The Role of Gender-based

Innovations for the UN

Sustainable Development Goals
Toward 2030: Better Science and Technology for All

Edition 1

Managing Editors: Prof Heisook Lee & Dr Elizabeth Pollitzer

Title: The Role of Gender-based Innovations for the UN Sustainable
Development Goals: Toward 2030: Better Science and
Technology for All (Edition 1)

Published: 13 January, 2015

Publisher: Prof Heisook Lee

Publishing institute: Korea Center for Women in Science, Engineering and

Technology (WISET)

Managing Editors: Prof Heisook Lee Dr Elizabeth Pollitzer

Coordination and Kirsty Taylor Henrietta Dale

design:
Managing Editors Korea Center for Women in PORTIA LTD.
institutes: Science, Engineering and Co-founders of the Gender
Technology (WISET) Summits

Addresses: Korea Science and Portia Ltd, 9 Bonhill Street,

Technology Center 3rd Floor, London, EC2A 4DJ.
Teheran-ro 7-gil, Gangnam-
gu, Seoul, 06130, Korea

Tel: +82-2-6411-1000
Fax: +82-2-6411-1001

Email: gendersummit@wiset.or.kr team@gender-summit.com

Websites: www.wiset.re.kr/eng www.portiaweb.org
www.gender-summit.com
ISBN: 978-89-97520-42-8
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 4
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS ........................................................................................... 7
GOAL 1 END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE ..................................................................... 8
GOAL 2 END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE ............................................................................................................ 10
GOAL 3 ENSURE HEALTHY LIVES AND PROMOTE WELL-BEING FOR ALL AT ALL AGES ...................... 12
GOAL 4 ENSURE INCLUSIVE AND QUALITY EDUCATION FOR ALL AND PROMOTE LIFELONG
LEARNING ......................................................................................................................................... 14
GOAL 5 ACHIEVE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER ALL WOMEN AND GIRLS .............................. 16
GOAL 6 ENSURE ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION FOR ALL ....................................................... 18
GOAL 7 ENSURE ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE, RELIABLE, SUSTAINABLE AND MODERN ENERGY FOR ALL
.......................................................................................................................................................... 20
GOAL 8 PROMOTE INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT AND
DECENT WORK FOR ALL .................................................................................................................... 22
GOAL 9 BUILD RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE, PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIALIZATION AND
FOSTER INNOVATION ....................................................................................................................... 24
GOAL 10 REDUCE INEQUALITY WITHIN AND AMONG COUNTRIES ................................................... 26
GOAL 11 MAKE CITIES INCLUSIVE, SAFE, RESILIENT AND SUSTAINABLE ........................................... 28
GOAL 12 ENSURE SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION PATTERNS ............................. 30
GOAL 13 TAKE URGENT ACTION TO COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ........................ 32
GOAL 14 CONSERVE AND SUSTAINABLY USE THE OCEANS, SEAS AND MARINE RESOURCES ........... 34
GOAL 15 SUSTAINABLY MANAGE FORESTS, COMBAT DESERTIFICATION, HALT AND REVERSE LAND
DEGRADATION, HALT BIODIVERSITY LOSS ........................................................................................ 36
GOAL 16 PROMOTE JUST, PEACEFUL AND INCLUSIVE SOCIETIES ..................................................... 38
GOAL 17 REVITALIZE THE GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ..................... 40

APPENDICES: ..................................................................................................................................... 43
USING THE SEOUL DECLARATION TO FORMULATE SPECIFIC IMPLEMENTATION ACTION PLANS .... 44

EXPERT CONTRIBUTORS ................................................................................................................... 51

MANAGING EDITORS.................................................................................................................... 51
EDITORIAL PROCESS ..................................................................................................................... 51
EDITORIAL BOARD ........................................................................................................................ 52
ADVISORY BOARD......................................................................................................................... 56

UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TARGETS ................................................................. 60

SEOUL DECLARATION AND PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................ 68
MANAGING EDITORS’ ORGANISATIONS ........................................................................................... 72
LETTER TO THE UN SECRETARY GENERAL ......................................................................................... 73

3
 INTRODUCTION

This report was inspired by the scientific evidence examined during the
Gender Summit 6 Asia-Pacific, in Seoul on 26-28 August 2015, showing how
research and innovation outcomes are influenced by biological and social
differences between females and males, and by the growing scientific
consensus to integrate gender as a dimension of quality and impact in
research.1

With the United Nations set to approve the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) a month later, Gender Summit participants’ attention focused also on
the role of sex-gender sensitive research in the implementation of the SDG
targets. The 17 SDGs promise to be more gender-aware than the Millennium
Development Goals, however, although one goal, SDG5, and its nine targets
are dedicated to achieving greater gender equality and empowerment of
women, among all the targets, less than 10% recognise the special needs of
women and girls. This is in sharp contrasts to the scientific examination of the
SDGs conducted by the International Council for Science, which identified 78
scientific topics involving “gender” and/or “women” as the main and a
separate concern.2

The scientific evidence already available shows that gender inequality issues
cannot be separated from actions to tackle poverty, hunger, poor health
and wellbeing, maternal death, climate change adaptation, energy and
environmental burdens, economic hardships, and societal insecurity. It also
shows that better understanding of sexual reproduction of plants, wildlife and
farmed animals can identify important conditions for protecting biodiversity,
ensuring wellbeing of terrestrial and marine ecosystems and habitats, and
advancing sustainable agricultural methods. Such knowledge can enhance
the success of the implementation measures.

In presenting this report, we acknowledge and applaud the assertion that all
indicators for the SDG targets (to be confirmed in early 2016) “should be
disaggregated by sex, age, residence and other characteristics, as relevant
and possible.” The focus on and capture of such data is essential, not only to
ensure gender equality across all SDG outcomes, but also to ensure the
successful implementation of the SDGs for all of humanity.
Our aim in introducing this report is to help improve efficacy of the measures
used to implement the SDGs, including their cross cutting impacts, by
identifying research that investigates all sources and conditions of inequality
in the lives of girls, boys, women, and men.

The following three examples explain this purpose:

In SDG 2: Zero Hunger the targets include the special nutritional needs of
adolescent girls, the role of women as food producers, and the importance
of genetic diversity of seeds and plants. Their implementation could be
4
enhanced through scientific understanding of sexual reproduction and
maturation of plants and animals grown for food. For instance, in some fish
species the male grows bigger (e.g. tilapia, popular in Africa) and in others
the female (e.g. turbot, widely eaten in Europe).3 Furthermore, such measures
could also provide opportunity to enhance the role of women in
aquacultures.
Similarly, production of food crops that rely on animal pollination would
benefit from measures building on sex-conscious research showing that
availability of pollinators improves yields and quality of crops, thus requiring
less land and fertilizer to produce the same results.4 Understanding how bees
are attracted to male and female flowers, and when a plant’s fertility is
highest, could also help enhance pollination success, and promote smart
beekeeping to improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers, many of whom
are women.

In SDG 3: Good Health and Wellbeing, the scientific evidence showing how
sex-gender differences impact on health outcomes is widely available, but
many important issues still need investigation, such as the impact of
adolescent pregnancy on maternal cognitive development5, and the socio-
economic implications for these mothers, their families and society.

In SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities, implementation measures will benefit from

better understanding of how intra-household gender relationships control
resource allocation, especially with regard to girls’ education, their future,
and their mothers’ ability to participate in income-generating activities.

The role of science and technology as sources of sustainable development

solutions has been widely recognised, and commitments have been made to
foster collaboration among academic, scientific and technological
communities, especially in developing countries, to close international
technological gaps, strengthen the science-policy interface and foster
international research collaboration on sustainable development6. However,
the importance of gender as a component of knowledge creation and
application continues to be overlooked. For example, among the 187
scientific contributions to a UN crowdsourcing exercise, gender issues were
assigned the lowest priority.7 And, in the emerging field of sustainability
science8, which is expected to inform how the SDG challenges are to be
addressed, investigations involving gender as a research variable are rare.

This report represents the joint effort of 27 international experts from various
fields of science, technology, gender and development. It cites substantial
research evidence, with 170 examples, to show that sex-gender
considerations must be more deeply and broadly integrated into science
knowledge and technologies supporting measures to achieve the SDG
targets. Clearly, there is much more knowledge available and future versions
of this report will continue to identify additional resources. The report also lists
over 150 examples of research topics recommended by experts as in need of
further investigation. The fact that there are so many should not be seen as
5
cause for despair but rather as an opportunity for researchers, innovators,
policy makers and development experts to unite and make the SDG targets
a reality by 2030.

Although not every aspect of science for development, and every measure
used to implement the SDG targets, involves direct influence of sex and
gender differences, their potential impact on outcomes must be considered
in all instances. Otherwise, sex and gender issues will be sidelined as they
were in many cases of the MDGs.

When planning interventions for each of the 17 SDGs we must continually ask:
Will these interventions work equally for women? Will they work equally for
men? We must use the best scientific evidence when formulating sex- and
gender-conscious solutions to ensure this, and also to address wider societal
and environmental challenges. We plan to continue the work started in Seoul
through future Gender Summit events, guided by the ten principles of the
Seoul Declaration to Advance Gendered Research, Innovation and Socio-
economic Development in the Asia Pacific (attached in the Appendix)9, and
by collaborating with SDG communities of experts and practitioners
everywhere. These processes will give rise to future editions of this report.

Yours Sincerely,

Prof Heisook Lee

President, Korea Center for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology

Dr Elizabeth Pollitzer, Director, Portia (Founder of the Gender Summit platform)

1 Set up in 2011, the Gender Summit is a platform for dialogue where scientists, gender scholars and policy makers,
as well as key stakeholders in scientific endeavours, meet to jointly examine new scientific evidence showing when,
why and how gender issues impact research and innovation outcomes and what actions are needed to make
improvements. Since 2011, the Gender Summit has evolved into several regional platforms in Europe, North America,
Africa, Asia Pacific, and Latin America. See www.gender-summit.com
2 ICSU, ISSC (2015). Review of Targets for the Sustainable Development Goals: The Science Perspective. Paris:

International Council for Science (ICSU). http://www.icsu.org/publications/reports-and-reviews/review-of-targets-for-

the-sustainable-development-goals-the-science-perspective-2015/SDG-Report.pdf
3
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2014.00340/full
4 http://www.pnas.org/content/108/14/5909.full
5 Davidson LL, Grigorenko EL, Boivin MJ, Rapa E, Stein A, A Focus on Adolescence to Reduce Neurological, Mental

Health and Substance-use Disability. Natura 527, S161-S166 (19 Nov 2015) DOI: 10.1038/nature16030
6http://www.uncsd2012.org/content/documents/727The%20Future%20We%20Want%2019%20June%201230pm.pdf
7 UN Global Sustainable Development Report 2015. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/globalsdreport/2015

http://civicus.org/images/HLPF%20report.25Sept.pdf
8
https://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/119061/SustainabilityScienceReport-Web.pdf
9 http://www.internationalinnovation.com/promoting-gendered-innovations-the-seoul-declaration/

6
 Sustainable Development Goals
Applying a Scientific Gender Lens to Each SDG

This section dedicates two pages to each of the SDGs in order to exemplify
key areas for future sex and gender sensitive research. For each goal, we
have listed the UN introduction to the goal; a summary of the related UN
targets; a section on the gender knowledge needed to improve
implementation, and some examples of existing research on these topics. The
full text of the SDGs and their targets can be found in the Appendix (p60).

Experts suggested the use of the concept of intersectionality, rather than

gender inequality as a stand-alone concept, to help understand the multiple
dimensions of poverty and other underlying issues. Intersectionality refers to
the inter-connected and co-constitutive dynamics of multiple oppressions
(class, history, culture, race, ethnicity, and nationhood, within and across
borders).10

Biographies of the 27 expert contributors are listed together with the process
used to gather their opinions in the appendix (p 51-59).

10
Amina Mohammed, Special Advisor of the UN Secretary-General on post-2015 Development
Planning, 2015 http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/03/action-2015-amina-
mohammed-on-womens-empowerment-and-gender-equality/
 Goal 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Extreme poverty rates have been cut by more than half since 1990. While
this is a remarkable achievement, one in five people in developing regions
still live on less than $1.25 a day, and there are millions more who make
little more than this daily amount, plus many people risk slipping back into
poverty. Poverty is more than the lack of income and resources to ensure a
sustainable livelihood. Its manifestations include hunger and malnutrition,
limited access to education and other basic services, social discrimination
and exclusion as well as the lack of participation in decision-making.
Economic growth must be inclusive to provide sustainable jobs and
promote equality.

SDG1 Targets: Snapshot of Topics Factors influencing socioeconomic

vulnerability of households and adaptive
Eradicate extreme poverty capacity to poverty of women and men.

Reduce the number of people (women, men, The role of human and women’s rights in
children) living in poverty, and made poverty alleviation measures, and their
vulnerable through experiencing a variety of relationship with other SDG targets.
poverty dimensions
Determinants of women’s income
Implement social protection systems in rural generating activities within households,
and urban areas for the poor and vulnerable and within social groups in urban and in
rural areas.
Ensure equal rights to economic resources,
basic services, ownership and control over land
and other forms of property, inheritance,
Impact of poverty conditions on the
natural resources, new technology, financial wellbeing of women and men, intra-
services household relations over lifetimes, and on
the social cohesion of their communities.
Build resilience of the poor and those in
vulnerable situations to climate-related Understanding relationships between
extreme events, and other shocks and disasters gender inequality and poverty and the
conditions that exacerbate their effects on
Enhance cooperation and mobilization of all
households, particularly in the poorest
resources, to end poverty in all its dimensions
countries and among the most
Create policy frameworks based on pro-poor, marginalised groups.
gender sensitive development strategies to
support accelerated investment in poverty Relationships between development
eradication actions processes and societal attitudes toward
poverty and gender inequality.

Gender knowledge needed to Understanding the causes of male-skewed

achieve SDG1 sex ratio at birth and why it intensifies with
economic development in many countries.
Determinants of rural-urban poverty, and
Potential for individual and household
effectiveness of the coping strategies used
poverty reduction through gender-equal
by women and men.
access to technology.
Gender-sensitive multi-dimensional
Relationships between gender-related
conceptualisation and measurement of
community structures, values and
poverty and its relationships with gender
perceptions of how proposed poverty
inequality, gender norms, and gender
alleviation measures will affect women’s
stereotypes of poverty.
livelihoods and wellbeing.
Gender factors in accessing and
Systematic mechanisms facilitating the
benefiting from ecosystem services (e.g.
collection and sharing of sex
as source of cash, food, employment) and
disaggregated data and experiences of
links to poverty alleviation.
gender related interventions. Especially

8
what: works and doesn’t; leads to success; concerns in development. DFID Project
what the learning points are, and how CNTR998521. cleancookstoves.org/binary-
these might be replicated or adapted in data/RESOURCE/file/000/000/300-2.pdf
other situations.
Graham WJ, Fitzmaurice AE, Bell JS and
Gender-related poverty considerations in Cairns JA. (2004) The Familial Technique for
assessment of impact of large Linking Maternal Death with Poverty.
infrastructure projects, such as energy, Lancet 2004; 363(9402): 23-27.
transport, communication on livelihood-
providing ecosystem services. Greene ME. (2008) Poor health, poor
women: How reproductive health affects
Existing Research relevant to SDG1 poverty. Woodrow Wilson International
Center for Scholars and USAID paper.
Aguilar L, Granat M and Owren C. (2015)
Roots for the Future: The Landscape and Jayachandran S. (2014) The Roots of
Way Forward on Gender and Climate Gender Inequality in Developing Countries.
Change. IUCN & GGCA 2015. Washington, Northwestern University Annual Review of
DC. Economics, 2014; 7.
http://genderandenvironment.org/2015/1 faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~sjv340/ro
2/ggo-launches-a-suite-of-new-products- ots_of_gender_inequality.pdf
on-gender-climate-change/
Johnsson-Latham G. (2007) A Study on
Bieri S and Sancar A. (2009) Power and Gender Equality as a Prerequisite for
Poverty. Reducing Gender Inequality by Sustainable Development. What we know
Ways of Rural Employment? about the Extent to which Women
Interdisciplinary Centre for Gender Studies Globally Live in a more Sustainable Way
and Swiss Development Agency, than Men, Leave a Smaller Ecological
Switzerland. oecd.org/social/gender- Footprint and Cause less Climate Change.
development/42806451.pdf Report to the Environment Advisory
Council, Sweden, 2007: 2.
Brown K, Daw T, Rosendo S, Bunce M, and
Cherrett N. (2008) Ecosystem Services for Madise N, Zulu E and Ciera J. (2007) Is
Poverty Alleviation: Marine & Coastal poverty a driver for risky sexual behavior?
Situational Analysis. University of East Evidence from National Surveys of
Anglia Synthesis Report, November 2008. Adolescents in Four African Countries.
African Journal of Reproductive Health
Cela B, Dankelman I and Stern J. (eds.) 2007; 11(3): 83-98.
(2013) Powerful Synergies: Gender Equality,
Economic Development and UN-Women. (2014) The World Survey on
Environmental Sustainability. UNDP. the Role of Women in Development 2014:
undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/gen Gender Equality and Sustainable
der/f_PowerfulSynergies2013_Web.pdf Development. UN-Women.
unwomen.org/en/digital-
Clancy JS, Skutsch M and Batchelor S. library/publications/2014/10/world-survey-
(2002) The Gender-Energy-Poverty Nexus. 2014
Finding the energy to address gender

9
 Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security and
improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture
It is time to rethink how we grow, share and consume our food. If done
right, agriculture, forestry and fisheries can provide nutritious food for all
and generate decent incomes, while supporting people-centred rural
development and protecting the environment. Right now, our soils,
freshwater, oceans, forests and biodiversity are being rapidly degraded.
Climate change is putting even more pressure on the resources we
depend on, increasing risks associated with disasters such as droughts and
floods. Many rural women and men can no longer make ends meet on their land, forcing them to
migrate to cities in search of opportunities. A profound change of the global food and agriculture
system is needed if we are to nourish today’s 795 million hungry and the additional 2 billion people
expected by 2050.

