + will not + have been
+ particípio passado do verbo principal.
Interrogativa: Will + sujeito + have been
+ particípio passado do verbo principal +
?

Exemplos
 I will have been waiting here for
three hours by six o'clock.
 By 2001 I will have been living in
London for sixteen years.
 When I finish this course, I will have
been learning English for twenty
years.

Futuro com "going to"

Going to é principalmente utilizado
para indicar nossos planos e intenções ou
para fazer previsões baseadas em
evidências atuais.

Formação
Afirmativa: Sujeito + to be + going to +
verbo principal.
Negativa: Sujeito + to be + NOT + going

5
 INGLÊS
UNIT 21 – FUTURE TENSES
 Is Freddy going to buy a new car
soon?
 I think Nigel and Mary are
going to have a party next
week.
 He's going to be a brilliant
politician.
 You're going to be sorry you said
that.

Questões

1. Complete the sentence with

the appropriate word.

“Even though it`s _ , I _ _ go

to the beach”.

a) snowing/have
b) windy/don`t
c) raining/will
d) sunny/did

2. Para a questão, escolha a

alternativa que completea sentença
CORRETAMENTE.

“I have a dream that one day, on

the red hills of Georgia, the sons of
former slaves and the sons of
former slave ownerssit down together at
the table of brotherhood.” (Martin
Luther King)

a) would be able to
b) will be able to
c) should have been able to
d) are able to
e) would have been able to

6
 INGLÊS
UNIT 21 – FUTURE TENSES
b) will leave
c) would have left
d) has been leaving

5. Which is the best sequence to

complete the paragraph?

"If you have to deliver bad news, (1) _

offer unnecessary details because when
you (2)_ _ every single reason for your
decision, the other person can use those
reasons as negotiation points. Your
decision is firm, and this will come across
most clearly if you (3) short and to the
point." (Adapted from http://www.wikihow.com/Be-
Assertive)

a) won't - will explain - will be

b) doesn't - explain - be
3. "...he'd be in touch." (line 24) means c) don't - explain - are
that he d) won't - will explain - are
e) don't - explain - will be
a) had already been in touch in the
past. How to Succeed in High School -
b) has already been in touch. Studying at Home
c) will be in touch in the future.
d) was going to be in touch. In order to be successful, set regular
study and homework hours. Making this
A CARIBEAN HOLIDAY part of your routine creates a positive
pattern for success. Create a well-lit study
area. _ a CD
player
if you _ it helps you stay focused.
Club Med is offering two lucky readers a to chill out = relaxar completamente reefs
fabulous holiday on the sensational island = corais
of St Lucia, with its marvellous white
beaches, verdant rainforests and hot 4. Choose the correct verb form to fill in the
volcanic springs. blank.
A two-week break at the newly renovated a) has left
resort of Sainte-Lucie you refreshed
and revitalised, whether you’re chilling out
by the pool, riding the waves on a
windsurf board, or exploring the glorious
treasures of reefs at the foot of The Pitons,
the island’s unusual twin peaks.
How to participate
For your chance to win this fantastic prize,
call 0901 601 4035 and answer the
following question:
What are St Lucia’s twin mountains
called?

GLOSSARY:
springs = nascentes

7
 INGLÊS
UNIT 21 – FUTURE TENSES
Otherwise, highlight the space
with yellow and other upbeat
hues that may help keep your
mind fresh. (Adapted and abridged form
http://teenadvice.about.com)

6. Which is the correct option to

complete the paragraph
below?

a) Including/find.
b) Including/will find.
c) Include/find.
d) Include/will find.
e) Include/would find.

7. Choose the answer with the

verbs that appropriately
complete the sentences
below.

The children play outside

today because of the rain.
As a result, they _ __ _
stay home and watch TV. If
it doesn’t rain tomorrow,
they _ be

8
 INGLÊS
UNIT 21 – FUTURE TENSES
able to ride their bikes in the b) sees - will kill
street. c) see - kill
d) will see - kill
a) must – can’t – will e) will see- will kill
b) will – must – should
c) won’t – can’t – must 11. Complete o diálogo com a opção
d) can’t – should – will correta:
e) won’t – can’t – should

8. Choose the answer with the verbs that Brian: __ Jane next

I
appropriately complete the sentences weekend. Can you give her a call to see if I
below: can arrive in the morning?
Kevin: Sure, I __ her now.
Anna go to school
today
because she walk. a) will visit – am going to call
Her
mother told her she see a 10. Which of the
doctor. alternatives below completes the sentence
correctly?
a) will -- must - should
b) must - can't - will Juliet and Romeo in the balcony scene: "Oh,
c) can't - should - must Romeo, if my brother _ (1) us together,
d) won't - can - must certainly he _ (2) you.
e) won't - can't – should Please, go away now."

9. Which sequence best completes the a) will see - will kill

conversation below?

Jane: Will you colour your hair when

it (1)
_ to get

gray? Mary: Yes, I

will.

Jane: But will you do it yourself or will

you go to the
beauty parlor?

Mary: Oh, I don't think I'm able to do it

myself. I (2) _ my hair
(3) _.

a) start - will have - colour

b) will start - will have - coloured
c) starts - will have - coloured
d) starts - have - colour
e) will start - have – coloured

9
 INGLÊS
UNIT 21 – FUTURE TENSES
b) will visit – will call
c) am going to visit – will call
d) am going to visit – am going to call

12. A forma interrogativa de “Bob

and Lilly aren’t going to come
with us” é:

a) Will Bob and Lilly come with us?

b) Are Bob and Lilly going to come
with us?
c) Do Bob and Lilly come with us?
d) Is Bob going to come with Lilly?

13. A forma afirmativa de Is he

going to have Spanish
classes tonight? é:

a) He is going to have Spanish

classes tonight.
b) He is going to have classes
in Spain tonight.
c) He isn’t going to have
Spanish classes tonight.
d) He is going to have classes
in Spanish tonight.

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 22 – GERUND AND INFINITIVE
In English, we can use the –ing form of a
verb ('going', 'coming', 'sleeping') in 1. After certain verbs (for example 'decide').
different situations. For example, we use it
as part of the continuous tenses 'I am  He decided to leave early (affirmative).
sleeping'. But there are some other cases  He decided not to stay (negative).
where we use it. We use the gerund (verb-
ing): Here are more words that take 'to + infinitive':

1. After certain verbs (for example 'enjoy').

•I enjoy reading.

Here are more words that take the

gerund:

 Fancy: I fancy seeing a film tonight.

 Discuss: We discussed going on
holiday together.
 Dislike: I dislike waiting for buses.
 Finish: We finished preparing for
the meeting.
 Mind: I don’t mind coming early.
 Suggest: He suggested staying at
the Grand Hotel.
 Recommend: They
recommended
meeting earlier.
 Keep: He kept working although he
felt ill.
 Avoid: She avoided talking to her
boss.

2. Instead of a noun

 Smoking isn’t allowed here

 Swimming is very good exercise.

3. After prepositions

 I drank a cup of coffee before

leaving.
 It's a good idea to brush your teeth
after
eating.