SDG2 Targets: Snapshot of Topics Gender knowledge needed to

achieve SDG2
Ensure access to nutritious, sufficient food, in
particular for infants, the poor and vulnerable The needs of women and girls in
agricultural innovation that can be well
Double agricultural productivity/income of defined and are trackable.
small-scale food producers including women,
indigenous people, family farmers, pastoralists Measurable principles and indicators for
and fishers, including market conditions
gender responsive agricultural research.
Ensure sustainable food production systems
and resilient agricultural practices that increase
Situational analysis of conditions
productivity and production, that help to supporting empowerment of women in
maintain ecosystems with capacity to adapt to agriculture, with regional comparisons.
climate change, extreme weather, drought,
flooding and other disasters, and to maintain Key lessons from meta-analysis of best
productive quality of land and soil strategies for empowering women and
girls as food producers and processors.
Maintain genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated
plants, farmed and domesticated animals and Enabling equitable access to market
related wild species including seed and plant opportunities within agricultural value
banks for equitable sharing of the benefits chains with special attention to the needs
arising from utilization of genetic resources and
of women as food producers, their earning
associated traditional knowledge
potential and opportunities for growth.
Increase investment, including international
cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural Identification of real conditions (not
research and extension services, technology covered by treaties or codes of conduct)
development and plant/livestock gene banks in agricultural value chains, which depend
on underpaid labour of women and girls in
Correct/prevent world agricultural market primary food production.
restriction/distortion, including export subsidies
Methodologies for systematic, multi-
Ensure proper functioning of food commodity
dimensional analysis of the roles of women
markets and derivatives and timely access to
market information, including to food reserves,
and men in food security and agricultural
in order to limit extreme food price volatility systems, e.g. comparing access to land,
other resources, knowledge, financial
services and markets, opportunities for
value addition and non-farm employment.

Impact of food price variations on

socioeconomic and nutrition status of
women and men, in households and
communities, and effects of food
insecurity on societal welfare and stability.

10
 Ensuring food security for the poor
Food insecurity is a risk factor for under-nutrition as well as obesity. Good nutrition comes from well
balanced meals. Education and empowerment provide women with economic resources and
social status necessary for food security of households. Nutritional education of women would
enable them to provide balanced diet in the family to reduce under-nutrition as well as obesity and
chronic diseases.

Efficient treatment protocols for severe Farnworth C and Jiggings J. (2003)

malnutrition of women and children with Participatory Plant Breeding and Gender
little or no access to formal health services, Analysis, PPB Monograph No. 4. PRAGA &
especially in rural areas (e.g. agricultural CGIAR, Colombia.
and micronutrient interventions, provision
of safe drinking water and sanitation, Garibaldi LA, Aizen MA, Klein AM,
education on/support for better diets, Cunningham SA and Harder LD. (2011)
attention to vulnerable groups such as Global Growth and Stability of Agricultural
pregnant women and young children. Yield Decrease with Pollinator
Dependence. PNAS; 108(14): 5909-5914.
Pathologic features and chronic effects of
deficiencies in macronutrients (protein, Hill RV and Vigneri M. (2010)
carbohydrates and fat, leading to protein– Mainstreaming Gender Sensitivity in Cash
energy malnutrition) and micronutrients Crop Market Supply Chains. FAO/ESA
(electrolytes, minerals and vitamins), 2010; Working Paper No. 11-08.
leading to specific outcomes for women,
men, girls, boys, and infants. Martinez P, Vinas AM, Sanchez L, Diaz N,
Ribas L and Piferrer F. (2014) Genetic
Relationships between malnutrition and Architecture of Sex Determination in Fish:
bacterial and parasitic disease among Applications to Sex Ratio Control in
females/males through different life stages. Aquaculture. Front. Genet. 29 September
2014.
Impacts of poverty, HIV/AIDS, and http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2014.0034
humanitarian emergencies on nutrition. 0

Existing Research relevant to SDG2 Meinzen-Dick R. et al. (2010) Engendering

Agricultural Research. IFPRI Discussion
Dinour LM, Bergen D, Yeh MC. (2007) The Paper 00973, May 2010 (Table 1).
Food Insecurity-Obesity Paradox: A Review
of the Literature and Role Food Stamps Müller O and Krawinkel M. (2005)
May Play. J Am Diet Assoc; 107:1952-1961. Malnutrition and Health in Developing
Countries. Canadian Medical Association
FAO. (2011) The State of Food and Journal 2005; 173(3): 279–286.
Agriculture 2010-2011 Women in
Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for OXFAM. (2012) Gender Equality: It’s Your
Development. FAO. Business, 2012. Oxfam International
Briefings for Business Series 2012.
FAO and ADB. (2013) Gender Equality and www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files
Food Security. Women’s Empowerment as /bfb07-gender-equality-its-your-business-
a Tool against Hunger. 060312-en.pdf

11
 Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being
for all at all ages
Ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being for all at all ages is
essential to sustainable development. Significant strides have been made
in increasing life expectancy and reducing some of the common killers
associated with child and maternal mortality. Major progress has been
made on increasing access to clean water and sanitation, reducing
malaria, tuberculosis, polio and the spread of HIV/AIDS. However, many
more efforts are needed to fully eradicate a wide range of diseases and
address many different persistent and emerging health issues.

SDG3 Targets: Snapshot of Topics Sources, and social and economic

consequences, of poor mental health in
Reduce maternal mortality* women and men.

Reduce mortality of premature, new-borns and Indicators of the full scope of

under fives socioeconomic impact of poor mental
health on women, men, and households
End epidemics of AIDS/communicable diseases (e.g. consumption poverty, education,
illness, low labour force participation, poor
Reduce premature mortality from non-
physical health, widowhood or other
communicable diseases, including occurrence
and effects of mental health crises), to inform social protection policy.

Prevent and treat substance abuse Relationships between road injury risk and
mode of travel, and conditions that
Reduce road traffic accidents and deaths differentiate injury risk of men and women.

Ensure access to sexual and reproductive Differences between women and men in
healthcare services, information, education, road safety risk factors and use of safety
including family planning devices; between male/female drivers
Ensure access to affordable medicines and
and passengers, and gender conscious
vaccines for communicable and non- policy interventions needed to prevent
communicable diseases injury (see box).

Substantial reduction of mortality and illness Vehicle and infrastructure safety

from hazardous chemicals, pollution and improvements needed to equally protect
contamination of air, water and soil both male and female vulnerable road
users (motorcyclists, pedestrians, cyclists).
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco
Control Conditions that differentiate the sexual
Research, development and intellectual
and reproductive health needs, access to
property rights on medicines services, and treatment outcomes for
different groups of women and men (e.g.
Strengthen capacity of health workforce (and those who are adolescents; married; in
of those carrying out hazardous jobs) rural/urban areas, or affected by war).
Capacity for early warning and management Health risk factors associated with
of emerging health risks consumption of food, especially fish and
water, contaminated with mercury,
*Expert board members state that this should also include
pregnant women. arsenic or other metals for women, men
and children.
Gender knowledge needed to
Studies that include representative
achieve SDG3 samples of women to gain better
understanding of discrepancies between
Risk factors affecting mortality of women
men and women, e.g. to isolate specific
and men involving health behaviours,
risk factors that would be potential targets
social ties, socioeconomic status, and
for improving cardiovascular disease
biological indicators of health.
management.

12
Clinical trials that include a representative
sample of women to test new or improved Das J, Do Q-T, Friedman J and McKenzie D.
treatment methods and enable revision of (2008) Mental Health Patterns and
treatment guidelines under gender Consequences: Results from Survey Data
considerations. in Five Developing Countries. The World
Bank Economic Review 2008; 23(1): 31–55.
Existing Research relevant to SDG3
Hung DV, Stevenson MR and Ivers RQ.
Ameratunga S, Hijar M and Norton R. (2006) Prevalence of Helmet Use Among
(2006) Road-traffic Injuries: Confronting Motorcycle Riders in Vietnam. Injury
Disparities to Address a Global-health Prevention 2006; 12(6): 409-413.
Problem. Lancet 2006; 367.
Klen SL, Roberts CW. (2015) Sex and
Berer M. (2003) Integration of Sexual and Gender Differences in Infection and
Reproductive Health Services: A Health Treatments for Infectious Diseases. Springer
Sector Priority, Editorial, 2003. Reproductive International Publishing, Switzerland.
Health Matters 2003; 11(21): 6-15.
Langer A, et al. (2015) Women and Health:
Bose D, Segui-Gomez M and Crandall JR. The key for sustainable development. The
(2011) Vulnerability of Female Drivers Lancet 2015; 386(1165).
Involved in Motor Vehicle Crashes: An
Analysis of U.S. Population at Risk. Rogers RG, Everett BG, Sain Onge and JM,
American Journal of Public Health 2011; Krueger PM. (2010) Social, Behavioral, and
101(12): 2368-73. Biological factors, and Sex Differences in
Mortality. Demography 2010; 47(3): 555-
Chrowa F, Atwood S and Van der Putten 578.
M. (2013) Gender Inequality, Health
Expenditure and Maternal Mortality in Sub- Tsai VW, Anderson CL and Vaca FE. (2008)
Saharan Africa: A Secondary Data Young Female Drivers in Fatal Crashes:
Analysis. Prm Health Care Fam Med 2013; Recent Trends, 1995-2004. Traffic Injury
5(1): 471. Prevention 2008; 9(1): 65-69.

Cottingham J and Berer M. (2011) Access World Bank. (2010) Mainstreaming Gender
to Essential Medicines for Sexual and in Road Transport: Operational Guidance
Reproductive Health Care: The Role of the for World Bank Staff, TP-28. World Bank,
Pharmaceutical Industry and International March 2010.
Regulation, Reproductive Health Matters
2011; 19(38): 69-84.
Gender Differences in Focus: Road Traffic Injuries
Information about serious and fatal road traffic injuries is dominated by focus on men,
owing to their high rates of exposure and suggested riskier behavior. This has led to design
of injury countermeasures (e.g., occupant protection in cars) specified for the male
anthropometry and biological characteristics and thereby ignoring design parameters
that are relevant for female road users (e.g., shorter stature and difference in
musculature).

With differences in exposure to driving risk between men and women reducing globally, it
is important for research to demonstrate that safety design measures have equitable
performance and health outcome for either sex. In most developing countries, which
have a disproportionate share of global road injuries, risk prevention factors such as
helmet and belt use may vary dramatically between the driver and the passenger. In
these countries where women account for a large proportion of vehicle passengers and
pillion riders, it is important that research shows the importance of effective policies and
interventions targeted at such groups.

13
 Goal 4 Ensure inclusive and quality education for all
and promote lifelong learning
Obtaining a quality education is the foundation to improving people’s lives
and sustainable development. Major progress has been made towards
increasing access to education at all levels and increasing enrolment rates
in schools particularly for women and girls. Basic literacy skills have
improved tremendously, yet bolder efforts are needed to make even
greater strides for achieving universal education goals. For example, the
world has achieved equality in primary education between girls and boys,
but few countries have achieved that target at all levels of education.

SDG4 Targets: Snapshot of Topics Gender knowledge needed to

achieve SDG4
Access and completion by girls and boys of
equitable and quality pre-primary, primary and Interactions between social dynamics;
secondary education leading to relevant and gender ideologies; and conditions of
effective learning outcomes poverty and rural residence and access to
quality education for females and males
Access for all women and men to education
facilities and to skills provided by schools
at different ages.
comprising technical, vocational and tertiary
education, including university
Content and location in school curricula of
sex education programmes and
Number of youth and adults with relevant skills, ecological factors (i.e. interaction among
including technical and vocational skills, for multiple social markers) and the fostering
employment, decent jobs, entrepreneurship of proactive gender identities.
Eliminate gender disparities in education and Methods for analysis of intersections
ensure access to all levels of education and between poverty and gender norms in
vocational training for persons with disabilities,
access to education by combining
indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable
contributions from sociology, political
situations
science, and anthropology to capture the
All youth and a substantial proportion of adults, complexity of gender in education.
both men and women, to achieve literacy and
numeracy Qualitative studies on a small number of
schools capable of providing insightful
Learners acquire knowledge/skills to promote information through data collection, site
sustainable development, including through observation, interviews, and focus groups.
education for sustainable development and
lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, Policy formation and implementation to
promotion of peace and non-violence, global
improve literacy and numeracy rates for
citizenship, appreciation of cultural diversity
and culture’s contribution to sustainable
girls/boys and adult women and men.
development
Interconnections between gender and
Build/upgrade child, disability and gender other sources of disadvantage (e.g.
sensitive education facilities, and provide safe, disability, indigenous group membership,
non-violent, inclusive and effective learning being in vulnerable situations) and impact
environments for all on access to/participation in education.
Expand the number of higher education Integrating gender-related content into
scholarships for developing countries, including teacher training and assessing the
vocational training, information and
experience of teaching gender in pre-
communications technology, technical,
and in-service training programmes.
engineering and scientific programmes

Increase the supply of qualified teachers for Barriers preventing greater participation of
teacher training in developing countries, women in education leadership, e.g. as
especially least developed countries and small school administrators and decision makers.
island states
Integrating gender knowledge into adult
literacy and numeracy programmes.

14
How gender functions in (pre-)primary, Skills in Pakistan. Education Economics,
secondary and tertiary education. 2012; 20(2): 139-73.

Factors affecting retention of girls in Brooking Institute. (2015) What works in

schools (particularly related to early/ Girl’s Education. Evidence for the World’s
forced marriage, early pregnancy, and Best Investment, 11 October 2015,
poverty) and comparisons of girls’ and www.ungei.org/resources/index_6072.html
boys’ retention in rural areas.
Jayachandran, S. The Roots of Gender
Gender-related experiences of those in Inequality in Developing Countries. Annual
teacher training programmes in Africa, Review of Economics 2015; 7: Submitted.
Latin America, and Asia, and their gender-
responsive knowledge and skills. Kanyangarara T, Mayberry B, Pai A and
Shanahan M. (2012) Gender Analysis in
Education: A Conceptual Overview.
Statistics on Education Participation Gender analysis in education - UNGEI
2012; 07.
Statistics on female participation in school have www.ungei.org/files/Gender_Analysis_in_E
reached a ceiling in terms of their power to ducation.pdf
explain deeper causes affecting education
outcomes of girls and women. Statistics and Kendall N. (2006). Strengthening Gender
numerical indicators tell us only the presence and and Education Programming in the 21st
intensity of certain variables; they do not expand Century. USAID Working Paper.
our understanding of underlying causes for the
manifestation of these indicators nor the set of Stromquist NP. (2015) Women’s
intersections they develop with other indicators, Empowerment and Education: Linking
thus they do not facilitate a comprehensive
Knowledge to Transformative Action.
response to the existing conditions. We therefore
need to gather data on gender-related practices
European Journal of Education 2015; 50(3).
and gender-socialization by teachers in primary
schools and secondary schools in specific regions,
UNESCO. (2014) Education for All Global
such as in African, Latin American and Asian Monitoring Report 2013-4: Gender
countries. Summary. UNESCO 2014.

UNESCO. (2015) Rethinking Education:

Quantitative, qualitative, intersectional Towards a Global Common Good?
and longitudinal research methods to UNESCO 2015,11.
inform about enabling conditions, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/0
obstacles, limitations and results of 02325/232555e.pdf
institutional as well as personal strategies
for developing a process of change of UNICEF. (2005) Barriers to Girls' Education,
gender inequalities in education. Strategies and Interventions,
www.unicef.org/teachers/girls_ed/Barrierst
Existing Research relevant to SDG4 oGE.pdf

Ackers J and Soriano CT. (2015) Reflections Unterhalter E, et al. (2014) Interventions to
on the Effectiveness of Partnerships - Past Enhance Girls’ Education and Gender
and Future - to Promote Education for all in Equality. Education Rigorous Literature
Asia and the Pacific, UNICEF. Review. Department for International
www.ungei.org/resources/index_6101.html Development 2014; 06.

Aslam M. (2014) Empowering Women: USAID. Education from a Gender Equality

Education and the Pathways of Change. Perspective, Management Systems
UNESCO Background paper prepared for International. EQUATE Project report for
the Education for All Global Monitoring USAID’s Office of Women in Development,
Report 2013-4. May 2008.
www.ungei.org/resources/files/Education_
Aslam, M, Bari, F and Kingdon, G. (2012) from_a_Gender_Equality_Perspective.pdf
Returns to Schooling, Ability and Cognitive

15
 Goal 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all
women and girls
While the world has achieved progress towards gender equality and
women’s empowerment under the Millennium Development Goals
(including equal access to primary education between girls and boys),
women and girls continue to suffer discrimination and violence in every
part of the world. Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right,
but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable
world. Providing women and girls with equal access to education, health
care, decent work, and representation in political and economic decision-
making processes will fuel sustainable economies and benefit societies and humanity at large.

SDG5 Targets: Snapshot of Topics mechanisms and processes needed for

women to be empowered in their daily
End discrimination against women and girls lives at micro- and macro-social levels.

Eliminate violence against all women and girls, Examination of current practices and
including trafficking and sexual and other types experiences of girls and women in
of exploitation education systems, with qualitative studies
on how women as teachers in schools, in
Eliminate harmful practices, such as child, early families and in communities negotiate
and forced marriage, female genital mutilation
gender roles and identities. Identification
Recognize and value unpaid care and of successful and unsuccessful individual
domestic work and collective agency.

Women’s full and effective participation in and Identification of class and school practices
equal opportunities for leadership at all levels that enable girls to exercise and develop
of decision-making in political, economic and assertive gender identities.
public life
Case studies of empowerment practices in
Universal access to sexual and reproductive non-formal education programmes for
health and reproductive rights adult women.
Reforms to give women equal rights to
The role of women-led non-governmental
economic resources, access to ownership and
control over land and other forms of property, organisations in provision of transformative
financial services, inheritance and natural knowledge for urban and rural low-
resources, in accordance with national laws income women.

Use of enabling technology, in particular Promotion of non-traditional careers, e.g.

information and communications technology, women in technical jobs, men in nursing,
to promote the empowerment of women pre-schools, etc., responsive to social class,
ethnicity, prestige, etc.
Policies and enforceable legislation for the
promotion of gender equality and the Study on the impacts of male and female
empowerment of all women and girls at all
use of ICT in empowerment, participation,
levels
creativity, collaboration, social
engagement, etc.
Gender knowledge needed to
Existing Research relevant to SDG5
achieve SDG5
Bandiera O, Burgess R, Goldstein M,
Theoretical and multidisciplinary studies to
Buehren N, Gulesci S, Rasul I, and Sulaiman
unpack the idea of “women’s
M (2014). Women’s Empowerment in
empowerment.”
Action: Evidence from a Randomized
Cross-disciplinary studies to better Control Trial in Africa. Centre for the Study
understand the simultaneous influence of of African Economies Working Paper
economic, cultural, and social factors on WPS/2014-30.
the construction of subordinate gender
Bandiera O, Burgess R, Gulesci S, Rasul I,
identities among women, as well as the
Sulaiman M. (2013). Capital, Skills and the

16
Economic Lives of the Poor: Recent SAGA (STEM and Gender Advancement).
Evidence from Field Experiments. A Improved Measurement of Gender
Roadmap for Promoting Women’s Equality in science, technology,
Economic Empowerment. Background engineering and mathematics. UNESCO
paper. and SIDA.
http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/M
Cela B, Dankelman I, Stern J. (eds.) (2013) ULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/SAGA_leaflet.pdf
Powerful Synergies: Gender Equality,
Economic Development and Stromquist, NP (1995). The Theoretical and
Environmental Sustainability. UNDP. Practical Bases for Empowerment. In:
http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp Women, Education and Empowerment:
/library/gender/f_PowerfulSynergies2013_ Pathways Towards Autonomy. UIE Studies 5,
Web.pdf Ed. Medel-Annoneuevo C.
http://www.unesco.org/education/inform
European Commission. (2015) Gender ation/pdf/283_102.pdf
Equality and Women's Empowerment:
Transforming the Lives of Girls and Women The Lancet. (2015) Violence Against
through EU External Relations 2016-2020, Women and Girls: How Far Have we
Joint Staff Working Document, European Come? Editorial. The Lancet 2015;
Commission, Brussels, 21/09/2015. 386(10008): 2029.
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lance
European Commission. (2013) Towards the t/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)01029-6/fulltext
elimination of female genital mutilation,
European Commission, COM 2013; 833 UNFPA. (2013) Adolescent pregnancy in
final, 25.11.2013. Eastern Europe and Central Asia. UNFPA,
2013; pp8.
European Council. (2008) EU Guidelines on
Violence Against Women and Girls and UNFPA. (2012) Marrying too Young. UNFPA.
Combating All forms of Discrimination http://www.unfpa.org/end-child-marriage
Against Them. European Council.
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/
cmsUpload/16173cor.en08.pdf

Measuring equality and empowerment with qualitative and quantitative

indicators
Identifying negative practices (e.g. discrimination, violence, poor recognition for unpaid care and
domestic work) and proactive policies (e.g. ensuring access to: social protection, sexual and
reproductive health and reproductive rights; economic resources; enabling technologies; legislation
on gender equality and empowerment) are all essential topics of SDG5.
However, we must carefully separate the goal of gender equality from the goal of gender
empowerment. Women's empowerment is concerned with women's self-worth and rights to
choices; opportunities; resources; and the power to control their own lives, and the ability to
influence social change. It is a prerequisite for reaching gender equality, which is the equal
enjoyment by women and men of socially-valued goods, opportunities, resources and rewards, a
state which can result from gender empowerment (UNFPA). The conflation of equality with its
necessary factor of empowerment has led governments and development agencies to focus
primarily on quantitative indicators in the past, missing important facets of empowerment processes
and outcomes for both women and girls.
Experts note that although quantitative indicators (e.g. number of girls in school) are important and
have become dominant today, they inform us only about particular conditions but not about
processes and dynamics that lead to or cause such conditions.
A quantum leap in our knowledge could be attained through more qualitative studies that, while
focusing on a small number of cases, provide insights about successful women’s agency in removing
obstacles to their advancement and in reframing gender and social issues. These studies should
have clear gender-sensitive theoretical frameworks, and be considered in the context of broader
social structures.
Sources: UNFPA http://www.un.org/popin/unfpa/taskforce/guide/iatfwemp.gdl.html
POPIN http://www.unfpa.org/resources/frequently-asked-questions-about-gender-equality#sthash.cygkPsEA.dpuf

17
 Goal 6 Ensure access to water and sanitation for all
Clean, accessible water for all is an essential part of the world we want to
live in. There is sufficient fresh water on the planet to achieve this. But due
to bad economics or poor infrastructure, every year millions of people,
most of them children, die from diseases associated with inadequate water
supply, sanitation and hygiene. Water scarcity, poor water quality and
inadequate sanitation negatively impact food security, livelihood choices
and educational opportunities for poor families across the world. Drought
afflicts some of the world’s poorest countries, worsening hunger and
malnutrition. By 2050, at least one in four people is likely to live in a country
affected by chronic or recurring shortages of fresh water.

SDG6 Targets: Snapshot of Topics Conceptualising access to water as a

human right for women and men.
Universal and equitable access to safe and
affordable drinking water for all
Gendered definitions of sufficient, safe,
acceptable, physically accessible, and
Adequate and equitable sanitation and affordable water.
hygiene for all, no more open defecation,
paying special attention to the needs of Gender differences in water use and
women and girls and those in vulnerable water resource management, including as
situations a source of livelihood.
Improve water quality through reduced Gender related climate change
pollution from hazardous chemicals and adaptation strategies and mitigation
materials, and from untreated wastewater, and
activities linked to changes in water
increased recycling and safe reuse of water
globally
ecosystem services.

Increase water-use and re-use efficiency across Construction of water ecosystems

all sectors with sustainable withdrawals and inventories, including consideration of the
supply of freshwater to address water scarcity, livelihoods of women, men, and children,
fewer number of people suffering from water to track changes in the quantity and
scarcity quality of water resources.
Integrate water resources management at all Understanding water ecosystems from the
levels, including through trans-boundary perspective of humans (both women and
cooperation
men) as beneficiaries for protecting fresh
Protect water-related ecosystems, including water use and mitigating water damage
mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and in light of impacts created by climate
and lakes change (See Box).

Cooperation and capacity-building supporting Health related gender effects in ensuring

developing countries in water- and sanitation- safety of drinking water for human
related activities and programmes, including consumption.
water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency,
wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse How women’s economic and domestic
technologies activities are affected by infrastructure, or
its absence, for household water supply
Participation of local communities in improving
water and sanitation management and sanitation.

How securing enough water to meet

Gender knowledge needed to family needs impacts women’s health,
access to education and employment.
achieve SDG6
Impact of lack of clean water at
Men’s and women’s values, attitudes and community level and water fetching
behaviour at individual, public and policy duties on girls’ schooling and the
levels towards water use/reuse. economic productivity of women and
men.
How inadequate sanitation in public Community Water Supply and Sanitation
places impacts on health and education Programmes in Developing Countries.
of young girls who reach puberty. Water and Environment Journal 1999;
13(4): 292-296.
Women’s voices, needs and leadership in
training and decisions regarding Cleaver F and Elson D. (1995) Women and
implementation of infrastructure Water Resources: Continued
development and water projects, Marginalisation and New Policies.
including in technical and managerial International Institute for Environment and
roles. Development, London.

Climate Change and the Human Rights to

Water and Sanitation, prepared for
Water, Climate Change and Human
Swedish International Development
Rights Cooperation Agency.
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/
Climate change presents a serious obstacle to
the realization of the rights to water and
Water/Climate_Change_Right_Water_Sani
sanitation. Water is a key medium through tation.pdf
which climate change impacts upon human
populations and ecosystems, particularly due to Gross, B, van Wijik, C and Mukherjee, N.
predicted changes in water quality and (2001). Linking Sustainability with Demand,
quantity. The impacts of climate change need Gender, and Poverty: A Study in
to be seen in light of their direct effects on Community-Managed Water Supply
water resources as well as their indirect Projects in 15 Countries. Delft, Netherlands:
influence on other external drivers of change, in IRC International Water and Sanitation
particular increasing population pressures and Centre.
changing consumption patterns.
Hutton, G., Haller, L., and Bartram, J. (2007).
However, not every adverse impact of climate
change must lead to a human rights violation. It Global Cost-Benefit Analysis of Water
should also be noted that the right to water “for Supply and Sanitation Interventions. World
personal and domestic uses” requires only a Health Organization Journal of Water and
small fraction of the overall water supply. Lack Health, 5 (4), 481-502.
of sufficient access to water for household use is http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/005/0481
more a function of power, poverty and /0050481.pdf
inequality, and a failure of governments to
prioritise water allocation for basic needs and Meinzen-Dick R and Zwarteveen M. (1998)
human dignity, than it is about scarcity per se. Gendered Participation in Water
Since women are often primarily responsible for Management: Issues and Illustrations from
water provision in developing country homes
Water Users ‘Associations in South Asia.
these structural relationships must be viewed
through a gender lens. Agriculture and Human Values 1998. 15(4):
337-345.

Mikhail, M and Yoder, R. (2008). Multiple-

Use Water Service Implementation in
Existing Research relevant to SDG6 Nepal and India: Experience and Lessons
for Scale-up. Lakewood, Colorado:
Bennett V, Davila-Poblete S and Rico MN. International Development Enterprises
(2008) Water and Gender: the (IDE), Challenge Program on Water and
Unexpected Connection that Really Food (CPWF), and International Water
Matters. Journal of International Affairs Management Institute (IWMI).
2008; 61(2): 107.
Ray I. (2007) Women, Water, and
Carter, RC, Tyrrel SF and Howsam P. (1999) Development. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour.
The Impact and Sustainability of 2007;32: 421-449.

19
 Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable and modern energy for all
Between 1990 and 2010, the number of people with access to electricity
has increased by 1.7 billion, and as the global population continues to rise
so will the demand for cheap energy. A global economy reliant on fossil
fuels and the increase of greenhouse gas emissions is creating drastic
changes to our climate system. This is having a visible impact on every
continent. However, there has been a new drive to encourage alternative
energy sources, and in 2011 renewable energy accounted for more than
20 percent of global power generated. Still one in five people lack access
to electricity, and as the demand continues to rise there needs to be a substantial increase in the
production of renewable energy across the world. Ensuring universal access to affordable electricity by
2030 means investing in clean energy sources such as solar, wind and thermal. Adopting cost-effective
standards for a wider range of technologies could also reduce the global electricity consumption by
buildings and industry by 14 percent. This means avoiding roughly 1,300 mid-size power plants.
Expanding infrastructure and upgrading technology to provide clean energy sources in all developing
countries is a crucial goal that can both encourage growth and help the environment .

SDG7 Targets: Snapshot of Topics Research that compares energy projects

which include a gender-perspective, and
Ensure universal access to affordable, reliable those which do not, in order to provide
and modern energy services evidence of the significance of integrating
gender into climate change policies and
Renewable energy in the global energy mix measures.

Double global improvement on energy Investigation into whether there are

efficiency gender differences in implementation,
results, acceptance, and preferences of
Cooperation to facilitate access to clean
energy research and technology, including the users, or those involved in
renewable energy, energy efficiency and implementation, of energy efficiency
advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, projects.
and promote investment in energy
infrastructure and clean energy technology Examination of the green energy choices,
energy conservation and sustainable
Infrastructure and technology for supplying consumption of energy by both women
modern and sustainable energy services for all and men.
in developing countries, in particular least
developed countries, small island developing Disruptive effects of climate change on
states, and land-locked developing countries,
energy costs and consequences for
in accordance with their respective
women’s lives.
programmes of support
Household energy interventions to ease
time demands on women’s roles, and
Gender knowledge needed to
effects of indoor pollution on them and
achieve SDG7 children.
Gender sensitive exploration and analysis Commercialisation of fuel and women’s
of the inter-linkages between behavioural labour input.
and technical sides of energy
consumption by better understanding the Women’s labour as a factor in the
impact of gender and other socio- adoption of energy technology.
economic and socio-demographic
influences on energy utilization and Linkages between gender and energy
management. project success/failure, e.g. in improved
stoves, indoor air pollution, and throughout
Understanding the impacts of (non- the energy sector as a whole.
technical and technical) energy
efficiency measures on gender relations
and gender division of labour.

20
Existing Research relevant to SDG7 Engaging Women in Residential Energy
Consumption Management. Energy Policy
Cecelski E and Dutta S. (2011) 2015; 82:166-177.
Mainstreaming Gender in Energy Projects,
a Practical Handbook. ENERGIA. ESMAP. (2011) Addressing the Gender
http://energia.org/wp- Dimension of Energy Projects in Africa.
content/uploads/2015/02/01.- www.esmap.org/node/1292
Mainstreaming_gender_in_energy_project
s_A_practical_Hand_book.pdf Fatema N. (2005) The Impact of Structural
Gender Differences and its Consequences
Cecelski E. (2005) Is Gender a Key Variable on Access to Energy in Rural Bangladesh.
in Household Energy and Indoor Pollution World Bank, Washington, DC.
Interventions?, Boiling Point No 50. //openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/
http://practicalaction.org/print/docs/ener 10986/8261.
gy/docs50/bp50-gender.pdf
OECD. (2008) Gender and Sustainable
Clancy J, Oparaocha S and Roehr U. Development: Maximising the Economic,
(2004) Gender Equity and Renewable Social and Environmental Role of Women.
Energies. Thematic Background Paper for OECD.
Renewables 2004, Bonn. http://www.oecd.org/social/40881538.pdf
www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/irecs
/renew2004/Gender%20Equity%20and%20 Permana AS, Norsiah AA and Siong HC.
Renewable%20Energies.pdf (2015) Is mom energy efficient? A study of
gender, household energy consumption
Clancy J. (2010) Late Developers: Gender and family decision making in Indonesia.
Mainstreaming in the Energy Sector. Energy Research & Social Science 2015;
www.devstud.org.uk/aqadmin/media/upl 6(7): 78-86.
oads/4ab8efeb3f827_SA3-clancy-
dsa09.pdf World Bank. (2013) Integrating Gender
Considerations into Energy Operations.
Elnakat A and Gomez JD. (2015) Energy World Bank, Washington, DC.
Engenderment: An Industrialized https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/ha
Perspective Assessing the Importance of ndle/10986/17479

Gender perspectives for more effective energy policy

Gender blind policies can be detrimental to women. For example, energy planning is implemented
in a gender-neutral way, assuming that energy policies benefit women and men equally. What we
find in reality is that energy planning fails to recognise that the needs of men and women are
different. More research must be done on how energy policies can become more gender-
responsive.

Historically, the vast majority of research focused on access to energy for the poor, mostly in rural
households, and on health impacts of inefficient cook stoves. We now need to rethink how gender
and identity affect power relations, and to unpack how feminine, masculine, intersectional identities
or hetero-normative perspectives impact energy use and transition.