 We also use the gerund after

the preposition in phrasal
verbs:

•I gave up smoking.

The infinitive (with 'to')

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 22 – GERUND AND INFINITIVE
 Agree: She agreed to give a wanted to study).
presentation at the meeting.  I went home to have lunch. NOT: I
 Ask*: I asked to leave early / I asked went home for have lunch.
him
to leave early.  Some verbs can take either the
 Decide: We decided to go out for gerund or 'to + infinitive' with no
dinner. change in meaning. For example:
 Help*: He helped to clean the
kitchen / he helped his  It started raining.
flatmate to clean the kitchen.  It started to rain.
 Plan: She plans to buy a
new flat next year.
 Hope: I hope to pass the exam.
 Learn: They are learning to sing.
 Want*: I want to come to the party / I
want
him to come to the party.
 Would like*: I would like to see her
tonight
/ I would like you to see her tonight.
 Promise: We promised not to be late.

*We can use an object before the

infinitive with these verbs. Note
that 'help' can also be followed by
the infinitive without 'to' with no
difference in meaning: 'I helped to
carry it' = 'I helped carry it'.

2. After many adjectives (for example

'pleased').
• She's pleased to have a new
job. Here are adjectives that take
'to + infinitive':

 Happy: I'm happy to see you.

 Right: She was right to leave early.
 Wrong: They were wrong to
spend so much money.
 Careful: The teacher was careful to
speak
clearly.
 Lucky: He was lucky to survive the
crash.
 Likely: It's likely to snow tonight.

3. To express purpose.

We often use 'to + infinitive' to say

why we do something.

 I came to London to study =

(I came to London because I

2
 INGLÊS
UNIT 22 – GERUND AND INFINITIVE
 Here are some more verbs like this:
*Be careful. In the passive, 'make' takes 'to +
To + infinitive Gerund infinitive': He was made to open his case.
Continue I continued to I
work.
continued
working.
Begin She began to She began
sing. singing.
Prefer I prefer to eat at I prefer
home. eating
at home.

Bare infinitive

We use the bare infinitive:

1. After modal verbs. These modal verbs

are:

 Can: She can speak great English.

 Could: We could go to the cinema.
 Will: They will be late.
 Would: I would like a new laptop.
 May: It may rain at the weekend.
 Might: I might be late home today.
 Shall: Shall we meet at eight?
 Should: You really should study
more.
 Must: You must try the new
restaurant.

 There is one exception: ‘ought’ takes

'to + infinitive.'

•I ought to visit my granny.

2. After 'let', 'make' and 'help'.

Let is always followed by 'object' + 'bare

infinitive'.

 Let's go.
 Let John do it.

Make is also followed by 'object' + 'bare

infinitive'.

 Julie made John cry.

 The teacher made us write an essay.
 The music made him want to dance.

3
Help sometimes takes 'to + say she _ maintain the commitment, as
infinitive', and sometimes takes she faces questions over how to pay for her
the bare infinitive. There is no government's tax-cutting plans. The PM told
difference in meaning. For
example:

 I helped to carry it.

 I helped her carry it.

3. After some verbs of perception

We can use either the bare

infinitive or the gerund with many
verbs of perception. The meaning
is slightly different depending on
which one we choose. Some of
these verbs include watch, hear,
feel, sense, see.

 I saw her cross the road (I

saw the whole action from
start to finish).
 I saw her crossing the road (I
saw part of the action, not
the whole thing).

4. After expressions with 'why'. For

example:

 Why go home early?

 Why study English?
 Why not live in London?

Questões

1. Mark the option that

correctly completes the
sentence below:

“My parents are seriously thinking about

_ to Canada.”

a) moves
b) moving
c) moved
d) to move
e) move

2. Complete the text with the correct

words:

Liz Truss is _ under

pressure from Tory MPs to ensure
benefits rise in line with prices, with
minister Penny Mordaunt arguing it
"makes sense". Former PM Boris
Johnson
_ benefits would rise with
inflation. Ms Truss has refused to

4
 INGLÊS
UNIT 22 – GERUND AND INFINITIVE
the BBC a decision _ yet been appropriate, compared with forms,
made, as the issue dominated Tory party which confine self-expression; you
conference in Birmingham. Speaking to might as well
Times Radio, Ms Mordaunt said: "We _ _ that freedom!
tomake sure that people are looked after and
that people can paytheir bills. We are not a) to want to read / explain / to say / to use
about b) want to read / explaining / saying / using
_ to help people with one hand c) want to read / to explain / to say / use
and take away with another." _ if she d) want reading / to explain / say / use
welcomed Ms Mordaunt _ her e) to want to read / explaining / saying / to
views public, Ms Truss said: "I makes people more; it is daring, lively. You
_ forward to having rarely need _ trivial details of your
those discussions." early education or training except in passing.
(https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-63125506 ) Your CV is a creative document that allows
you _ _ what you think is
a) Coming, pledged, would, hadn't,
want, trying, asked, making, look
b) Come, pledged, would, hasn’t,
want, try, ask, making, looked
c) Coming, pledge, will, hasn’t, want,
trying, asked, made, looking
d) Come, pledged, would, hadn’t,
wants, to try, asks, making, looking
e) Coming, pledging, won’t, has,
wants, tried, asked, making, look

3. Which option is
grammatically
INCORRECT?

a) Everybody in the family has

disapproved of Peter moving to New
Zealand.
b) The boss insisted on fire the lawyer
after the big scandals were
exposed.
c) She nearly discouraged me from
travelling alone. She said it was too
dangerous.
d) Tom was very embarrassed when
his wife saw him come home drunk
last night.
e) The basketball team didn't object to
training on the weekends, but the
coach did.

4. Which is the correct option to

complete the text below?

A good CV

It starts with a brilliant summary that

5
 INGLÊS
UNIT 22 – GERUND AND INFINITIVE
use these
deeply rooted subconscious factors.
5. Which option completes the (Adapted from https://www. makeuseof .com)
paragraph below correctly?
a) trick / believe / create / to identify
Spea b) tricking / believe / to create / identify
k, c) to trick / believe / to create / to identify
FIDO d) to trick / believing / creating / to identify
! e) trick / believing / to create / identifying

Imagine you're out for a walk with

your family when a strange dog
approaches. The dog isn't
aggressive, but it seems

something because it nudges you

with its snout, and barks. What
you don't know is that this dog is
trained
_ a person with a medical
condition. Around the corner, the
doq's owner has collapsed, and
the dog instinctively runs off
_ help. That's you! But how can
the dog make you _ what's
wrong? (Adapted from
https://www.timeforkids.com)

a) to want / help / to find / to

understand
b) want / helping / finding /
understanding
c) want / help / find / to understand
d) to want / to help / to find /
understand
e) wanting / to helping / finding /
understand

6. Choose the correct option to

complete the paragraph
below.