21
 Goal 8 Promote inclusive and sustainable
economic growth, employment and decent work
for all
Roughly half the world’s population still lives on the equivalent of about
US$2 a day. And in too many places, having a job doesn’t guarantee the
ability to escape from poverty. This slow and uneven progress requires us to
rethink and retool our economic and social policies aimed at eradicating
poverty. A continued lack of decent work opportunities, insufficient
investments and under-consumption lead to an erosion of the basic social
contract underlying democratic societies: that all must share in progress.
The creation of quality jobs will remain a major challenge for almost all economies well beyond 2015.
Sustainable economic growth will require societies to create the conditions that allow people to have
quality jobs that stimulate the economy while not harming the environment. Job opportunities and
decent working conditions are also required for the whole working age population.

SDG8 Targets: Snapshot of Topics Capacity of domestic financial institutions to

encourage and expand access to banking,
insurance and financial services for all
Sustain per capita economic growth in
accordance with national circumstances and, Aid for Trade support for developing countries,
in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic in particular least developed countries,
product growth per annum in the least including through the Enhanced Integrated
developed countries Framework for Trade-Related Technical
Assistance to Least Developed Countries
Economic productivity through diversification,
technological upgrading and innovation, Develop a global strategy for youth
including through a focus on high-value added employment and implement the Global Jobs
and labour intensive sectors Pact of the International Labour Organization

Policies that support productive activities,

decent job creation, entrepreneurship,
creativity and innovation, and encourage the
Gender knowledge needed to
formalization and growth of micro-, small- and achieve SDG8
medium-sized enterprises, including through
access to financial services Setting of gender sensitive, country-by-
country targets for inequality reduction at
Resource efficiency in consumption and national level through public consultation,
production and endeavor to decouple as a means of fast-tracking their adoption.
economic growth from environmental
degradation Cross-country comparison of female
Full and productive employment and decent
inclusion in formal and informal financial
work for all women and men, including for systems, and income inequality between
young people and persons with disabilities, and women and men.
equal pay for work of equal value
Quantification of economic growth effects
Reduce the proportion of youth not in of gender policies in developing
employment, education or training economies.
Eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery Impact of gender inequality in
and human trafficking and secure the employment and pay on economic
prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of
growth.
child labour, including recruitment and use of
child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in
Interactions between infrastructure,
all its forms
women’s time allocation (on health,
Protect labour rights and safe and secure education, child rearing, household
working environments for all workers, including chores, market work) and economic
migrant workers, in particular women migrants, growth.
and those in precarious employment
The relationship between gender bias
Sustainable tourism that creates jobs and against women in the workplace, the
promotes local culture and products gender pay gap, and saving behaviors of
women and men.

22
Female employment and earnings and of 180 countries, 1975–2000. International
their bargaining power within families and Organization 60 (2): 293–333.
communities.
Klassen S and Lamanna F. (2008) The
Better frameworks for gender Impact of Gender Inequality in Education
disaggregated data and national specific and Employment on Economic Growth in
employment targets that can reflect Developing Countries: Updates and
specific national context and ensure Extensions. Institute for the Study of Labor
relevance. (IZA) 2008.
www.iza.org/conference_files/worldb2008
Exploitative production practices and /klasen_s146.pdf
women’s participation in the labour force.
Schober T and Winter-Ebmer R. (2009)
Discriminatory legal institutions and cultural Gender Wage Inequality and Economic
traditions that can limit women’s ability to Growth. Is there Really a Puzzle? IZA DP
achieve equal status. 2009; 4323. http://ftp.iza.org/dp4323.pdf

Gender norms and treatment and status Shaheen F. (2014) Reducing Economic
of women in newly urbanized populations. Inequality as a Sustainable Development
Goal: Measuring up the Option for Beyond
Consideration of how globalisation can 2015. New Economics Foundation.
improve gender equality. http://b.3cdn.net/nefoundation/226c9ea5
6ee0c9e510_gqm6b9zpz.pdf
How norm-based globalisation affects
income thresholds as well as gender Steel G and Kabashima, I. (2008) Cross-
equality in specific development phases. regional support for Gender Equality.
International Political Science Review 29,
Existing Research relevant to SDG8 No. 2: 133–56.
Eastin J and Prakash A. (2013) Economic UN System Task Team on the Post-2015 UN
Development and Gender Equality: Is Development Agenda (2012).
there a Gender Kuznets Curve? 2013. Macroeconomic Stability, Inclusive Growth
World Politics 65(1), January 2013:156-186. and Employment. ILO, UNCTAD, UNDESA,
WTO Thematic Think Piece.
Frey CB and Osborne MA. (2013) The
www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/Think%2
Future of Employment: How Susceptible
0Pieces/12_macroeconomics.pdf
are Jobs to Computerisations. Oxford
Martin 2013. World Bank. (2006) Gender Equality as
www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/a Smart Economics: A World Bank Group
cademic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf Gender Action Plan.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGEN
Gray MM, Kittilson MC and Sandholtz W.
DER/Resources/GAPNov2.pdf
(2006) Women and Globalization: a study

23
 Goal 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote
sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
Investments in infrastructure – transport, irrigation, energy and information
and communication technology – are crucial to achieving sustainable
development and empowering communities in many countries. It has long
been recognized that growth in productivity and incomes, and
improvements in health and education outcomes require investment in
infrastructure. Inclusive and sustainable industrial development is the
primary source of income generation, allows for rapid and sustained
increases in living standards for all people, and provides the technological
solutions to environmentally sound industrialization. Technological progress is the foundation of efforts to
achieve environmental objectives, such as increased resource and energy-efficiency. Without
technology and innovation, industrialization will not happen, and without industrialization, development
will not happen.

SDG9 Targets: Snapshot of Topics Infrastructure provision for the urban and
rural poor with effects on women and men
Quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient (e.g. access to education and safe
infrastructure to support economic drinking water).
development and human wellbeing, with
affordable and equitable access for all Infrastructure deficit and economic
productive capacity of women and men.
Promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and, significantly raise in
Infrastructure provision
industry’s share of employment and gross
domestic product
Infrastructure provision has typically been a
top-down process dominated by
Access of small-scale industrial and other
technological concerns and with little
enterprises to financial services, including
engagement in socio-economic debates,
affordable credit, and their integration into
whilst ‘pro-poor’ interventions tend to focus
value chains and markets
on community-based provisions with
Upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to simple, low cost technology and user
make them sustainable, with increased participation.
resource-use efficiency and greater adoption
of clean and environmentally sound
Collaborative efforts to collect and share
technologies and industrial processes
data on infrastructure investments and its
Enhance scientific research and technological impacts on productivity and incomes of
capabilities of industrial sectors to promote women and men in relation to national
innovation, and substantially increasing the circumstances.
number of research and development workers
per 1 million people Relationship between economic
development, intra-household bargaining,
Sustainable and resilient infrastructure and poverty and economic empowerment of
technology development, including access to
women through equal opportunities in
information and communication technologies
employment.
Support domestic technology development,
research, innovation in developing countries How public investment in education,
scientific and technological infrastructure
can be framed to produce irreversible
Gender knowledge needed to attainment of gender equality in Africa,
Asia, and Latin America.
achieve SDG9
Impact of infrastructure performance on Role of industrialisation and innovation in
livelihoods and societal benefits for achieving socially inclusive development
women and men (e.g. reduced access to and gender equality, and removing
health through unsafe water and lack of income inequality.
sanitation).
Examination of gender roles and bias in
planning and management of large-scale

24
infrastructure sectors (e.g. water, Future – Adapting design knowhow to
sanitation, rural transport, reorient innovation towards public
communication). preferences. Technological Forecasting &
Social Change 90(10).
Development of ways to include
Von Schomberg R. (2013): A Vision of
laypersons, including often-marginalised
Responsible Innovation. In: Owen, Richard;
groups such as women, in the process of Heintz, Maggy & Bessant, John (Eds.),
designing technology roadmaps Responsible Innovation. Managing the
responsive to societal challenges. Responsible Emergence of Science and
Innovation in Society. John Wiley: London.
Existing Research relevant to SDG9 Nitivattananon V, Tu TT, Rattanapan A and
Asavanant J. (2009) Vulnerability and
Alber, G. (2011) Gender, Cities, and Resilience of Urban Communities under
Climate Change. UN-Habitat Thematic Coastal Hazard Conditions in Southeast
report prepared for Cities and Climate Asia, paper presented at the World Bank
Change Global Report on Human Fifth Urban Research Symposium on ‘Cities
Settlements. http://unhabitat.org/wp- and Climate Change: Responding to an
content/uploads/2012/06/GRHS2011Them Urgent Agenda’, Marseille, 28–30 June
aticStudyGender.pdf 2009.
Beall, J. (1996) Urban Governance: Why Satterthwaite D. (2008) Cities’ Contribution
Gender Matters, Gender in Development to Global Warming: Notes on the
Monograph Series No. 1, UNDP, New York. Allocation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
Environment and Urbanization 2008; 20(2):
British Council and One World Action
539–549.
(2000) Developing Gender-sensitive Local
Services, London 28–29 June 2000, British UN-Habitat. (2010) Gender Equality for
Council, London. Smarter Cities, Challenges and Progress,
UN-Habitat Nairobi 2010.
Cannon, T. (2002), Gender and Climate
Hazards in Bangladesh, Gender & UN-Habitat. (2008) State of the World’s
Development 10(2):45–50. Cities 2008/2009: Harmonious cities, UN-
Habitat and Earthscan, Nairobi and
Chant S and Mcilwaine C. (2013) Gender,
London 2008.
Urban Development and Politics of Space.
E-International Relations 2013. UNDP. (2013) Overview of Linkages
http://www.e-ir.info/2013/06/04/gender- Between Gender and Climate Change.
urban-development-and-the-politics-of- Gender and Climate Change: Asia and
space/ the Pacific Policy Brief 1 2013.
http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp
Demetriades J and Esplen E. (2008), The
/library/gender/Gender%20and%20Environ
Gender Dimensions of Poverty and
ment/PB1-AP-Overview-Gender-and-
Climate Change Adaptation, IDS Bulletin
climate-change.pdf
39(4): 24–31.
Williams B. (2005) Gender and Urban
Heidingsfelder M, Kimpel K, Best K and
Transport, Habitat Debate 11(1): 10.
Schraudner M (forthcoming): Shaping

25
 Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among
countries
The international community has made significant strides towards lifting
people out of poverty. The most vulnerable nations – the least developed
countries, the landlocked developing countries and the small island
developing states – continue to make inroads into poverty reduction.
However, inequality still persists and large disparities remain in access to
health and education services and other assets. Additionally, while
income inequality between countries may have been reduced, inequality
within countries has risen. There is growing consensus that economic
growth is not sufficient to reduce poverty if it is not inclusive and if it does not involve the three
dimensions of sustainable development – economic, social and environmental. To reduce inequality,
policies should be universal in principle paying attention to the needs of disadvantaged and
marginalized populations.

SDG10 Targets: Snapshot of Topics households faced with severe income

constraints.
Achieve and sustain income growth of the
bottom 40 per cent of the population
Monitoring of anti-female bias in measures
such as sex ratios of population, food
Empower social, economic and political distribution, human capital investment,
inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, time allocation, and expenditure patterns.
disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or
economic or other status Regional differences in the extent of
gender discrimination and its response to
Ensure equal opportunity and reduce income growth, e.g. the relationship
inequalities of outcome, including by
between gender bias in child mortality
eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and
practices and promoting appropriate
and income growth.
legislation, policies and action in this regard
Patterns of inequality within and across
Fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and countries vs. country-related conditions
progressively achievement of greater equality regarding gender inequality, human
capital and education.
Regulation and monitoring of global financial
markets and institutions and strengthened Social preference/tolerance for gender
implementation of such regulations income inequality.
Enhanced representation and voice for Investment in girls’ education as an
developing countries in decision-making in
efficient economic choice for developing
international economic and financial
countries.
institutions

Migration and mobility of people Interlinks between gender inequality and

social or cultural preferences about
Special and differential treatment for gender roles.
developing countries, development assistance
and financial flows, reduce to less than 3 per Impact of market failures/successes on
cent the transaction costs of migrant investment in girls.
remittances and eliminate remittance
The determinants and long-term effects of
Build sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing female and male migration and how they
local materials
compare between source and destination
countries.
Gender knowledge needed to Existing Research relevant to SDG10
achieve SDG10
Baudasse T and Bazillier R. (1999) Gender
Gender relationships in intra-household Inequality and Emigration: Push Factor or
resource allocation and poverty: patterns Selection Process, International Economics,
in resource allocation among household 2014; 139: 19-47.
members, especially children in large

26
Dollar D, Gatti R. Gender Inequality, Ueyama N. (2007) Income Growth and
Income, and Growth: Are Good Times Gender Bias in Childhood Mortality in
Good for Women? Policy Research report Developing Countries, IFPRI 2007;
on Gender and Development, The World Discussion Paper 00739.
Bank 1999; Working Paper Series No 1.
UNDP. (2013) Humanity Divided.
Jolly S and Reeves H. (2009) Gender and Confronting Inequality in Developing
Migration. BRIDGE Overview report, 2005. Countries. UNDP.
http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/sites/bridge.i http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp
ds.ac.uk/files/reports/CEP-Mig-OR.pdf /library/Poverty%20Reduction/Inclusive%20
development/Humanity%20Divided/Huma
Omelaniuk I. (2006) Gender, Poverty and nityDivided_Full-Report.pdf
Migration. World Bank.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTAB
OUTUS/Resources/Gender.pdf

27
 Goal 11 Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable
Cities are hubs for ideas, commerce, culture, science, productivity, social
development and much more. At their best, cities have enabled people to
advance socially and economically. However, many challenges exist to
maintaining cities in a way that continues to create jobs and prosperity
while not straining land and resources. Common urban challenges include
congestion, lack of funds to provide basic services, a shortage of
adequate housing and declining infrastructure. The challenges cities face
can be overcome in ways that allow them to continue to thrive and grow,
while improving resource use and reducing pollution and poverty. The future we want includes cities of
opportunities for all, with access to basic services, energy, housing, transportation and more.

SDG11 Targets: Snapshot of Topics Gender knowledge needed to

achieve SDG11
Adequate, safe and affordable housing and
basic services and upgraded slums How cities and other players need to
respond to the complexity of gender
Safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable related needs and interactions.
transport systems for all, improving road safety,
with special attention to the needs of those in How gender differentiates inequalities
vulnerable situations, women, children, persons
related to income, class, age, race,
with disabilities and older persons
ethnicity, health status, etc. and affects
Inclusive and sustainable urbanization and impacts of climate change on women
capacity for participatory, integrated and and men in urban settings.
sustainable human settlement planning and
management Collection and sharing of statistics on
gender bias in fatalities during disasters in
Protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and cities, and among disadvantaged social
natural heritage groups who are not reached by early-
warning information, or cannot escape
Reduce the number of deaths and the number
of people affected and substantially decrease due to their responsibility for family care
the direct economic losses relative to global and constrained mobility.
gross domestic product caused by disasters,
including water-related disasters, with a focus Inclusion of the gender dimension in
on protecting the poor and people in climate change policies, plans and
vulnerable situations programmes for cities including gendered
aspects of the responsibility for and access
Reduce the adverse per capita environmental to resources (energy, water, space, time).
impact of cities, including by paying special
attention to air quality and municipal and other Systematic assessment of gender
waste management
differentials in resource use and the
Access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green resulting contributions of these actions to
and public spaces, in particular for women and climate change.
children, older persons and persons with
disabilities Differentiated needs of women and men
in relation to safety and health, housing
Economic, social and environmental links and shelter, mobility, nutrition and food
between urban, per-urban and rural areas security, sanitation services.
Increase the number of cities and human Gender differentials in vulnerability, taking
settlements adopting and implementing
women’s and men’s needs into account,
integrated policies and plans towards inclusion,
including differentials in coping strategies
resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation
to climate change, resilience to disasters and options for response.

Build sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing

local materials

28
Existing Research relevant to SDG11 Resilience of Urban Communities under
Coastal Hazard Conditions in Southeast
Alber G. (1996) Gender, Cities, and Asia, paper presented at the World Bank
Climate Change. UN-Habitat Thematic Fifth Urban Research Symposium on ‘Cities
report prepared for Cities and Climate and Climate Change: Responding to an
Change Global Report on Human Urgent Agenda’, Marseille, 28–30 June
Settlements 2011. 2009.
http://unhabitat.org/wpdm-
package/grhs-2013-arabic-language- Satterthwaite D. (2008) Cities’ Contribution
version/2011/ to Global Warming: Notes on the
Allocation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
Beall J. (1996) Urban Governance: Why Environment and Urbanization 2008; 20(2):
Gender Matters, Gender in Development 539–549.
Monograph Series No. 1, UNDP, New York.
UN-Habitat. (2010) Gender Equality for
British Council and One World Action. Smarter Cities, Challenges and Progress,
(2000) Developing Gender-sensitive Local UN-Habitat Nairobi 2010.
Services, London 28–29 June 2000, British
Council, London. UN-Habitat. (2008) State of the World’s
Cities 2008/2009: Harmonious cities, UN-
Cannon T. (2002) Gender and Climate Habitat and Earthscan, Nairobi and
Hazards in Bangladesh. Gender & London 2008.
Development 10(2):45–50.
UNDP. (2013) Overview of Linkages
Chant S and Mcilwaine C. (2013) Gender, Between Gender and Climate Change.
Urban Development and Politics of Space. Gender and Climate Change: Asia and
E-International Relations. http://www.e- the Pacific Policy Brief 1 2013.
ir.info/2013/06/04/gender-urban- http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp
development-and-the-politics-of-space/ /library/gender/Gender%20and%20Environ
ment/PB1-AP-Overview-Gender-and-
Demetriades J and Esplen E.(2008) The climate-change.pdf
Gender Dimensions of Poverty and
Climate Change Adaptation, IDS Bulletin Williams B. (2005) ‘Gender and urban
39(4): 24–31. transport’, Habitat Debate 11(1): 10.