B
i
a
s
e
s

Our mind likes _ our brain

into_ that it’s right. Over time,
this leads to us
_ _biases. Biases can be
positive or negative, but it’s
important

6
 INGLÊS
UNIT 22 – GERUND AND INFINITIVE
7. Choose the correct alternative.

a) You’ll soon get used to live abroad. alternative, respectively:

b) She is talking about to move to
the countryside.
c) I look forward to hear from you.
d) I used to playing cards when I was a
kid.
e) l am used to doing the dishes.

8. Read the text and answer the

question.

Complete the blank (line 5) with the right

verb:

a) is breathing
b) breathing
c) brought
d) breath

9. According to the extract, what is

the alternative that contains the
right explanation about the gerund
in bold type?

“Swimming is an amazing exercise. It’s

healthy, fun, relaxing and a low-impact
sport. I know this from personal
experience. Last year while I was jogging I
injured my left knee. I don’t go jogging
anymore, now I’m considering joining a
swimming competition.”

The gerund is:

a) The direct object of the sentence.

b) The progressive form of the verb.
c) The indirect object of the verb.
d) The subject of the sentence.

10.Fill in the blanks with the correct

7
 INGLÊS
UNIT 22 – GERUND AND INFINITIVE
13.Para a questão, escolha a
alternativa que complete a
sentença corretamente.

Tomorrow I'm going to _ at

a) stretching – strengthening – the hairdresser's.
breathing
b) stretched – strengthened – a) have cut my hair
breathed b) have cutting my hair
c) stretches – strengthens – breathes c) cutting my hair
d) stretch – strengthen – breathe d) have my hair cut

11.Which option best

completes the
paragraph below?

Eat healthy

In today's fast-paced world, it is so

easy
_ _ through a drive-through
window to grab something to eat.
It is also easy _ into a gas
station _ _ a bag of chips, a soda,
and some candy. However, _ _ this
is not the best choice for our
bodies. Simply put - the more junk
you put into your body, the worse
you are going to feel. Try your
body with healthy food, drink
plenty of water, and skip fast food
lines as much as you can to feel
healthy and happy.
(Abridged from http://www.teenadvice.about.com)

a) driving/stopping/to buy/to do/to

nourish
b) driving/stopping/to buy/doing/to
nourish
c) to drive/to stop/to buy/doing/to
nourish
d) to drive/to
stop/buying/doing/nourishing
e) to drive/to stop/to buy/to
do/nourishing

12.I tried to _ them

the truth but they wouldn't
listen.

a) tell
b) telling
c) told
d) tells

8
 INGLÊS
UNIT 22 – GERUND AND INFINITIVE
e) my haircut

14.Para a questão, escolha a

alternativa que complete a
sentença corretamente.

She cannot get used _ abroad.

a) to live
b) to living
c) lives
d) Iived
e) living

15.Read the dialogue and complete it

with the right form of the verb.

WAITER: Are you ready to order?

CLIENT: Would you mind _ _ me the
menu?
WAITER: Of course not. Here you are

a) to bring
b) brought
c) bringing
d) not bring

9
 INGLÊS
UNIT 23 – PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
Prefixes
Prefix Meaning Examples
Prefixes are letters which we add to the
beginning of a word to make a new word midday,
with a different meaning. Prefixes can, for mid- middle midnight, mid-
example, create a new word opposite in October
meaning to the word the prefix is attached
to. They can also make a word negative or misaligned,
express relations of time, place or mis- incorrectly, mislead,
manner. Here are some examples: badly misspelt

Prefix Meaning Examples non-payment,

non- not
non-smoking
anti-
against/ government, overcook,
anti- over- too much overcharge,
opposed to anti-racist, anti-
war overrate

autobiography, outdo, out-

auto- self out- go beyond
automobile perform, outrun

de-classify, post-election,
reverse post- after
de- decontaminate, post-war
demotivate
or change
prehistoric, pre-
pre- before
disagree, war
reverse
dis- displeasure,
disqualify pro-communist,
or remove pro- in favour of
pro-democracy
downgrade,
down- reduce or reconsider, redo,
downhearted re- again
lower rewrite
extraordinary,
extra- beyond semicircle, semi-
extraterrestrial semi- half
retired
hyperactive,
hyper- extreme submarine, sub-
hypertension sub- under, below
Saharan
illegal,
il-, im-, impossible, super-hero,
not super- above, beyond
in-, ir- insecure, supermodel
irregular
television,
tele- at a distance
interactive, telepathic
inter- between
international
transatlantic,
trans- across
megabyte, transfer
very
mega- mega-deal,
megaton
big,
important

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 23 – PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

Prefix Meaning Examples Suffix Examples of nouns

ultra-compact, -er/-or driver, writer, director

ultra- extremely
ultrasound
brotherhood, childhood,
-hood
remove, undo, unpack, neighbourhood
un-
reverse, not unhappy
capitalism, Marxism, socialism
-ism
less undercook, (philosophies)
under-
underestimate
than, beneath capitalist, Marxist, socialist
-ist
(followers of philosophies)
make or move
up- upgrade, uphill
higher
-ity/-ty brutality, equality, cruelty
Writing prefixes: hyphens
amazement, disappointment,
(super- hero or supermodel) -ment
parliament
There are no absolute rules for when to
use a hyphen or when to write a prefixed -ness happiness, kindness, usefulness
word as one whole word (see the
examples in the table). A good learner’s -ry entry, ministry, robbery
dictionary will tell you how to write a
prefixed word. friendship, membership,
-ship
workmanship
Suffixes
-sion/- expression, population,
A suffix is a morpheme added at the end tion/-xion complexion
of a word which makes a new word. The
new word is most often a different word
class from the original word. Often, the
suffix causes a spelling change to the Adjective suffixes
original word.

Common suffixes and examples: Suffix Examples of adjectives

Noun suffixes -able/-ible drinkable, portable, flexible

Suffix Examples of nouns
-al brutal, formal, postal
-age baggage, village, postage
-en broken, golden, wooden
-al arrival, burial, deferral
-ese Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese
-ance/-
reliance, defence, insistence -ful forgetful, helpful, useful
ence

-dom boredom, freedom, kingdom -i Iraqi, Pakistani, Yemeni

-ee employee, payee, trainee

2
 INGLÊS
UNIT 23 – PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

Suffix Examples of adjectives Questões

-ic classic, Islamic, poetic “Multilingualism needs to be understood

not so much in terms of separate
-ish British, childish, Spanish monolingualisms (adding English to one or
more other languages) but rather in much
more fluid terms. We can start to think of
-ive active, passive, productive
ELT classrooms in terms of principled
polycentrism (Pennycook, 2014). This is
-ian Canadian, Malaysian, Peruvian not the polycentrism of a World Englishes
focus, with its established or fixed norms
-less homeless, hopeless, useless of regional varieties of English, but a more
fluid concept, based on the idea that
-ly daily, monthly, yearly students are developing complex
repertoires of multilingual and multimodal
-ous cautious, famous, nervous resources. This enables us to think in
terms of ELT as developing resourceful
-y cloudy, rainy, windy speakers who are able to use available
language resources and to shift between
styles, discourses, registers and genres.
This brings the recent sociolinguistic
Verb sufixes emphasis on repertoires and resources
into conversation with a focus on the need
to learn how to negotiate and
Suffix Examples of verbs accommodate, rather than to be proficient
in one variety of English. So an emerging
-ate complicate, dominate, irritate goal of ELT may be less towards proficient
native-speaker-like speakers (which has
-en harden, soften, shorten always been a confused and misguided
goal), and to think instead in terms of
-ify beautify, clarify, identify resourceful speakers (Pennycook, 2012)
who can draw on multiple linguistic and
economise, realise, industrialize (- semiotic resources.”
(Pennycook, A. The Cultural Politics of English as an
-ise/- ise is most common in British International Language. London and New York: Routledge.
ize English; -ize is most common in 2017. Adaptado)
American English)
1. The word “misguided”, in the last
sentence of the text, has a negative
Adverb sufixes connotation due to the prefix mis-.
Negative prefixes have also been
added to the words in alternative:

a) underfed; introversion.
b) defrost; maltreatment.
c) incomparable; miserable.
d) misjudgement; initialization.
e) underground; unintentional.

2. Choose the option with the correct

prefixes to complete the sentences
below.

3
 Suffix Examples of adverbs

-ly calmly, easily, quickly

INGLÊS
-
UNIT 23 –downwards,
ward(s) PREFIXEShomeward(s),
AND SUFFIXES
upwards
I. Comp uting systems often deliberately
_ classify sensitive information.
-wise anti-clockwise, clockwise, edgewise II. Since then, every time I felt stressed,
_ aligned, or dissatisfied, I would

4
 INGLÊS
UNIT 23 – PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
refer back to them to get the source
of my frustration." ·
III. My son-in-law was talking and
acting in an _ _ appropriate manner
at the party.
IV. Crooks sometimes run the
police.
V. She had difficulty in writing
anything but scribbles because she
was _ _ patient.
VI. Her latest article is quite
similar from the previous one.

a) de- / dis- / in-/ out- / im- / dis

b) de-/ un-/ un- / mis- / im- / un-
c) dis-/ in- / dis-/ out- / un- / un-
d) de- / dis- / in- / mis-/ im- / dis
e) dis- / mis- / un- / mis- / un-/dis

5. “unborn baby”, the

underlined word means

a) not wanted.
b) not yet born.
c) recently born.
d) born before the usual time of birth.

3. The only word that has the same

suffix as in “astronomer” (line 5) is

a) matter
b) disaster
c) newspaper
d) doomsdayer

“A terrible thing happened to teacher

Emma Rodriguez last year. Her little son,
Edgar, drank some floor cleaner. She took
him to the hospital. Edgar was OK and out
of danger. But Emma decided that she
wanted to make her home safer and
happier.”

4. In “teacher”, underlined in the

paragraph, the suffix –“er” has the
same function as the one in

a) safer.
b) danger.
c) cleaner.
d) happier.

5
 INGLÊS
UNIT 23 – PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
6. If the treatments are unproven,
(line 3), it means that they .

a) really work
b) are successful
c) are not proved or tested
d) can be legally prescribed

7. In which option all the suffixes

are correctly used?

a) “insensitive” / “inexpected” /
“inlegible” / “unpolite”
b) “insensitive” / “unexpected” /
“unlegible” / unpolite”
c) “insensitive” / “unexpected” /
“illegibie” / “impolite”
d) “insensitive” / ‘unexpected” /
“unlegible” / “impolite”
e) “insensitive” / “inexpected” /
“illegible” / “impolite”

8. The suffix "ly" forms adverbs of

manner from adjectives as, for
example, in: caIm (adjective) -
caImIy (adverb of manner). Which of
the adjectives below DOES NOT
follow this rule?

a) quick
b) fast
c) fine
d) quiet
e) exquisite

9. In the sentence "There was a

lengthy pursuit, over seven hours",
there is a word formed by the suffix
"y". In which option below the word
is formed by the same suffix?

a) lately
b) mostly 10.The prefix un as in ‘unclear’ (line
c) fury 17) is used correctly in all
d) ally alternatives EXCEPT:
e) healthy
a) unconscious
b) uninteresting
c) unfold
d) undetermined
e) unexpensive

6
 INGLÊS
UNIT 23 – PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

11.The words “efficiency” and

“brevity” (both in line 13) follow,
respectively, the same rule of word
formation as in

a) policy – party.
b) agency – plenty.
c) fancy – security.
d) proficiency – clarity.

12.Choose the alternative in which all

the words make opposites with the
same preffix:

a) decisive – logical – able

b) possible – correct – able
c) calculate – correct – able
d) decisive – correct – capable
e) possible – logical – capable

7
 INGLÊS
UNIT 24 - CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions are words that link independent clause) and the clock
other words, phrases, or clauses together strikes twelve (the dependent clause).
and allow you to form complex sentences
and avoid the choppiness of multiple short List
sentences. of:

Coordinating Conjunctions  Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions allow you for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
to join words, phrases, and clauses of
equal grammatical rank in a sentence. The  Correlative conjunctions
most common coordinating conjunctions
are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so; you both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not
can remember them by using the only/but, whether/or
mnemonic device FANBOYS.
 Subordinating conjunctions
 I’d like pizza or a salad for lunch.
 We needed a place to concentrate, after, although, as, as if, as long as, as
so we packed up our things and much as, as soon as, as though, because,
went to the library. before, by the time, even if, even though,
 Jesse didn’t have much money, but if, in order that, in case, in the event that,
she got by. lest, now that, once, only, only if, provided
that, since, so, supposing, that, than,
 Notice the use of the comma when a though, till, unless, until, when, whenever,
coordinating conjunction is joining where, whereas, wherever, whether or not
two independent clauses. and while.
Correlative Conjunctions Let’s practice!
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of 1. Complete each sentence using the
conjunctions that work together. correct coordinating conjunction
Some examples are either/or, from the parenthesis:
neither/nor, and not only/but also.
a) My car has a radio _ _ a CD
 Not only am I finished studying for player. (but, or, and)
English, but I’m also finished writing b) Sharon hates to listen to rap music,
my history essay. _ will she tolerate heavy
 I am finished with both my English metal. (but, nor, or)
essay and my history essay. c) Carol wanted to drive to Colorado,
_ Bill insisted that they fly.
Subordinating Conjunctions (and, or, but)
d) I’m afraid of heights, __ _ I
Subordinating conjunctions  Here, the adverb until functions as a
join independent and dependent clauses. subordinating conjunction to connect two
A subordinating conjunction can signal a ideas: I can stay out (the
cause- and-effect relationship, a contrast,
or some other kind of relationship
between the clauses.

 I can stay out until the clock strikes

twelve.