Nitivattananon V, Tu TT, Rattanapan A and

Asavanant J. (2009) Vulnerability and

29
 Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and
production patterns
Sustainable consumption and production is about promoting resource and
energy efficiency, sustainable infrastructure, and providing access to basic
services, green and decent jobs and a better quality of life for all. Its
implementation helps to achieve overall development plans, reduce
future economic, environmental and social costs, strengthen economic
competitiveness and reduce poverty. Sustainable consumption and
production aims at “doing more and better with less,” increasing net
welfare gains from economic activities by reducing resource use,
degradation and pollution along the whole lifecycle, while increasing quality of life. It involves different
stakeholders, including business, consumers, policy makers, researchers, scientists, retailers, media, and
development cooperation agencies, among others. It also requires a systemic approach and
cooperation among actors operating in the supply chain, from producer to final consumer. It involves
engaging consumers through awareness raising and education on sustainable consumption and
lifestyles, providing consumers with adequate information through standards and labels and engaging
in sustainable public procurement, among others.

SDG12 Targets: Snapshot of Topics Gender knowledge needed to

achieve SDG12
Implement programmes on sustainable
consumption and production
Extend understanding of household
Achieve sustainable management and consumer expenditure beyond
efficient use of natural resources disaggregation by purpose (e.g. energy,
transport, housing, food) to understand
Halve per capita global food waste consumption by individual household
members to specific purposes, e.g. care
Environmentally sound management of work, commuting, personal consumption.
chemicals and all wastes in order to minimize
their adverse impacts on human health and
Relative roles of women and men in urban
the environment
waste management, including in waste
Reduce waste generation sector micro-enterprises.

Encourage sustainable practices and Gendered work roles and differences in

sustainability information in reporting of large health risk exposure to and effects of
transnational companies chemical substances used for work,
including awareness of the use of
Promote sustainable public procurement damaging chemical substances.
practices
Gender differences in production regimes
Ensure provision of information and awareness
for sustainable development and lifestyles in across countries, industries, and factories,
harmony with nature and similarities between specific locations
in the global context.
Strengthen developing countries’ scientific and
technological capacity for more sustainable Gender differentiated effects of the
consumption and production privatisation and commercialisation of
natural resources (water, land, forests,
Develop and implement tools to monitor etc.).
sustainable development impacts for
sustainable tourism Gender differentiated approach to
Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies to
consumption patterns and the individual
reflect their environmental impacts, taking into and framework conditions influencing
account the specific needs and conditions of consumption.
developing countries in a manner that protects
the poor and the affected communities Interactions between gender, household
type, age, lifestyle orientation and socio-
demographic conditions in the influence
on consumption.

30
Existing Research relevant to SDG12 Nzeadibe TC and Adama O (2015)
Ingrained Inequalities? Deconstructing
Calkin S. (2015) Globalizing ‘Girl Power’: Gendered Spaces in the Informal Waste
Corporate Social Responsibility and Economy of Nigerian Cities. Urban Forum,
Transnational Business Initiatives for Gender Vol 26 (2) pp 113-130.
Equality, Globalizations 2015. DOI:
10.1080/14747731.2015.1064678. Schultz I and Stiess I. (2009) Gender
Aspects of Sustainable Consumption
Croppenstedt A, Goldstein M and Rosas N. Strategies and Instruments. Final Draft, April
(2013) Gender and Agriculture. 2009, EUPOPP.
Inefficiencies, Segregation, and Low http://www.eupopp.net/docs/isoe-
Productivity Traps. Policy Research gender_wp1_20090426-endlv.pdf
Working Paper 6370, World Bank.
Scott J, Dakin R, Heller K and Eftimie A.
Inter-Agency Task Force on Gender and (2013) Extracting Lessons on Gender in the
Water. (20016) Gender, Water and Oil and Gas Sector. A Survey and Analysis
Sanitation. Policy Brief prepared in support of the Gendered Impacts of Onshore Oil
of the International Decade for Action, and Gas Production in Three Developing
‘Water for Life’ 2005-2015. UN-Water and Countries. World Bank.
the Interagency Network on Women and
Gender Equality (IANWGE0 2006). Seguino S. (2000) Gender Inequality and
Export-led Growth: A Cross-Country
Kusakabe K and Jahan J. (2010) Gender Analysis. World Development 2000; 28(7):
Mainstreaming in Urban Environmental 1211-1230.
Management Projects: Lessons Learned
from Southeast Asia Urban Environmental Ward B, Strongman J, Eftimie A and Heller
management Applications (SEA-UMEA) K. (2011) Gender Sensitive Approaches for
Project. CIDA-AIT Partnership. the Extractive Industry in Peru. Improving
http://www.gdrc.org/gender/kyoko-2.pdf the Impact of Women in Poverty and Their
families: Guide for Improving Practice.
Muller M and Schienberg A. (1997) Gender World Bank.
and Urban Waste Management. Paper https://esmap.org/sites/esmap.org/files/57
presented at the Gender, Technology and 8680_Gender-
Development Conference 1997, organised Sensitive_Approaches_for_the_Extractive_I
by TOOL/ TOOLCONSULT, Amsterdam. ndustry_in_Peru.pdf

Muller SM. (not dated) Gender, Social Woroniuk B and Schalkwyk J. (2008) Waste
Inequalities and Waste Management. Disposal and Equality between Women
WASTE. and Men. OECD.
http://www.worldbank.org/urban/solid_w http://www.oecd.org/dac/gender-
m/erm/Annexes/US%20Sizes/Annex%201.2. development/1849277.pdf
pdf

31
 Goal 13 Take urgent action to combat climate
change and its impacts
Climate change is now affecting every country on every continent. It is
disrupting national economies and affecting lives, costing people,
communities and countries dearly today and even more tomorrow.
People are experiencing the significant impacts of climate change, which
include changing weather patterns, rising sea level, and more extreme
weather events. The greenhouse gas emissions from human activities are
driving climate change and continue to rise. They are now at their highest
levels in history. Without action, the world’s average surface temperature is
projected to rise over the 21st century and is likely to surpass 3 degrees Celsius this century—with some
areas of the world expected to warm even more. The poorest and most vulnerable people are being
affected the most. Affordable, scalable solutions are now available to enable countries to leapfrog to
cleaner, more resilient economies. The pace of change is quickening as more people are turning to
renewable energy and a range of other measures that will reduce emissions and increase adaptation
efforts. But climate change is a global challenge that does not respect national borders. Emissions
anywhere affect people everywhere. It is an issue that requires solutions that need to be coordinated
at the international level and it requires international cooperation to help developing countries move
toward a low-carbon economy.

SDG13 Targets: Snapshot of Topics decarbonisation of their economies and

societies, therefore knowledge is urgently
Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to needed on the impacts of this transition on
climate-related hazards and natural disasters different groups in society (i.e. migrants,
single parents, elderly…) and on gender
Integrate climate change measures into
relations.
national policies, strategies and planning
In developing countries and emerging
Improve education, awareness-raising and
human and institutional capacity on climate
economies transition towards a low-
change mitigation, adaptation, impact carbon development strategy should be
reduction and early warning done in a gender-responsive way,
research is needed to better understand
Mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 the prerequisites and impacts of this
from all sources to address the needs of transition.
developing countries in the context of
meaningful mitigation actions What the benefits are of climate change
mitigation beyond the reduction of
Capacity for effective climate change-related carbon emissions.
planning and management in least developed
countries and small island developing States, What multiple effects (e.g. health, gender
including focusing on women, youth and local
equality, jobs, safety….) could bring higher
and marginalized communities
acceptance to climate change measures,
improve gender mainstreaming into
Gender knowledge needed to climate issues, and also speed-up the
necessary reduction of CO2-emissions by
achieve SDG13 contributing to the necessary societal shift.
How transformation towards
Gender equality in participation and
decarbonisation/low-carbon
gender in research content are often
development affects gender relations,
conflated. Research evidence is needed
and whether there is an equal distribution
to show that in the context of climate
of benefits and burdens of this.
change, more women in decision-making
and research will change
Research on how this transition can be
programme/project design and content in
done in ways that take into account
a gender-responsive way.
gender and climate justice, in both
developed and developing countries.

Developed countries have the historical

responsibility for a fast (latest until 2050)

32
Existing Research relevant to SDG13 Climate Change. Luxembourg.
http://eige.europa.eu/sites/default/files/d
Alber, G. (2015) Gender and Urban ocuments/Gender-Equality-and-Climate-
Climate Policy. Gender-Sensitive Policies Change-Report.pdf
Make a Difference. GIZ, UNHABITAT &
GenderCC. Magnusdottir G and Kronsell A. (2015) The
http://gendercc.net/fileadmin/inhalte/do (In)visibility of Gender in Scandinavian
kumente/gendercc_publications/Guidebo Climate Policy-making. International
ok_Gender_and_Urban_Climate_Policy_Ju Feminist Journal of Politics 2015; 17(2): 308-
ne_2015.pdf 326.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2014.8
Alston M and Whittenbury K (eds.). (2013) 96661
Research, Action and Policy: Addressing
the Gendered Impacts of Climate Skinner, E. (2011) Gender and Climate
Change. New York: Springer. Change. Overview Report, Brighton,
http://www.springer.com/us/book/978940 United Kingdom: BRIDGE, Institute of
0755178 Development Studies.
http://docs.bridge.ids.ac.uk/vfile/upload/
Demetriades J and Esplen E. (2008) The 4/document/1211/Gender_and_CC_for_w
Gender Dimensions of Poverty and eb.pdf
Climate Change Adaptation, IDS Bulletin
39(4): 24–31. UNDP. (2009) Resource Guide on Gender
and Climate Change. UNDP.
European Institute for Gender Equality – http://www.un.org/womenwatch/downlo
EIGE (ed.) (2012) Review of the ads/Resource_Guide_English_FINAL.pdf
Implementation in the EU of Area K of the
Beijing Platform for Action: Women and
the Environment. Gender Equality and

UN’s Gender-responsive climate action for sustainable development

The UN Expert Group Meeting on implementing gender-responsive climate action for sustainable
development stated that gender-based differences should be “explicitly recognized in the
development, transfer and diffusion of technologies for climate change adaptation and mitigation,
including in the identification and prioritization of technology needs.” The meeting organised by
UNDESA, UN Women and the UN Climate Change Secretariat in October 2015 concluded that
climate technology adoption could be hindered in developing countries without women’s
participation - for example, in development and promotion of solar cook stoves. Studies have
demonstrated that women tend to reject riskier technologies that may negatively impact the
environment or their communities. It advised that gender differences should be incorporated “at
every step of the technology cycle, from design, to implementation and evaluation” to make
technologies more attuned to the needs of communities while also advancing gender equality.

Gender perspectives in climate change action and mitigation are also being addressed by the
Secretariat of the Lima Work Program on Gender (LWPG). In May 2015 the LWPG mapped all
decisions, reports and conclusions adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) pertaining to or referencing gender. Identifying progress, potential
gaps, and areas requiring further support for implementation, the report is a starting point for
discussion on an action plan and implementation of the LWGP’s two-year programme on gender.

LWPG (2015). “Draft Compilation of Decisions, Subsidiary Body Reports and Adopted Conclusions
Related to Gender and Climate Change” http://bit.ly/1YqGQnK

UNDESA, UN WOMEN and UNFCCC (2015) “Implementation of gender-responsive climate action in

the context of sustainable development Report of the Expert Group Meeting Bonn, Germany 14-16
October 2015” http://bit.ly/1MqAFDM

33
 Goal 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans,
seas and marine resources
The world’s oceans – their temperature, chemistry, currents and life – drive
global systems that make the Earth habitable for humankind. Our
rainwater, drinking water, weather, climate, coastlines, much of our food,
and even the oxygen in the air we breathe, are all ultimately provided and
regulated by the sea. Throughout history, oceans and seas have been vital
conduits for trade and transportation. Careful management of this
essential global resource is a key feature of a sustainable future.

SDG14 Targets: Snapshot of Topics parameters that reflect their effects at the
molecular, cellular, organ, and organism
Reduce marine pollution of all kinds level in female and male fish.

Manage and protect marine and coastal The use of biomarkers in monitoring
ecosystems to avoid significant adverse
exposure to pollutants should be
impacts, including by strengthening their
resilience integrated with chemical monitoring in
determining their toxic effects of pollutants,
Address the impacts of ocean acidification including when they are present at low,
sub-lethal concentrations.
Regulate harvesting and end overfishing,
illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and Impact of current developments in
destructive fishing practices and implement
fisheries on the lives and livelihoods of
science-based management plans
fishing communities, specifically focusing
Conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and on women’s experiences.
marine areas
Constructing and sharing local agendas
Prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which and women’s organisations’ strategies in
contribute to overcapacity and overfishing fisheries, taking stock of achievements and
obstacles.
Increase economic benefits to Small Island
developing States and least developed
countries from the sustainable use of marine In some fish species it is the male that
resources, including through sustainable grows bigger (e.g. Tilapia) and in others it
management of fisheries, aquaculture and is the female (e.g. Turbot), research is
tourism needed to help fish farmers effectively sex
young fish, which is currently done
Increase scientific knowledge, develop
manually and requires special training.
research capacity and transfer marine
technology
Sexual development in fish varies widely
Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers between species. Some fish farmers (e.g.
to marine resources and markets tilapia farmers in the Philippines) control
reproduction in mixed sex populations
Enhance conservation and sustainable use of through administration of methyl
oceans and their resources by implementing testosterone, which in turn may pose a
international law
health risk to workers. Research is needed
to understand the fate of the hormone in
the effluent and ground water.
Gender knowledge needed to
achieve SDG14 Large old female fish contribute
overwhelmingly to the egg production
Existing chemical monitoring of marine that renews fish populations. Research is
organisms for exposure to pollution needed to understand how young and
principally evaluates the presence of old fish divert food resources into growth
pollutants in tissues by chemical analysis. and reproduction, and how to manage
Research is needed to establish bio- fishing and fisheries to protect fertile older
monitoring methods to evaluate not only female fish.
the presence, but also the response of the
organisms to pollutants by the assessment
of female and male biomarkers, i.e.

34
Exclusion of women from policy decision processes

Fish harvesting policies often focus on industrialization and centralization of facilities in urban areas.
In many countries, this has meant women have been marginalized or even pushed out of the sector.
Infrastructure development, capacity building and marketing practices (both informal and formal)
of the sector at village-level, in which women play a key role, have also been neglected.

Existing Research relevant to SDG14 IIFET 2016 Special Session: “Gender

Research as a New Frontier in Fisheries and
Arsenia G, Cagauan F, Baleta N and Aquaculture Economics” at the IIFET 2016
Abucay JS. (2004) Sex Reversal of Nile conference in Aberdeen, Scotland
Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus l. by Egg (http://www.iifet-2016.org) – 12-15 July,
Immersion Technique: the Effect of 2016.
Hormone Concentration and Immersion
Time. International Collective in Support of Kime DE. (1995) The Effects of Pollution on
Fishworkers WIF Workshop Report, 2004. Reproduction in Fish. Rev Fish Biol Fish 1995;
http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/ista/ista6/ist 5: 52-96.
a6web/pdf/127.pdf
Koehler A. (2004) The Gender-specific Risk
Awuor CB, Orindi VA and Andrew OA. to Liver Toxicity and Cancer of Flounder
(2008) Climate Change and Coastal (Platichthys flesus (L.)) at the German
Cities: the case of Mombasa, Kenya, Wadden Sea Coast
Environment and Urbanization 20(1): 231– Aquat Toxicol 2004; 70: 257-276.
242.
Kumar KG (ed.). (2010) Recasting the Net:
Bennett E. (2005) Gender, Fisheries and Defining a Gender Agenda for Sustaining
Development, Mar. Policy, 29 (5) (2005), Life and Livelihoods in Fishing Communities.
pp. 451–459. WIF Workshop, 7-10 July 2010,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2004.07. Mahabalipuram, India. http://wo-
003 men.nl/cms/wp-
content/uploads/2011/05/REPORT-
Brugere C. (2014) Mainstreaming Gender INTERNATIONAL-WORKHOP-GENDER-AND-
in Trans-boundary Natural Resources FISHERIES-JULY-2010.pdf
Projects – the Experience of the Bay of
Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem (BOBLME) Pauly D, Christensen V, Guennette S,
project. Environmental Development 2014: Pitcher TJ, Rashid U, Walters CJ, Watson R
1184–97 and Zeller D (2002). Towards Sustainability
in World Fisheries. Nature 418, 689-695 (8
Dietz T, Rosa EA and York R. (2009) August 2002).
Environmentally Efficient Well-being:
Rethinking Sustainability as the Relationship Williams MJ, Porter M, Choo PS, Kusakabe
Between Human Well-being and K, Vuki V, Gopal N and Bondad-Reantaso
Environmental Impacts, Hum. Ecol. Rev., 16 M. (2012) Guest Editorial: Gender in
(1) (2009), pp. 114–123. Aquaculture and Fisheries – Moving the
Agenda Forward, Asian Fish. Sci., 25 (2012),
pp. 1–13 (Special issue).

35
 Goal 15 Sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, halt and reverse land degradation,
halt biodiversity loss
Forests cover 30 per cent of the Earth’s surface and in addition to providing
food security and shelter. Forests are key to combating climate change,
protecting biodiversity and the homes of the indigenous population.
Thirteen million hectares of forests are being lost every year while the
persistent degradation of drylands has led to the desertification of 3.6
billion hectares. Deforestation and desertification – caused by human
activities and climate change – pose major challenges to sustainable development and have affected
the lives and livelihoods of millions of people in the fight against poverty. Efforts are being made to
manage forests and combat desertification.

SDG15 Targets: Snapshot of Topics Gender knowledge needed to

achieve SDG15
Conservation, restoration and sustainable use
of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems
Understanding impact of the rapid
and their services, in particular forests,
change in land use, driven by export-
wetlands, mountains and dry lands
oriented growth in agricultural products
Sustainable management of all types of forests, such as palm oil and natural rubber, on
halt deforestation, restore degraded forests transforming farming practices and
and substantially increase afforestation and influencing gender-specific agricultural
reforestation globally roles.
Desertification and restoration degraded land Understanding shifts in gender division of
and soil to achieve a land degradation-neutral
labour and decision-making, e.g.
world
collection of firewood, medicinal plants
Conservation of mountain ecosystems, and wild fruit for household consumption
including their biodiversity by women, while men tend to be
occupied in monoculture, e.g. oil palm or
Degradation of natural habitats, and loss of rubber production.
biodiversity including threatened species
Measures to protect forests from insect
Utilization of genetic resources and appropriate pests and diseases require reliable
access to such resources
information on their reproduction
Poaching and trafficking of protected species processes and the appropriate control
of flora and fauna conditions.

Impact of invasive alien species on land and Understanding how rapid erosion of soil is
water ecosystems reducing food production and causing
serious losses in biodiversity, and how
Ecosystem and biodiversity values in national
female and male farmers understand and
and local planning
protect the character and functioning of
Financial resources to conserve and sustainably soil ecosystems in different types of soil
use biodiversity and ecosystems and regions.

Financial resources for sustainable forest Linking of local soil knowledge and
management in developing countries, management practices with cultural,
including for conservation and reforestation socioeconomic and environmental
conditions and in this context establishing
Poaching and trafficking of protected species
how farmers, women and men, classify
soils with regard to fertility and erosion,
what they view as the cause of erosion,
and how they control erosion.

Linking of gender differences in

knowledge of plant use with gender
divisions of labour and gendered spatial

36
knowledge (i.e. gender differences in PLoS ONE 2013; 8(11): e78737.
familiarity with local natural resources) for doi:10.1371/journal.pone.00
conservation programmes.
Oliva MJ. (2011) Biodiversity, Gender and
Existing Research relevant to SDG15 Trade. A Role for the WTO. Centre for
International Environmental Law.
Anu E. (2006) Women, Environmental
Changes and Forestry-related Pimentel D. (2006) Soil Erosion: a Food and
Development: Gender-affected Roles of Environmental Threat. Environment,
Rural People in Land Degradation and Development and Sustainability 2006; 8(1):
Environmental Rehabilitation in a Dry 119-137.
Region of Sudan. PhD Dissertation, Faculty
of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Van Koppen B. (2002) A Gender
Helsinki. Performance Indicator for Irrigation.
Concepts Tools and Applications.
CIFOR, Forests, Trees, and Agroforest. International Water management Institute,
(2012) A Strategy for Gender-responsive Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2002, Research Report
Research and Action. CIFOR, Bogor, 59.
Indonesia.
http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/cr Villamor GB, Akiefnawati R, van Noordwijk
p/CRP6-Gender-strategy.pdf M, Desrianti F and Pradhan U. (2015) Land
use Change and Shifts in Gender Roles in
FAO (2005) Global Review of Forest Pests Central Sumatra, Indonesia. International
and Diseases. Forestry Paper 156. Forestry Review 2015 17(4): 61-75.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0640e/i0
640e00.htm Villamor GB, Desrianti F, Akiefnawati R,
Amaruzaman S, and van Noordwijk M
Gurubg JD. (2006) Gender and (2013) Gender influences decisions to
Desertification. Expanding Roles for change land use practices in the tropical
Women to Restore Dry Land Areas. IFAD. forest margins of Jambi, Indonesia. Mitig
Adapt Strateg Glob Change Vol 13(6),
Leimar Price L. (2007) Locating farmer- August 2013.
based knowledge and vested interests in
natural resource management: the
Wakhungu JW. (2010) Gender Dimension
interface of ethnopedology, land tenure
of Science and Technology: African
and gender in soil erosion management in
Women in Agriculture, United Nations
the Manupali watershed, Philippines. J
Division for the Advancement of Women.
Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2007; 3: 30.
(DAW, part of UN Women) United Nations
Momsen J. (2007). Gender and Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Biodiversity: A New Approach to Linking Organization (UNESCO) 28 September – 1
Environment and Development, October 2010.
Geography Compass 2007; 1(2): 149-162. http://www.ifad.org/pub/gender/desert/g
ender_desert.pdf
Oldham P, Hall S and Forero O. (2013)
Biological Diversity in the Patent System.

37
 Goal 16 Promote just, peaceful and inclusive
societies
Goal 16 of the Sustainable Development Goals is dedicated to the
promotion of peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
the provision of access to justice for all, and building effective,
accountable institutions at all levels.

SDG16 Targets: Snapshot of Topics Understanding how conceptions of

masculinity can put boys and men at risk
Significantly reduce violence and related of living a life of violence (as victims,
death rates survivors and/or perpetrators), and how
boys may become victims of sexual
End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all
violence, or become child soldiers, or join
forms of violence against and torture of
children violent gangs.

Promote the rule of law at the national and In conflict affected countries,
international levels and ensure equal access to displacement, economic insecurity, and
justice for all broken social networks lead to less stable
environments, increasing the risk of sexual
Significantly reduce illicit financial and arms violence. Research is needed to
flows, strengthen recovery and return of stolen understand how to prevent and
assets, combat all forms of organised crime
overcome consequences of conflict, rape
Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in and/or sexual torture used as deliberate
all their forms weapons of war.

Develop effective, accountable and Better understanding of the impact of

transparent institutions at all levels migration on women and the
concomitant exposure to abuse and
Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and exploitation, and economically viable
representative decision-making at all levels
alternatives that prevent this.
Broaden participation of developing countries
in the institutions of global governance
Developing comparative indicators that
integrate women’s rights and the human
Legal identity for all, including birth registration rights principles, emphasising universal
provision while taking into account the
Protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance diversity of needs and constraints based
with national legislation and international on gender, age, class, ethnicity, sexual
agreements
orientation, and abilities.
Strengthen national institutions for building
Identifying barriers to women’s full
capacity in developing countries to prevent
violence and combat terrorism and crime participation in social movements and in
the design, delivery, monitoring and
Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws evaluation of the development goals,
and policies for sustainable development policies and indicators at global, regional,
national and local levels.

Gender knowledge needed to Corruption may differentially impact on

achieve SDG16 the socioeconomic status of women and
men by raising the marginal tax rate of
How gender stereotypes create obstacles firms, decreasing business activity, raising
to effective prevention of and response to the marginal costs of public funds, making
gender-based violence in populations certain government projects economically
affected by armed conflict. unviable, and undoing the government’s
ability to correct externalities, leading to
inefficient outcomes. Research is needed

38
to identify gender related perceptions and UN. (2007) Indicators to Measure Violence
real extent and economic cost of Against Women – Report of the Expert
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women, men and children. the Advancement of Women, Economic
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Understanding nature of violence, Statistical Division, Geneva.
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contexts with emphasis on the catorsVAW/IndicatorsVAW_EGM_report.p
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women.
UNESCO. (2011). Men’s Involvement in the
Existing Research relevant to SDG16 Fight Against Gender-based Violence.
Report of the Scientific Meeting, Kinshasa,
Combaz E. (2013) Impact of Gender- 29-30 March 2011.
responsive Budgeting, GSDRC Helpdesk http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/M
Research Report, 2013. ULTIMEDIA/HQ/BSP/GENDER/PDF/Kinshasa
http://gsdrc.org/docs/open/HDQ977.pdf _Conference_report.pdf

Cruz A and Klinger S. (2011) Gender-based UNICEF. (2014) A Post-2015 World Fit for
Violence in the World of Work: Overview Children. UNICEF.
and Selected Annotated Bibliography, ILO http://www.unicef.org/post2015/files/Child
Working Paper 3, 2011. _Protection_2pager_FINAL_web.pdf
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Prevention and Response to Gender-
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(1999) Ending Violence Against Women. Armed Conflict, Global GBV Technical
Population Information Program Support Project JSI Research & Training
Population Reports, Series L. No. 11, 1999. Institute RHRC Consortium.

Olken BA and Pande RP. (2011) Corruption Vlachovà M and Biason L. (2005) Summary
in Developing Countries, Abdul Latif Report: Women in an Insecure World –
Jameel Poverty Action Lab’s Governance Violence against Women Facts, Figures
Initiative. and Analysis, 2005. Geneva Centre for the
http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/rpande/pa Democratic Control of Armed Forces,
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Walker JA. (2012) Early Marriage in Africa:
UN Women’s Major Group. (2013) Trends, harmful Effects, and Interventions.
Strengthening Gender Justice: African Journal of Reproductive Health
Recommendations for the Sustainable 2012; 16(2): 2012.
Development Goals and the Post-2015
Development Agenda. Friedrich Ebert
Stiftung.

39
 Goal 17 Revitalize the Global Partnership for
Sustainable Development
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can only be realized with a
strong commitment to global partnership and cooperation. While official
development assistance from developed countries increased by 66 per
cent between 2000 and 2014, humanitarian crises brought on by conflict or
natural disasters continue to demand financial resources and aid. Many
countries also require Official Development Assistance to encourage
growth and trade. The world today is more interconnected than ever
before. Improving access to technology and knowledge is an important
way to share ideas and foster innovation. Coordinating policies to help developing countries manage
their debt, as well as promoting investment for the least developed, is vital to achieve sustainable
growth and development. The goals aim to enhance North-South and South-South cooperation by
supporting national plans to achieve all the targets. Promoting international trade, and helping
developing countries increase their exports, is all part of achieving a universal rules-based and
equitable trading system that is fair and open, and benefits all.

SDG17 Targets: Snapshot of Topics gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory

status, disability, geographic location and
Finance other characteristics relevant in national
Domestic resource mobilization to improve contexts
domestic capacity for tax and other Initiatives to develop measurements of
revenue collection progress on sustainable development that
Financial resources for developing complement gross domestic product, and
countries support statistical capacity-building in
Additional development finances from developing countries
multiple sources
Long-term debt sustainability
Investment promotion regimes
Technology Gender knowledge needed to
Triangular cooperation on access to
science, technology and innovation and
achieve SDG17
enhance knowledge sharing
Development, transfer, dissemination and
Identification of the most relevant gender
diffusion of environmentally sound and environmental changes we are
technologies dealing with today worldwide, and in
Bank and use of enabling technology, in what sequence and at what level we
particular information and should (and can) measure these changes.
communications technology
Capacity building Determination of new and more
Capacity-building to implement all the appropriate, analytic and data gathering
sustainable development goals tools for practical use in the field that bring
Trade out the gender aspects of the sustainable
Universal, rules-based, open, non-
development dimensions mapped out in
discriminatory and equitable multilateral
trading system the SDG targets.
Exports of developing countries
Duty-free and quota-free market access Data have different audiences –
Systemic issues identification is needed of the kind of
Global macroeconomic stability through gender data that must be collected in
policy coordination and coherence regard to SDG targets for policy making,
Policy coherence for sustainable research, and for evaluating national and
development international commitments.
Respect national policy space for poverty
eradication and sustainable development How to achieve collaborative information
Multi-stakeholder partnerships systems (SDGs, EGI, HDR) for linking
Enhance the Global Partnership for
knowledge to action in environmental and
Sustainable Development
gender issues.
Public-private and civil society
partnerships
How to help governments and
Data, monitoring and accountability
Availability of high-quality, timely and practitioners with the interpretation of
reliable data disaggregated by income, gender-related data sets.

40
How to improve gender aspects of the efficiency of financial markets and access
collection of SDG-relevant datasets at sub- to finance to give women and men
national levels. workers access to the education they
need in order to access and utilize new
Systematic sex disaggregated analysis of technologies in low-income countries
national legislative and policy framework where financial markets are
and of institutional frameworks in the area underdeveloped and where the lack of
of gender and climate change. credit in poor rural areas prevents people
from accessing opportunities in education
In general, gender gaps do not appear to or entrepreneurship.
fall systematically with growth, and they
appear to rise with GDP per capita and How women and men can overcome
with greater access to resources and credit market imperfections that constrain
inputs. Research is needed to explain why their occupational choices and labour
this is so and how SDG implementation market mobility by reducing opportunities
can help close these gaps. to upgrade their high-tech skills, thus
entrenching higher income inequality.
The impact of health system financing and
lack of financial protection on socio- Carrying out of gender-differentiated
economic wellbeing of households, and impact assessments on all policies related
specifically comparing the positions of to STI for development to ensure they
women and men within households. benefit both men and women equally.

Internationally comparable ICT gender Evidence of how S&T programmes

statistics provide insight into the use of ICT targeted toward marginalized groups
for economic and social development. (including women in many countries) can
What we can learn about the ways in lead to significant poverty reduction in
which men and women experience ICT order to demonstrate that ensuring
differently and the scope and intensity of everyone in society (men as well as
the gender digital divide in a global women) has access to quality S&T
knowledge society. education and training and career
opportunities is essential and smart public
Definition of socially inclusive development policy.
and the gender relations within it.
Research on the institutional innovations
Identification of relationships between
(e.g. for identifying local problems) and
technological innovation, structural
needed for dealing with gender issues.
change and social inclusiveness.