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 24 - CONJUNCTIONS
appreciate the view from the top
of this building. (and, yet, nor)
e) I have to be on time, _ _ my
boss will be annoyed if I’m late.
(and, nor, for)
f) Do you like chocolate _
vanilla ice cream better? (or,
nor, and)
g) I have to go to work at six,
_ I’m waking up at four. (but, so,
yet)
h) I was on time, _
everyone else was late. (so,
but, for)

2
 INGLÊS
UNIT 24 - CONJUNCTIONS
i) Nadia doesn’t like to __ _ c) _ you win first place, you will
drive,
she takes the bus everywhere. receive a prize. (wherever, if, unless)
(but, yet, so) d) You won’t pass the test _
j) Our trip to the museum was you study. (when, if, unless)
interesting, e) I could not get a seat, _ I
_ there were several came early. (as, though, when)
new artifacts on display. f) We are leaving Wednesday _
(but, for, yet) or not it rains. (if, whether, though)
g) Pay attention to your work _
2. Complete each sentence using the you will not make mistakes. (so
correct correlative conjunction pair that, unless, or)
from the parenthesis: h) The musicians delivered a rousing
performance _ _ they had
a) I plan to take my vacation _ rehearsed often. (though, as, once)
in June in July. (whether / i) She’s honest _ everyone
or, either / or, as / if) trusts her. (if, so, when)
b) _ I’m feeling happy _ j) Write this down _ you
sad, I try to keep a positive attitude. forget. (or, when, lest)
(either
/ or, whether / or, when / I’m)
c) _ had I taken my shoes
off
_ I found out we had to
leave again. (no sooner / than,
rather / than, whether / or)
d) _ only is dark chocolate
delicious, _ it can be healthy.
_
(whether / or, not / but, just as / so)
e) _ I have salad for dinner,
_ _I can have
ice cream for dessert. (if /then,
when / than, whether / or)
f) _ flowers _ trees
grow during warm
weather. (not only / or, both / and,
not / but)
g) _ do we enjoy summer
vacatio _ we _
n,
enjoy winter break. (whether / or, not only
/ but also, either / or)
h) Calculus is _ easy _
difficult _ _ (not / but, both /
and, either / or)
i) It’s __ _ going to rain _
snow tonight. (as / if, either / or, as /
as)
j) Savory flavors are _ sweet
_ sour. (often / and, neither
/ nor, both / and)

3
 INGLÊS
UNIT 24 - CONJUNCTIONS
3. Complete each sentence
using the subordinating conjunction
from the parenthesis:

a) I visit the Grand Canyon _ I

go to Arizona. (once, whenever,
wherever)
b) This is the place _ we
stayed last time we visited. (where,
when, how)

4
 INGLÊS
UNIT 25 – PHRASAL VERBS
WHAT ARE PHRASAL VERBS? VERBS
They are verbs with two or three words:
main verb + particle (preposition or adverb).
Examples:
 I wake up at 7:30 every day.
 Please turn off the TV.
 My brother and I don’t get along.
 She came up with a good idea.

Phrasal verbs can be transitive or

intransitive. Transitive phrasal verbs can
be separable or inseparable.

INTRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS

Intransitive phrasal verbs have no direct

object.
Examples:
 I woke up at 10:30 AM.
 You can come over to my house
after school.
 He’s going back to Russia next
month.

TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS

Transitive phrasal verbs have a direct

object.
Examples:

 You need to fill out this form to

register for the course. (fill out =
complete)
 I’m going to cut down on fast food this
year. (cut down on = reduce)

SEPARABLE & INSEPARABLE PHRASAL

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 25 – PHRASAL VERBS
Transitive phrasal verbs accent was very thick, he recalls. He’d say
can be separable or ‘tha’ rather than ‘that’, for instance. He
inseparable. If it is was perfectly understandable; yet a senior
separable, it means you can colleague overseeing his work insisted
separate the two words and put Murphy change his accent so all the
the direct object in the middle. If it broadcasters sounded uniform on air. The
is inseparable, then you can’t do effects of adaptation were far-reaching. “It
this. Examples: sort of broke my brain a little bit,” says
Murphy. “I thought about literally every
TURN OFF (Separable) single thing I was saying, literally every
 Please turn off the TV. time I was
 Please turn the

TV off. LOOK AFTER

(Inseparable)

 I’ll look after your dog while

you’re on vacation.
 I’ll look your dog after while
you’re on vacation.–
INCORRECT

WORD ORDER FOR SEPARABLE

PHRASAL VERBS

When the direct object is the

specific name of a thing or person,
it can be located after the phrasal
verb or in the middle. Examples:

I threw away the old pizza. = I

threw the old pizza away.

However, when the direct object is

a pronoun (me, you, him, her,
us, them, it), then it MUST go in
the middle. Examples:

 I threw it away.  I threw away

it.
– INCORRECT

Questions

The regional accentism that

secretly affects life
prospects

At age 22, Gav Murphy was

living outside his home country
Wales for the first time, working in
his first job in media production in
London. His South Wales Valleys

2
 INGLÊS
UNIT 25 – PHRASAL VERBS
saying it. Moving to standard English was airlines restrict the total number of pets allowed
just laborious.” on any given flight, and these spots are usually
Foreign-accent discrimination is parceled out on a first- come, first-served basis—
rampant in professional settings. But so you will want to book early.
discrimination can also extend to certain
native speakers of a language, because of
the judgements attached to particular
accents. While many employers are
becoming very sensitive to other types of
bias, accent bias remains challenging to
root out. But it doesn’t have to be this
way. (…) (Christine Ro. www.bbc.com, 08.05.2022.
Adaptado)

1. In the context of the second

paragraph, the phasal verb “root
out” means
a) explain.
b) predict.
c) eradicate.
d) change.
e) accept.

2. Which phrasal verb completes the

text below correctly?

Cargo ship carrying Porsches and

Bentleys is burning and adrift at sea

A fire_ Wednesday morning

on the Felicity Ace, a ship about 650
feet long, near Portugal's Azores
Islands, according to the Portuguese
navy. The ship had departed from
Emden, Germany, on Feb. 10 and was
scheduled to arrive in Davisville, R.l.,
next week, according to a ship
tracking website. (Adapted
from
https://Awww.washingtonpost.com/)

a) broke out
b) dozed off
c) did up
d) looked back
e) thought over

Flying with a Dog? Here’s What You Need to

Know

The choice to take your dog in the cabin

with you versus traveling in the cargo hold
will often be decided for you by the size of
the animal and the airline’s policy. Some

3
 INGLÊS
UNIT 25 – PHRASAL VERBS
Expect to pay a fee to fly with and will assess next steps together with
your dog. Current standard fees its partners, the company stated. The hull
range from around $75 to $200 of the Yara Birkeland vessel was launched
each way, and can go up to to sea in Romania in February 2020. The
several hundred dollars for larger ship is expected to arrive at the
dogs that must be transported on Norwegian shipyard in May where it will be
cargo planes. fitted with various control and navigation
If at all possible, choose a systems and undergo testing before
direct flight. As tough as flying is delivery to Yara.
on a dog, especially in the cargo Yara and technology company
hold, submitting them to even Kongsberg teamed up in 2017 with the
longer travel times plus multiple ambition to build the world's first
encounters with baggage handling autonomous and zero-emission container
can easily go sideways. My vessel.
family flew cross- country with
our dog several years ago, and
had purchased direct flights, but
due to aircraft problems on the
way home had to switch to a
connecting itinerary. During our
connection in St. Louis, we
watched helplessly through the
airport windows as a baggage
hander in St. Louis let our dog’s
travel crate nearly free-fall onto
the tarmac. When we _ _ at our
home airport, the crate was
shattered and the dog significantly
traumatized.
https://www.smartertravel.com/flying-
with-a-dog/

3. Choose the alternative that

completes the text with a
suitable phrasal verb.
a) picked her up
b) took it up
c) picked by
d) came up

Development of world's first

autonomous, zeroemission feeder
postponed amid COVID- 19 crisis

Due to the COVID-19

pandemic and the changed global
outlook, the development of the
world's first autonomous and
electric container vessel Yara
Birkeland is put on hold,
Norwegian company Yara
announced.
Yara has decided to pause
further development of the vessel

4
 INGLÊS
UNIT 25 – PHRASAL VERBS
Replacing 40,000 truck journeys a a) Carry on
year, Yara Birkeland seeks to reduce
NOx and CO2 emissions and improve road
safety in a densely populated urban area
in Norway. (Adapted from: https://safety4sea.com)

4. In "[... ] the world's first autonomous and

electric container vessel Yara Birkeland
is put on hold [... ].",the idiom in bold
means:

a) Put away
b) Put about
c) Put off
d) Put across
e) Put up

Your digital footprint

5. A synonym for “come across” (line

18) is

a) find.
b) check.
c) buy.
d) take.

6. Choose the alternative that

substitutes the phrasal verb in the
following sentence without
changing its meaning.

“My mother asked me to look after my

little sister”.

5
 INGLÊS
UNIT 25 – PHRASAL VERBS
b) Take care
c) Take over 9. Which is the correct option to
d) Hold back complete the sentence below?

7. Which is the correct option Ruth wanted to be transferred to another

to replace the verb “reach” department, but her application was_ _
in the paragraph below so because her own department is
that the meaning remains understaffed.
the same?
a) turned down
Nowadays, it is difficult for parents
to _ _ their image of what ideal
parenting should look like.

a) live up to
b) look down on
c) run out of
d) get away with
e) look in on

FROM FILM STAR TO

FREQUENCY-
HOPPING
INVENTOR

(…) While not on the movie set,

Lamarr would work with Antheil in
her apartment to move her idea
from concept to a practical
system. In her early working
documents a reference is made to
the 116RX, the 1939 Philco radio
console that featured the first
wireless remote control (termed
the Mystery Control and offering
the listener options to select up to
eight stations, a volume control,
and an off switch). This _29__ just
one among several inputs that
inspired her to __30__ the idea she
called “hopping of frequencies”
(...)
CHRISTIANSEN, D. Adaptado de From Film Star
to Frequency- Hopping Inventor. In: Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Disponível
em: . Acesso em: 15/06/2018.

8. Choose the best option to fill

in the blank with the
number 30

a) come up with
b) come down on
c) come through
d) come over
e) come about

6
 INGLÊS
UNIT 25 – PHRASAL VERBS
Sarahher best clothes for the prom.
b) turned out
c) turned up Dressed up
d) turned over
Took out
e) turned away
Put away
Put out
10.Read the sentence and answer question.

“I find the easiest way to expand my

vocabulary is to make up words.”

The phrasal verb “make up” in this

cartoon can be replaced by:

a) build up
b) go away
c) look up
d) go on

Fire in South Korea

Four people died after a fire broke out in a

shopping centre in South Korea. The fire
broke out in a children´s play area inside
the centre. There were no children inside
at the time.
The centre is next to some flats. More than
a hundred people from the flats
immediately evacuated. (Available:
https://www.newsinlevels.com/products/fire-in-south-korea.)

11.In the text, “Broke out” means:

a) hit. 14.In the text, the phrasal verb that

b) started. means have a harmonious and
c) forbade. friendly relationship is
d) changed.
a) look to. (line 7)
12.Regarding the right use of participle b) look beyond. (line 62)
adjectives, choose the best c) get along. (line 67)
alternative to fill the sentences: d) figure out. (line 72)

Why Peter and Chris are so _ ? Are 15.Leia os dois parágrafos a seguir
they going to a party? para responder à questão.

a) Looked up An international student who majors in

b) Dried up engineering drops by the engineering
c) Dressed up department office and asks the secretary,
d) Carried out “Can you tell me where the English
department is?” The secretary smiles and
13.Regarding the right use of participle responds, “I don’t know, actually. It’s
adjectives, choose the best probably somewhere in the Humanities
alternative to fill the sentences: Building. Do you have a campus map?”
The student turns around and leaves. The
secretary is taken aback and feels slightly

7
 INGLÊS
UNIT 25 – PHRASAL VERBS
uncomfortable. She wonders

8
 INGLÊS
UNIT 25 – PHRASAL VERBS
why the student left so abruptly. (Celce-
Murcia, M. 2001.)

The expression “drop by” belongs to a

category called phrasal verbs (verb +
particle). Sometimes verb and particle can
be separated, sometimes they cannot.
Choose the alternative that displays a
separable phrasal verb.

a) They ran into a long time distant

friend just a few days ago.
b) I came across a fabulous book some
days ago.
c) The CEO decided it would be wiser
to turn down the offer.
d) My friend was looking into the
possibility of studying English
abroad during her next vacations.
e) When looking after young children,
full attention may not be enough.

9
 INGLÊS
UNIT 26 – IMPERATIVE E SUBJUNCTIVE
Imperative  Everybody look!
 Relax, everybody.
Structure
 Nobody move!
The structure of the imperative uses the
We can also use you as the subject to
base verb with no subject. Examples:
imply anger, as in:
 Stop!
 You watch your mouth, young man!
 Please, sit here!
 You be quiet!
 The final punctuation is usually a  Don't you talk to me like that!
full- stop/period (.) or an exclamation
mark/point (!). Unreal Commands
 Imperative sentences can
be in positive or negative form, and We often express hope and make
can refer to present or future time. suggestions with the imperative form, but
these are not real commands:
Examples:
 Shoot!  Have a good trip. (hope)
 Don't move!  Enjoy the meal. (hope)
 Remove the packaging.  If there's no olive oil try almond oil.
 Don't forget your homework. (suggestion)

Function Imperative with DO

The usual function of an imperative If we put DO before the imperative the

sentence is to give a command or effect is to make requests, apologies and
instruction. Examples: complaints more emphatic but also more
polite:
 Help!
 Go now!  Do take a seat. (request)
 Don't sit there  Do forgive me. I didn't mean to
offend you. (apology)
 Do try to keep the noise
Imperatives can also be used with words
like "please" or "kindly" to add politeness. down, gentlemen.
Examples: (complaint)

 Kindly help yourself to fruit. Imperative with always, never, ever

 Please don't forget your belongings.
 Please be waiting when we arrive. We can use the words always, never, ever
Don't be late! come before imperatives, as in:

Special Cases  Always remember who's boss.

 Never speak to me like that again.
Imperative with subject  Don't ever speak to me like that again.