Whether industrialization can be socially Existing Research relevant to SDG17

inclusive.
Barclays Wealth. (2011) Understanding the
Whether higher income inequality for Female Economy: The Role of Gender in
women and men, within and between Financial Decision making and Succession
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How investment in education can be
promoted through improvements in the
41
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42
Appendices:

USING THE SEOUL DECLARATION TO FORMULATE SPECIFIC IMPLEMENTATION ACTION PLANS .... 44
EXPERT CONTRIBUTORS ................................................................................................................... 51
MANAGING EDITORS.................................................................................................................... 51
EDITORIAL PROCESS ..................................................................................................................... 51
EDITORIAL BOARD ........................................................................................................................ 52
ADVISORY BOARD......................................................................................................................... 56
UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TARGETS ................................................................. 60
SEOUL DECLARATION AND PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................ 68
MANAGING EDITORS’ ORGANISATIONS ........................................................................................... 72
LETTER TO UN SECRETARY GENERAL ................................................................................................ 73
Using the Seoul declaration to formulate specific implementation action plans

Seoul Declaration Principles (aimed to be Examples of actions suggested by experts that Examples of ‘good practice’ and actions already
used as a basis for developing specific could be part of a specific implementation action implemented
action plans) plan
1. COLLABORATE by creating national and Collaborate by forming alliances to tackle “The Executive Director [of the] Women Advocates’
regional alliances to enable continued common gender problems and to maximise Research and Documentation Centre, Dr. Abiola
dialogue on common gender problems in impact, for example: Akiyode tasked President Buhari to employ ways
science, such as criteria of scientific Agree on cross-institutional and regional and stamp policies that will ensure food security in
excellence, which are of concern to policies promoting equal opportunities for the country through women farmers.
policy makers, scientists, gender research both women and men in decision-making The programme, which was organised by the
experts, and stakeholders in science in farming and food production WARDC in collaboration with the United States
endeavours, including industry and Promote interventions that support equal International Aid for Development, was centered on
citizens. opportunities for women and men to building capacity for smallholder women farmers in
participate in the management and Ilorin, Kwara state [Nigeria].”
utilization of forest resources and sharing of
responsibilities and benefits Michael, N. F.,(2015) N100 Billion Intervention Fund
Promote interventions that enhance For Women Farmers. The FTC post. Aug. 23, 2015.
women farmers’ economic options http://www.fctpost.com/2015/08/23/n100-billion-
Recognise the rights of Indigenous Peoples intervention-fund-for-women-farmers/
to participate in the use, management,
and conservation of natural resources
Promote agricultural investment
mechanisms and advisory services on the
impacts of climate change
Ensure sustainable access for all to ICTs by
providing needed access to energy
Adopt private-public collaboration models
to create sustainable and scalable
Internet access, especially in rural areas
2. ASK, to ensure quality of research Ask for research evidence on gender issues when “A systematic approach was developed as a tool to
process, “whether, and in what sense, planning interventions (more examples of examine the challenges faced by women farmers in
biological sex and gender differences are research are listed in the report under each SDG) Ghana and test the possible outcomes of different
relevant in the objectives and involving: systemic interventions.”
methodology of the project”. Evidence Indigenous practices of women in seed
demonstrates that the assertion that storage and cultivation Kwamina EB, Ocke JHB and Nam CB (2015) A
science is gender neutral is not the case. Learning from and protecting indigenous Systemic Intervention to Access Resource Impact on
For instance, when gender is not taken knowledge, farming and fishing practices the Quality of Life of Women Farmers in Developing
into account, research often results in Livelihood and well-being concerns of Countries: Evidence from Ghana, Academia
different health and safety outcomes for women farmers and fishers Journal of Agricultural Research 3(2): 15-22, February
women and men. Requirements for technology and tools in 2015
labour intensive industries, or the
workplace
Workplace practices and effectiveness of
equipment used in regard to the different
needs and capacities of women (e.g.
agricultural equipment was designed for
the male body)

3. ESTABLISH research and innovation Establish common protocols and standards when “East Asia has the highest ratio of male infants born
protocols, standards, regulatory regimes, involving different actors in implementation to female infants due to selective abortion of
as well as binding recommendations in measures female foetuses, with 119 boys born for every 100
areas where evidence already For example: girls, far exceeding the global world average of 107
demonstrates the need to validate results Criteria defining sustainable livelihood boys for every 100 girls. The practice of sex selection
to ensure safety and efficacy for both projects and other income-generating itself may spread because fertility rates are
women and men. Examples include activities for youth, women, and the continuing to fall and ultrasound scanners reach
diagnostic biomarkers, stem cell medicine elderly throughout the developing world”.
and assistive devices. Competencies needed by women for
leadership roles in farmers’ organisations Economist (2010) The worldwide war on baby girls.
and similar groups March 4, 2010.
Decision-making practices that engage http://www.economist.com/node/15636231
women in the control of agricultural
technologies, training, credits, markets,
and information
Structural gender related elements for
analysing infrastructure, or other ‘big’
projects, which are not necessarily directly
related to gender (e.g. building a new
power station)

45
4. AGREE on accepted terminology, Agree with all actors involved in implementation “Traditional concepts need to be reflected in
schema and models for representing and on the use of gender concepts in different development discourse - home-grown models that
reporting the role and effects of biological contexts, for example in: make use of historical and cultural experiences are
sex and gender in scientific contexts, for Integrating considerations of gender into critical for the sustainability of development efforts in
instance when to use the term ‘sex’ and climate policy, mitigation, technology, Africa. The imposition of Western values through the
when to use ‘gender’ when explaining adaptation, and capacity building development agenda questions and challenges the
study results. There is considerable Gender knowledge and gender equality world view of Third World people while promoting
confusion in the research literature for the use in management of fisheries and and valorising Western values in the process. This is
regarding terminology and this affects the aquatic resources, and evaluating the perceived as reinforcing cultural domination and
potential for conducting systematic rights and benefits accruing to promoting social dislocation resulting in
reviews and meta-analytic studies. stakeholders in the fishing industry unsustainable development.”
Minimum norms for what is reasonable
access to ICT and the Internet, including Soetan RO (2001) Culture, Gender and
quality of bandwidth and quality of service Development, Report submitted to African Institute
for Economic Development and Planning (IDEO),
Dakar, Senegal, October 2001
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/docu
ments/idep/unpan003342.pdf

5. CREATE fresh opportunities for Create fresh opportunities for women’s socio- “The vast reservoir of traditional and indigenous
developing new markets for science economic empowerment through interventions
knowledge that have sustained societies for
knowledge by advancing gendered directed at, for example:
hundreds of years should be tapped for income and
innovation ecosystems. Such systems can Updating useful, gender sensitive-
employment generation in the face of increasing
be constructed by exploiting connections technologies in food production,
poverty and unemployment in Africa.”
between: 1) gender sensitive research; 2) processing, and marketing
the different interests and product needs Designing, developing, and promoting
Soetan RO (2001) Culture, Gender and
of women and men; and 3) making better women-friendly technologies, farm
Development, Report submitted to African Institute
use of the available female scientific and machines and equipment for crops,
for Economic Development and Planning (IDEO),
creative capital. These may involve, for livestock, and forestry
Dakar, Senegal, October 2001
instance, speech recognition products or Increase capacity of women and men,
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/docu
devices promoting healthy aging. both upland dwellers and coastal fishers, ments/idep/unpan003342.pdf
to improve their food production
Developing business models for good high
“Mobilising female and maternal labour supply
quality universal and ubiquitous access to
through explicit targets and programmes is key to
Internet bandwidth
sustainable economic growth in the long-term.”
Improving women’s participation in the

46
 promotion of sustainable ecotourism, OECD (2008) Gender and Sustainable
protection and conservation of wildlife Development. Maximising the Economic, Social and
resources/endangered species Environmental Role of Women, 2008
Involving women and men in sustainable http://www.oecd.org/social/40881538.pdf
solid waste management

6. INVOLVE more women in innovation Involve more women in income-generating and “The relationship between trade and gender is
value chains - in idea creation, livelihood promoting activities, for example, by: highly contextual and country-specific. It is possible
development, and implementation. Promoting full involvement of women in to extrapolate some general patterns that are likely
Evidence shows that: 1) gender balance food value chains from production to to be found across countries, e.g. the gender
in a team improves its collective processing and marketing ramifications of an export-led strategy in fisheries in
intelligence; 2) in ‘crowd sourcing’ Enabling greater participation of women The Gambia. Commercial expansion of the fisheries
innovation, women outside the formal in promoting the use of organic and sector could help to lift many Gambians from
innovation circles contribute better natural farm inputs for crop production poverty and, in particular, women. Yet, without a
solutions than others; and 3) when Giving women greater access to and built-in gender perspective, the promotion of fish
experiments fail, women and men adopt control over agroforestry and coastal exports in The Gambia could in some cases actually
different problems solving strategies. management technologies, training, exacerbate inequality between men and women.”
credit, markets, and information
Increasing the number of women Musselli I and Zarrilli S (2015) Trade Policy Through a
adopting new technologies or activities Gender Lens: Fish Trade and Women in The Gambia,
that do not deplete the natural resources Biores 9(9), 9 November 2015.
Involving women in the ICT industry and http://www.ictsd.org/bridges-
mobile technologies and in providing local news/biores/news/trade-policy-through-a-gender-
support in both rural and urban areas lens-fish-trade-and-women-in-the-gambia
Identifying and creating products and
services that are relevant to women’s
needs

7. IDENTIFY statistics, indicators, and Identify gender-disaggregated data needed to: The World Bank: “Gender Statistics database
methods for collecting sex-disaggregated Provide timely and accurate sex- provides indicators on key gender topics. Themes
data to enable better understanding of disaggregated information on food safety included are demographics, education, health,
the current situation regarding gender Gather all existing gender-related data labor force, and political participation.”
equality in science at institutional, pertaining to nutrition to identify learning
national, and regional level. Key measures points The World Bank, Gender Statistics Website
include: 1) gender balance in Establish a shared open database with sex http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/gender-
participation in science education, in disaggregated data to enable research statistics

47
research and innovation, and in science- and to assist policy makers and
related academic, industry and related implementers
employment; 2) institutional gender Establish minimum norms for what defines
equality polices; 3) progression stages in different dimensions of gender equality
the career pathways of women and men; and how they should be measured
and 4) applications and success rates in
access to research funding.
8. EDUCATE, starting with schools and Educate all targeted by the SDGs on the “By improving educational opportunities for girls and
including university students, researchers, importance of learning and skills to improve lives, women, World Education helps women develop
mangers of research and science for example, by: skills that allow them to make decisions and
communicators about the importance of Creating fresh opportunities to access influence community change. In turn, these
including gender perspectives in research employment and income-generating programs have a positive impact on some of the
and innovation. Common sources of activities most profound issues of our time: Population growth,
resistance to change include implicit and Ensuring that the context for the learning is HIV, peace and security, and the widening gap
explicit gender bias, and cultural gender meaningful between the rich and poor.”
stereotypes. Children as young as 9 Educating women and girls in the usage of
months can distinguish gender roles and ICT and in science and technology, so that World Education Website. “Girls’ and women’s
by the age of 2 years have constructed they can take advantage of the education”
their own gender stereotypes, which advancements in science and technology http://www.worlded.org/WEIInternet/international/e
reflect those of the society they live in. Educating girls and women on the legal/ xpertise/display.cfm?tid=1004&id=756
constitutional rights of women and how
they can access services to help them in
exercising their rights and accessing
government or other facilities

9. JUDGE the individual and scientific Judge the value of advancing women and men “A recent set of impact evaluations from India that
quality, and potential, of women and men equally, regardless their background, by, for look at the impacts of reserving local level
using clear and fair assessment criteria, example: government positions for women show this led to
monitoring outcomes for signs of gender Promoting female role models and change in investment priorities to be more in line
bias in order to improve the selection examples for women across countries and with female preferences (infrastructure in particular),
process. Evidence shows that bias in the industries that the reporting of crimes against women
evaluation of merit is common and Enabling women’s capacity to participate increased, that attitudes about the competence of
favours the success of men: in recruitment in income-generating work female politicians improved, and that women were
to research teams and jobs; in career Strengthening coping strategies of women more likely to be elected. Finally, they show that
promotion; and in the award of research and men having women in power changes the aspirations of
grants. Making access to all livelihood-supporting parents for their girls, and that those parents are

48
 resources more equally available then more likely to invest in their girls’ education.”
Deploying transparency in how the
conditions enabling participation of Goldstein, M. (2012) Getting to Equal in Africa: Closing the
women and men are met in practice Gender Gap for Women and Girls. Voices Perspectives on
Development, The World Bank Blog, March 21, 2012.
http://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/getting-to-equal-
in-africa-closing-the-gap-for-women-and-girls

10. CREATE conditions for the gendered Create conditions for evidence led “Women in leadership positions have long been
research and innovation principles to be implementation of SDGs, through, for example: thought to have the potential to pave the way for
implemented in practice through funding Designing technical capability long-term changes by influencing aspirations; our
policies and programmes, encouraging development programmes for women to study demonstrates their impact in a nationwide
cross-disciplinary and cross-sector acquire agribusiness management skills, policy experiment in India. We present evidence
collaboration, for example between and understand enterprise development suggesting that this impact exceeds their (relatively
universities, industry and Civil Society conditions limited) ability to change the concrete situation of
organisations. Developing and implementing gender- women and girls in the short run through direct
responsive ecotourism management plans policy actions. It is their presence as positive role
Improving capacity of relevant models for the younger generation that seems to
development agencies to plan, design, underlie observed changes in aspirations and
implement, and monitor programmes and educational outcomes of adolescent girls.”
projects in a gender sensitive way
Protecting women’s right to ownership of Beaman L, Duflo E, Pande R and Topalova P (2012)
land, water, and other food production Female Leadership Raises Aspirations and
resources and of shares of farm produce Educational Attainment for Girls: A Policy Experiment
Promoting gender aware dialogue to in India. Science Vol 335: 582-586, 3 February 2012.
share experiences of sustainability DOI: 10.1126/science/1212382
interventions, especially what works what
doesn’t, what has led to success and how At the launch of the new UN Technology Facilitation
these might be replicated or adapted in Mechanism, the UN Industrial Development
other situations Organization underscored the need for
complementarity. Given that technology is the
interaction between individuals: “We must have
platforms to ensure human connectivity and
interaction, so as to think more in terms of
technology cooperation instead of technology
transfer.” -- We must ensure that women are equally

49
 represented at every stage of the development
and use of such platforms.

UN (2015) “Launching the Technology Facilitation

Mechanism for Achieving Sustainable Development
Goals” 26th September 2015. Co-organised by the
Permanent Missions of Brazil and France to the UN,
with support of the Interagency Task Team on STI for
the SDGs.
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/do
cuments/8525TFM%20launch%20event_summary_fin
al.pdf

50
 EXPERT CONTRIBUTORS
MANAGING EDITORS

PROF HEISOOK LEE, PRESIDENT OF CENTER FOR WISET (WOMEN IN

SCIENCE, ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY), KOREA.

Prior to leading WISET, Heisook Lee PhD held various roles at Ewha
Womans University, Korea, between 1995 and 2008 including Dean of
the College of Natural Sciences, Dean of Research Affairs and Dean of
the Graduate School. She served as the founding Editor of
Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society from 1986 to
1988 and as Chief Editor of the Journal of the Korean Mathematical
Society from 1994 to 1996. Her research interests include algebraic coding theory and
algebraic structures over commutative rings. Her current interests are HRD in STEM fields and
gender perspectives in science research. Prof Lee received her BS, MSc and PhD degrees in
Mathematics from Ewha Womans University, the University of British Columbia and Queen’s
University, Canada, respectively.

DR ELIZABETH POLLITZER, DIRECTOR, PORTIA LTD, GENDER SUMMIT

CO-FOUNDER, UK.

Elizabeth Pollitzer PhD is co-founder and Director of Portia, an

organisation devoted to improving gender equality in science,
technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) and to promoting
the inclusion of the gender dimension in STEM. She has 20 years’
experience teaching and researching in the Departments of
Computing and Management at Imperial College, University of
London. Her original training was in Biophysics. She now applies this scientific background to
her work as director of Portia. Portia was the coordinator of the genSET project, under which
the Gender Summits were established. She is also an expert adviser on gender issues to the
European Commission.

EDITORIAL PROCESS
Report Format
The report dedicates around two to each of the 17 SDGs to include the following:
1)Summary of 2) Experts’ suggested priority sex and 3) Experts’ citations of research
existing SDG gender considerations/future research papers on sex and gender
Targets topics to inform successful SDG considerations relevant to SDG
implementation implementation

First Draft: Prepared by Managing Editors and sent for review by Advisory Board
Second Draft: Managing Editors integrated Advisory Board contributions, and sent for
review by the Editorial Board
Final Draft: Managing Editors integrated Editorial Board’s Comments to prepare the final
report
 EDITORIAL BOARD

PROF BERHANU ABEGAZ, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, AFRICAN

ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES (AAS).

Before joining the African Academies of Sciences, Berhanu Abegaz

PhD was professor of chemistry at the University of Botswana in
Gaborone for 17 years, and a member of the chemistry department at
Addis Ababa University in Ethiopia from 1973 until 1994. He was elected
a member of the Third World Academy of Sciences in 1998. He was
born in Ethiopia. After receiving his B.Sc. in Chemistry in 1968 he was
awarded an AFGRAD Scholarship and joined the Graduate Program in Chemistry at the
University of Vermont, USA, where he studied under Professor A. Paul Krapcho and was
awarded a PhD in 1973.

PROF SIMONE BUITENDIJK, VICE-RECTOR MAGNIFICUS LEIDEN

UNIVERSITY; PROFESSOR OF WOMEN’S AND FAMILY HEALTH,
LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER, THE NETHERLANDS.

Simone Buitendijk MD, MPH, PhD is Vice-rector Magnificus in charge of

teaching, learning and diversity at Leiden University, the Netherland.
She is Professor and Chair of Women’s and Family Health at Leiden
University Medical Center. She studied Medicine in Utrecht, received a
Master’s degree in Public Health at the Yale School of Medicine, USA,
and her PhD degree at Leiden University. She is a member of the LERU (League of European
Research Universities) Gender Steering Group and co-authored the 2013 LERU position paper
‘'Women, research and universities: excellence without gender bias" and the 2015 LERU
advice paper on Gendered Research and Innovation.

DR YONGSUK JANG, SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOW, SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY POLICY INSTITUTE (STEPI) OF KOREA.

Dr Jang is actively conducting policy research mainly on diverse

aspects of innovation systems at regional, national and global levels.
Recently he has expanded his research interests to science diplomacy,
innovation for development, gendered research and innovation. He
consults for not only the Korean Government but also many
international organisations including OECD, APEC, World Bank and IDB.
Currently, he serves as a vice-chair to the Committee of Science and Technology Policy
(CSTP) of the OECD and as the managing editor of ‘STI Policy Review.’ He holds a PhD in
Public Policy from the George Washington University.

DR YEE CHEONG LEE, MALAYSIAN CHAIRMAN, GOVERNING

COUNCIL, INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND
INNOVATION CENTRE (ISTIC) FOR SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION
UNDER UNESCO, MALAYSIA.