Normally when we use the imperative Passive Imperative

there is no subject because the subject
is obvious— it's YOU! We sometimes make passive
imperatives with get, for example:
Sometimes, however, to make the subject
clear, we do use a subject, for example:  Get vaccinated before your holiday.

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 26 – IMPERATIVE E SUBJUNCTIVE
Imperative with AND

2
 INGLÊS
UNIT 26 – IMPERATIVE E SUBJUNCTIVE
recommendation,
We can sometimes use the imperative request, suggestion… Examples:
+ AND
instead of an if-clause, for example:

 Go now and I'll never speak to you

again. (If you go now, I'll never
speak...)

Imperative with Question Tags

We sometimes use these question tags

after imperatives: can you? can't you?
could you? will you? won't you? would you?
Examples:

 Lend me a dollar, can you?

 Help me with this, will you?
 Keep still, won't you?

Subjunctive

The English subjunctive is a special,

relatively rare verb form that
expresses something desired or imagined.

We use the subjunctive mainly when

talking about events that are not certain
to happen. For example, we use the
subjunctive when talking about events
that somebody:

 wants to happen
 anticipates will happen
 imagines happening

Structure

For all verbs and all persons, the form

is the base of the verb, for example, be,
have, do, go, sing, work, etc.

Use

 In certain that clauses:

1. verb (or noun) + that:

advise, ask, command, demand, desire,
insist, order, prefer, propose,
recommend, request, suggest, command,
demand, order, proposal,

3
 INGLÊS
UNIT 26 – IMPERATIVE E SUBJUNCTIVE
 He suggests that you be (William Shakespeare)
present at the meeting.
 The boss recommends that Fixed Expressions
he join the company.
 They made a suggestion that  Bless you!
we be early.  God bless America!
 He made a proposal that the  God save the Queen.
company buy more land.

2. adjective + that
advisable, best, crucial, desirable,
essential, imperative, important,
necessary, unthinkable, urgent,
vital, anxious, determined, eager,
keen… Examples:

 It is advisable that she rest for a

week.
 It was essential that the
army advance rapidly.
 After the landing, it will be
vital that every soldier not
use a radio.

 Notice above  the position

of not when creating
negation!

The use of the subjunctive as

above is more common in
American English than in British
English, where should structures
are often used. Examples:

 It was essential that we

should vote the following
day.
 He requested that
the car park
should not be locked at
night.

Be after If

We use subjunctive be after

if/whether, though this is rather
formal, especially in British English:

 If that be (not) the case, I

intend to report the matter.
 “Whether he be prepared or not,
If this be error and upon
me proved, I never writ,
nor no man ever loved.”

4
 INGLÊS
UNIT 26 – IMPERATIVE E SUBJUNCTIVE
 Long live the President! as required.
 Heaven forbid! _ _ the camera anywhere the temperature may
Use of Were exceed 35°C as this may damage the unit.

We use were (instead of was) after:

 if
 as if
 wish
 suppose

 Note that in these cases were is

always correct, but was is possible
in informal language. Examples:

 “If I were a Rich Man” (Fiddler on the

Roof)
 “If I were a boy” (Beyoncé)

 Although the words hope and wish

seem to be similar, we do not use
the subjunctive with hope.

Questions

1. Read the cartoon and answer question.

In the first balloon, the verbs “watch” and

“learn” are respectively in the
a) imperative mood – imperative mood
b) imperative mood – subjunctive
mood
c) subjunctive mood – imperative
mood
d) subjunctive mood – subjunctive
mood

2. Which is the correct option to complete

the paragraph below?

How to use the camera at the beach or

near water

_ the camera dry naturally in case it

gets wet. After that, please_ _ the
door/cover to be sure no sand is present.

5
 INGLÊS
UNIT 26 – IMPERATIVE E SUBJUNCTIVE
b) requests.
a) Let/to inspect/To clean/Do not leave c) directions.
b) Let/inspect/Clean/Do not leave d) some advice.
c) To let/inspect/Clean/Not leave
d) To let/inspect/Clean/Leave not
e) To let/to inspect/To clean/Leave not

3. Choose the alternative that

presents the imperative form of
the sentence:

Doctor: You should drink less alcohol.

a) You ought to drink much alcohol.

b) Don’t drink too much alcohol.
c) Don’t drink less beer.
d) Don’t drink alcohol.

4. Which is the correct option to

complete the paragraph below?

How to prepare yourself for entrance exams

While you are studying for the

test,the time to anticipate what obstacles
you might encounter when taking
the actual test. A helpful tool for
doing this will be the practice
tests:
_ _ which questions trip you up
the most. Then, __ _ up with
strategies for handling those
minor issues while you take your
exam.
(http://www.wikihow.com/Prepare-Yourself-for-Entrance-
Exams)

a) are taking/notice/comes
b) takes/noticing/coming
c) take/notice/come
d) takes/noticing/come
e) take/noticing/coming

Before my grandfather died, he said to

me: “Don’t waste your time! Travel
around the world! Have a beautiful
house! Be with a person you love! Go to
the beach! Have a lot of friends!”(Adapted
from Inglês no Mundo do Trabalho)

5. The imperative form of

the verbs underlined in the
extract expresses:

a) habits.

6
 INGLÊS
UNIT 26 – IMPERATIVE E SUBJUNCTIVE
d) Insert - To press - Do - Tap
e) To insert - Press - Do not – Tap
8.3. t is necessary that every student
_ a uniform.
a) wear
b) wears

8.4. I hope that he __ his homework

on time.
a) finish
b) finishes

8.5. The doctors recommended that she

_ a holiday.
a) take
b) takes

8.6. The boss asks that you _ early

for your first day of work.
6. When the interviewer said, "Don't call a) are
us" (line 25) he b) be
a) suggested don't to call us. 8.7. If he _ feeling better we would go.
b) told to not call him. a) Were
c) advised not to call them. b) Was
d) asked didn't call us.
8.8. It is important that we _ home
7. Which is the correct alternative to as soon as we arrive.
complete the following instructions? a) Call
b) Called
(1)_ a game card in the card slot. (2) _
power. Important: (3) insert or remove cards 8.9. The landlord requested that John
when the power is on as it damages the _ out of the apartment.
machine. a) move
(4) _ the game card icon. b) moves
a) Insert - Press - Do not - Tap 8.10. We want the windows _
b) To insert - To press - To do not - To washed before Friday.
tap a) Be
c) Insert - Press - Do - To Tap b) to be

8. Choose the correct form of the verb:

8.1. It is essential that she _ at the

meeting.
a) Be
b) Is

8.2. If I ___ you I would call her tonight.

a) Was
b) were

7
 INGLÊS
UNIT 27 – QUESTION TAGS
Tag questions (or question tags) turn a
statement into a question. They are often They've been
Present
used for checking information that we to Japan,
perfect
think we know is true. haven't they?
Present She's been studying a
Structure
perfect lot recently, hasn't she?
continuous
Auxiliary Verb + Subject Pronoun
He had forgotten
 Negative question tags are usually Past perfect
his wallet, hadn't
contracted: It's warm today, isn't it he?
(not 'is it not')
Past We'd been working,
 Usually if the main clause is hadn't we?
positive, the question tag is perfect
negative, and if the main clause is continuous
negative, it's positive. Examples: She'll come at six,
Future simple
won't she?
 It's cold (positive), isn't it (negative)?
 It isn't cold (negative), is it (positive)? Future They'll be
continuo arriving
 If the main clause has an auxiliary us soon, won't they?
verb in it, you use the same verb in
the tag question. If there is no They'll have
Future perfect
auxiliary verb (in the present finished
simple and past simple) use do / before nine, won't they?
does / did (just like when you make
Future She'll have been
a normal question).
cooking all day, won't
perfect she?
Exception: the question tag after I am is aren't I.
continuous
Example: I'm in charge of the food,
aren't I?
Negative sentences, with positive tags
Postive sentences, with negative tags
Present simple Present simple
'be' She's Italian, isn't she? 'be' We aren't late, are we?

Present simple They live in London, Present She doesn't have

other verbs don't they? simple other any children,
verbs does she?
Present We're
Present The bus isn't coming,
continuo
continuo is it?
us working tomorrow,
us
aren't we?
She wasn't at
It was Past simple 'be'
Past simple home yesterday,
cold
'be' was she?
yesterday, wasn't it?
Past They didn't go out last
Past He went to the party last
Sunday, did they?
night, didn't he?
simple other
simple other
verbs

1
 INGLÊS
UNIT 27 – QUESTION TAGS

She hasn't eaten all the

Present perfect
cake, has she?

Present perfect He hasn't been

continuous running in this
weather, has he?
We hadn't been to
Past perfect
London before, had
we?
Past You hadn't
been sleeping,
perfect had you?
continuous
They won't be late, will
Future simple
they?

Future He won't be
continuo studying tonight,
us will he?
She won't have left
Future perfect
work before six, will
she?
Future He won't have
been travelling all
perfect day, will he?
continuous
She can't
Modals
speak Arabic,
can she?
They mustn't
Modals come early,
must they?

Questions

2
 1. Choose the correct alternative to
complete the gap in the comic strip.
a) Isn’t life
b) Isn’t it
c) Is life
d) Is it

2. Which option completes the

paragraph below correctly?

“Would you like to go to Vyas

Chhatri, madam?” Lal asks, as I get
back into the car. “It was built in
honour of Maharishi Ved Vyas. I'm
sure your head tells you to go back,
but your heart doesn't want to let
go of the opportunity, _ ?
(Adapted from www .travelandleisureindia.in)
a) aren't you
b) isn't it
c) does it
d) is it
e) doesn't it

3. Read the following sentences and

choose the alternative that contains
grammatically correct sentences.

I- You and your brother know how to

dance, don’t you?
II- The dog and the cat fight a lot, don’t they?
III- Don’t be late, do you?
IV- Let’s dance, won’t you?

a) I and II
b) IV and I
c) III and IV
d) II and III

Fortnite’s Shopping Carts Disabled Yet

Again By Epic

Shopping carts are unavailable due

to “ongoing issues.”
Shopping carts have been a fun
addition to Fortnite: Battle Royale, but
they’ve also proven to be a problematic
one. Epic Games has had to disable them
a number of times due to problems that
have arisen, and that’s the case once
again. Epic confirmed the temporary
removal of shopping carts in a tweet,
stating, “Due to ongoing issues, we’ll be
disabling Shopping Carts again. We’ll
update you when this issue is

3
 INGLÊS
UNIT 27 – QUESTION TAGS
resolved.” There’s no time table shared for a) is there
when they might be added back in, but at b) did it
this point players have become c) isn't there
accustomed to seeing shopping carts-- d) didn't it
Fortnite’s first vehicle--yanked from the e) does it
roster of active items.
It’s not uncommon for Epic to disable 6. Read the following statements and
items; some are rotated out to make way choose the correct alternative.
for new ones, while others--like the guided
missile--have been removed to provide I - Let’s go for a walk, shall
the studio with time to work on balancing we? II - Don’t be late, do
them. But shopping carts have been you?
temporarily pulled several times now in a III - You haven’t got a ruler, have
relatively small window of time. Among you? IV - Margaret plays the piano,
other things, they’ve been utilized to don’t she?
glitch into areas of the map that players
should not be able to access, which is a) I e III
extremely problematic in a competitive b) II e IV
game. With Fortnite’s massive popularity c) III e IV
continuing to rise, it’s no surprise Epic is d) I e II
fast to pull anything that might upset its
competitive balance (and thereby impact
its growing success).
Since the launch of Battle Royale last
year as a free-to-play mode in Fortnite,
Epic has steadily and frequently rolled out
new content. Some of that comes in the
form of new weapons, as with the recently
added Stink Bomb, while others serve
different purposes, as with the shopping
carts and Hop Rocks.
During E3, Fortnite: Battle Royale was
released on Switch, joining the existing
PC, PS4, Xbox One, and iPhone versions.
Fortnite Mobile is also on the way to
Android, although a release date for that
7. The correct QUESTION TAG to
version has not yet been announced.
Adapted from: https://www.gamespot.com/articles/fortnite- complete this sentence in the text is:
shopping-cartsstill-causing-problems-dis/1100-6459926
a) isn’t she
4. Choose the best Question Tag for the b) isn’t it
sentence below: Epic confirmed the c) does it
temporary removal of shopping carts d) doesn’t it
in a tweet,_ ?
8. Which option completes the sentence
a) doesn’t it below correctly?
b) didn’t it
c) isn’t it Like any technology, artificial
d) did it intelligence has both positive aspects
and more worrying
5. Which option completes the sentence
below correctly?
Spinach is very thin, so there's more aspects __ ?
loss of
,

4
 INGLÊS
UNIT 27 – QUESTION TAGS
moisture and exposure to heat and (Adapted from:
https://cryptoid.com.br/international-
oxygen compared to a news/artificial-intelligence-and-the-energy-sector-
carrot, _ _? huge- potential-tough-questions/)
(Adapted from https://www.bbc.com)
a) haven’t they

5
 INGLÊS
UNIT 27 – QUESTION TAGS
b) hasn’t it
c) doesn't it
d) don’t they
e) aren’t they

9. Which of the options completes the

dialogue correctly?

“Mrs Linden: (...) You’d like some tea,_

you, Rex?
Rex: A cup, certainly.
Jean: And Marion and I.”
(Priestley, J.B. “The Linden Tree". An inspector calls and other
plays.UK: Penguin, 2001.)

a) would/neither would
b) wouldn’t/so would
c) had/nor had
d) hadn’t/so had
e) didn’t/neither did

10. Look at the following statements

and choose the correct question
tags:

I. It snowed last night, __ _?

II. She shouldn’t be aggressive
to people, _
_?
III. You haven’t closed the door,
_ _?
IV. You are going to the party with us,
_ ?

a) doesn’t it – shouldn’t she – aren’t

you – going you
b) didn’t it – should she – have you –
aren’t you
c) did it – should she – haven’t you –
aren’t you
d) didn’t it – ought to – have you – will you