Academician Dato’ Ir Yee Cheong Lee PhD is also a Member of the

National Science and Research Council of Malaysia; Pro-Chancellor of
the Infrastructure University of Kuala Lumpur, Chairman of the Global
Council InterAcademy Partnership (IAP) Science Education Program and a Commissioner of
the UN Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development. He was formerly Chairman of
Governing Board of the Institute of Energy Policy and Research (IEPRe) at the University
Tenaga, Malaysia (UNITEN), as well as Adjunct Professor of UNITEN. He is an Advisor to MIGHT

52
International; a Member of Global Science Innovation Advisory Council (GSIAC); and Vice
Chairman of the UN Sustainable Development Solution Network (SDSN) Malaysia, among
many other roles

PROF DONNA MERGLER, PROFESSOR EMERITA, UNIVERSITÉ DU

QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL, CANADA.

Donna Mergler PhD is a Professor Emerita in the Department of

Biological Sciences of the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM),
where she was a professor of physiology and environmental health
since 1970. She is a member of the Centre for Interdisciplinary
Research Center on Biology, Health, Society and Environment
(CINBIOSE), a Collaborating Centre of the World Health Organization
and the Pan American Health Organization (WHO-PAHO). Her research focuses on
environmental and occupational health. Since 2008, she heads an interdisciplinary pan-
Canadian team on Gender, Environment and Health.

PROF HEE YOUNG PAIK, PRESIDENT, KOREAN FEDERATION OF

WOMEN’S SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATIONS (KOFWST),
KOREA.

Hee Young Paik ScD is Professor and Researcher of the Department of

Foods and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Korea, and is currently
President of the Korea Federation of Women’s Science and
Technology Associations (KOFWST). She also served as Korea’s Minister
of Gender Equality and Family from 2009-2011. She has received
several honours including Excellent Research Awards in Science (2005), National Honora for
High Achievements in Science (2008), and Asia-Pacific Clinical Nutrition Award (2009)
and the First Class Order of Service Merit (2012). From 1984 to 1992, she was a faculty
member at Sookmyung Women’s University in Seoul, Korea. Prof Paik’s final degree is an ScD
in Nutrition obtained from the Harvard School of Public Health, USA.

PROF CURT RICE, RECTOR, OSLO AND AKERSHUS UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES; HEAD OF THE COMMITTEE ON
GENDER BALANCE AND DIVERSITY IN RESEARCH, NORWAY.

Curt Rice PhD chairs the Board for Current Research Information
System in Norway (CRIStin) and was a member of the Board at the
University of Tromsø. Previously, he served as Pro Rector for Research at
the University of Tromsø and was the Founding Director of the Center
for Advanced Study in Theoretical Linguistics: A Norwegian Centre of Excellence (CASTL).
Prof Rice is a member of the genSET Science Leaders Panel; the Gender Summits were
established on the recommendation of the panel. Since participating in genSET he has
written and spoken widely on university leadership and gender, particularly on his
blog ScienceInBalance.com.

PROF MARTINA SCHRAUDNER, HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF GENDER

AND DIVERSITY IN ORGANIZATIONS, TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
BERLIN; DIRECTOR, RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH AND INNOVATION
UNIT, FRAUNHOFER GESELLSCHAFT, GERMANY.

Martina Schraudner PhD’s research focuses on the integration of

different perspectives in the innovation process and involvement of
potential users, dialogue between different science disciplines, and
accommodating views of different stakeholders. She has participated in initiatives related to

53
the "Partners for Innovation" project and for the development of a high-tech strategy for
Germany; she is member of the Hochschulrat of the Paderborn University and a board
member of the Kompetenzzentrum Diversity e.V. and Total E-Quality e.V. She received her
PhD in Biology from the Technical University of Munich, and was a researcher at the Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich and the Forschungszentrum Jülich.

DR JANET STOTSKY, CONSULTANT AND FORMER ADVISER, OFFICE

OF BUDGET AND PLANNING, INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.

Janet Stotsky PhD is an economist and expert on gender budgeting

and fiscal policies. She is a retired senior staff at the IMF, where she
worked in the Fiscal Affairs, African, and Western Hemisphere
Departments and in the Office of Budget and Planning. She provided
fiscal policy advice to countries around the world and led IMF country
program negotiations. She is currently leading a project, as a visiting
scholar at the IMF, on gender budgeting. She has taught at Rutgers and American
Universities. She has a PhD in economics from Stanford University, USA.

CHANGMO SUNG, PRESIDENT, GREEN TECHNOLOGY CENTER

KOREA (GTCK), KOREA.

Changmo Sung PhD was formerly a President of Hyosung Corporation,

responsible for its R&D Business Institute from 2006-2011. Prior to that, he
was President of Inje University in Korea’s Gyungnam Province from
2004-2006. He has also served on Korea’s Presidential Committee on
Balanced National Development, the Presidential Commission on
Policy Planning, and National Special Committee of Innovation
Science Technology. Dr Sung was involved in planning and execution of Korean high
technology clusters and commercialization for advanced regional economic
development. He was also a tenured professor at University of Massachusetts, Lowell from
1993-2004, where he worked in the NSF Nanomanufacturing Center and Renewable Energy
Research.

DR JULIA TAGUENA, DEPUTY DIRECTOR, NATIONAL COUNCIL OF

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (CONACYT), MEXICO.

For over 25 years, Julia Tagüeña PhD has been a research professor at
the Energy Research Center of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma
de México (UNAM), of which she also served as Director. She studied
physics at UNAM and obtained a PhD at Oxford University. She is a
member of Mexico's National Research System, with the highest rank,
and of different societies such the Mexican Academy of Sciences and
the Institute of Physics of the United Kingdom. She has also worked on science
communication and she is a member of the scientific committee of the international Public
Communication of Science and Technology Network.

DR WANDA WARD, DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF INTEGRATIVE ACTIVITIES,

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (NSF), USA.*

Wanda E. Ward PhD has served in a number of science and

engineering policy, planning and program capacities for the United
States National Science Foundation (NSF), including as Head of
International and Integrative Activities, Senior Advisor to the NSF
Director; Assistant to the NSF Deputy Director for Human Resource
Development; Deputy Assistant Director for Social, Behavioral, and
Economic Sciences; and Deputy Assistant Director, Education and Human Resources. She

54
also served on the President's National Science and Technology Council subcommittees and
interagency working groups on science education, workforce development, and social,
behavioral and economic sciences. Previously, she was an associate psychology professor
and founding director of the Center for Research on Multi-Ethnic Education, University of
Oklahoma, Norman.

* DR. WARD PARTICIPATES IN HER PERSONAL CAPACITY. HER PARTICIPATION DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN
ENDORSEMENT BY THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION OR THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT.

55
 ADVISORY BOARD

PROF ALICE ABREU, DIRECTOR, GENDERINSITE; PROFESSORA

EMÉRITA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL.

Alice Abreu, the Acting Director of GenderInSITE, is Emeritus Professor of

the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. She was vice-president
of the National Research Council for Scientific and Technological
Development of Brazil, director of the Office of Education, Science
and Technology of the Organization of American States, and director
of the regional office for Latin America and the Caribbean of the International Council for
Science. A sociologist by training, she has worked on sociology of work and more recently on
gender and science.

PROF GLORIA BONDER, UNESCO REGIONAL CHAIR ON WOMEN,

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; GENDERINSITE REGIONAL FOCAL
POINT FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN; DIRECTOR,
GENDER, SOCIETY AND POLICIES AREA, FLACSO (LATIN
AMERICAN SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES), ARGENTINA.

Gloria Bonder PhD is coordinator of the UNESCO Regional Chair on

Women, Science and Technology in Latin America and the Global
Network of UNESCO Chairs on Gender. She also coordinates an e-learning master’s
programme on Gender, Society and Public Policies. Since 2014, she has coordinated her
region’s activities in the global GenderInSITE programme, which aims to influence policies
and policy makers in science, technology, innovation and engineering, to integrate gender
equality principles and goals. She is a researcher and consultant on Women, Science and
Technology for organisations including the Ministry of Science and Technology in Argentina,
United Nations, Women and Development Unit, ECLAC, the Office of Science and
Technology, UNICEF, UNIFEM, UNDP and UNESCO, among others.

DR DIPAN BOSE, TRANSPORT SPECIALIST, GLOBAL ROAD SAFETY

FACILITY (GRSF), TRANSPORT ANCHOR, WORLD BANK GROUP,
INTERNATIONAL.

Dipan Bose PhD is a road safety engineer by training with research

experience in developing interventions to mitigate road crash-related
trauma. Prior to joining the World Bank in 2012, he was a Research
Scientist at the University of Virginia Center for Applied
Biomechanics focusing on the vehicle restraint systems and injury epidemiology program. He
has presented at previous Gender Summits on female driver vulnerability when involved in
motor vehicle crashes and the relevance to health policies and vehicle regulations to
promote injury reduction, as well as the global context of mainstreaming gender issues in
transport projects.

ITZÁ CASTAÑEDA, GENDER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

SPECIAL ADVISER. GLOBAL GENDER OFFICE, INTERNATIONAL
UNION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE (IUCN) MEXICO.

Itzá Castañeda is gender specialist with 20 years of experience

working on sustainable development in Mexico and Latin America. She
was the Director of Gender Equity at Mexico’s Secretariat of
Environment and Natural Resources (2001-2004) and the Senior Gender
Adviser for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Mexico (2004 – 2011).
Since 2012, she has been advising on environmental and gender policy for IUCN. She has
participated in numerous national and international forums and is co-author of 10 books and
other publications on gender, environment, disasters, climate change and human
development. She studied biology and later a Master’s in environment and development.

OFELIA FLORESCA-DOMINGO, CHAIR, GENDER AND

DEVELOPMENT TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP (GAD-TWG),
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, AQUATIC AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, DEPARTMENT OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (PCAARRD-DOST), PHILIPPINES.

As PCAARRD-DOST GAD-TWG Chair, Ofelia Floresca-Domingo

supervises and manages the council’s gender mainstreaming work
and leads advocacy and capacity development activities for engaging researcher-scientists
to integrate gender concerns in agriculture, aquatic and natural resources sectors. She also
plays a significant role in conceptualizing and managing the Program on Enhancing
Gender-Sensitive Sustainable Agriculture and Aquatic S&T Based Livelihood Enterprise in Los
Baños. She also represents PCAARRD in the Task Force for the GREAT Women Economic
Empowerment Program of the Philippine Commission on Women and the Department of
Foreign Trade and Development of Canada. She has a Master’s of Science in Development
Communication, with PhD units in Environmental Science from University of the Philippines,
Los Baños.

DR SHIRIN HEIDARI, DIRECTOR AND EDITOR-IN-CHIEF,

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH MATTERS, MEMBER OF COUNCIL OF
EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF SCIENCE EDITORS AND CHAIR OF
ITS GENDER POLICY COMMITTEE.

Shirin Heidari PHD, as chair of the EASE Gender policy Committee, has
led the development of reporting guidelines (SAGER) that encourage
authors to disaggregate data by sex and provide a gender analysis in
scientific manuscripts. She has a doctorate degree in clinical virology from the Karolinska
Institute and completed her post-doctoral training with The European Vaccine Effort against
HIV/AIDS. Between 2007 and 2014, she oversaw the research promotion department of the
International AIDS Society, and served the executive editor of its Journal (JIAS). Previously,
she was a researcher at the Centre of Excellence for Infectious Medicine at the Karolinska
Institute and Editor-in-Chief at the Noah’s Ark Foundation, Stockholm. Dr Heidari has 15 years’
experience in HIV and health research, policy and advocacy, and is author of several
publications.

DR GRETCHEN KALONJI, SPECIALLY APPOINTED PROFESSOR,

GLOBAL STATION ON FOOD, LAND AND WATER RESOURCES,
HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN; FORMER ASSISTANT DIRECTOR-
GENERAL FOR NATURAL SCIENCES, UNESCO.

Gretchen Kalonji PhD is specially appointed professor at the Global

Station on Food, Land and Water Resources at Hokkaido University.
Formerly, she was Assistant Director-General for Natural Sciences at
UNESCO (2010-2014) and has previously served in various leadership roles in the University of
California system, including as Director of International Strategy Development for the 10
campus UC system, at the UC Office of the President, and as Director of Systemwide
Research Development. She also served at the University of Washington as Kyocera Professor
of Materials Science from 1990 to 2005. Prior to 1990 she was Assistant and then Associate
Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at MIT.

57
 ULRIKE ROEHR, BOARD MEMBER, GENDERCC - WOMEN FOR
CLIMATE JUSTICE.

Ulrike Roehr is a civil engineer and social scientist by education. For

more than 30 years she has been linking gender equality and
environmental policy. She is the head of genanet, which supports
gender mainstreaming in environmental policy. In recent years she has
managed research and implementation projects focussing on
Gender, Care and Green Economy. Her main focus is gender in
energy and climate change policy. Currently she is involved in the project GenderNETCLIM,
run by the University of Bremen. The project aims to contribute to gender equality in the
context of climate mitigation and adaptation, and to highlight the relevance of gender
research for innovative solutions in the field of climate change.

PROF SHOURASENI SEN ROY, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL
STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI, USA.

Shouraseni Sen Roy PhD’s research focuses on expanding

understanding about long term trends in climate processes in view of
impending climate change, mainly over the Indian subcontinent. Her
research methodology incorporates extensive spatial analysis using GIS
methodologies. In addition, she has focused on working on specific
climate related research questions in other regions of the world including the US, Myanmar,
and South Africa. Her latest research examines the spatial variations of current and potential
impacts of climate change on girls and women in the Global South.

PROF STEPHANIE LUSTER-TEASLEY, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, JOINT

APPOINTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL, ARCHITECTURAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND DEPARTMENT OF
CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND BIOENGINEERING, NORTH
CAROLINA A&T STATE UNIVERSITY, USA.

Stephanie Luster-Teasley PhD joined NCA&T in 2004 after working in

private industry as an environmental engineer. Her research
specializations include environmental remediation, water sustainability, and engineering
education. She has received patents for controlled release polymers able to deliver oxidants
to treat and disinfect contaminated water. She has received funding from the Department
of Education for developing a mentoring program for students in STEM disciplines, the
National Science Foundation for developing and implementing case studies modules in
science labs, and the Burroughs Wellcome Fund to implement science programmes for
middle school girls. Other honors include the 2005 National Women of Color in Technology
Educational Leadership Award, 2013 U. of North Carolina Teaching Excellence Award, and
the 2014 American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Dupont Minorities in Engineering
Award. She has a PhD in environmental engineering from Michigan State University, USA.

PROF NELLY STROMQUIST, PROFESSOR, INTERNATIONAL

EDUCATION POLICY, DEPARTMENT OF COUNSELING, HIGHER
EDUCATION, AND SPECIAL EDUCATION (CHSE), UNIVERSITY OF
MARYLAND, USA.

Nelly Stromquist specializes in issues related to social change and

gender, which she examines from the perspective of critical
sociology. Her research interests focus on the dynamics of
educational policies and practices, gender relations, and equity,
particularly in Latin America. She is author of numerous articles and several books. She was a

58
Fulbright New Century Scholar during 2005-06 and the recipient of the Swedish Kerstin
Hesselgren award 2012. She is former president of the Comparative and International
Education Society. She holds a PhD in international development education from Stanford
University and a master's in political science from the Monterey Institute of International
Studies.

DR HALE ANN TUFAN, INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS, COLLEGE OF

AGRICULTURE AND LIFE SCIENCES, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, USA.

Hale Ann Tufan PhD, directs the NEXTGEN Cassava “Gender-

Responsive Cassava Breeding” initiative, and co-coordinates the
Gender-Responsive Researchers Equipped for Agricultural
Transformation (GREAT) project, both funded by the Bill & Melinda
Gates Foundation. For NEXTGEN, she works with women smallholder
farmers in Uganda and Nigeria to better understand the gender based
needs and constraints in these communities around cassava production, to work with NARS
to mainstream and prioritize gender-specific end-user preferences into breeding programme
design and implementation. For the GREAT project, she works with Makerere University to
design and deliver a joint certificate programme in applied gender training for agricultural
researchers to offer tailored skills development in gender-responsiveness along the design,
implementation, evaluation, and communication of agricultural research. In 2010, she
completed her PhD in molecular plant pathogen interactions at the John Innes Centre, UK,
and was awarded a Women in Triticum award to recognize her contributions to wheat
research and commitment to international agricultural development. She holds and
Adjunct Faculty appointment with the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics at Cornell
University.

DR SUSHEELA VENKATARAMAN, FORMER PRINCIPAL DIRECTOR,

OFFICE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY (OIST),
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (ADB).

In her former role, Susheela Venkataraman PhD was responsible for

planning, implementing, and maintaining ADB’s communications and
information technology platforms and systems. Dr Venkataraman has
led teams in major consulting firms, working for governments and multi-
national corporations in many countries and industries for about three
decades. Her engagements focused on enterprise and community transformation. She holds
a PhD from the Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, with an MBA from the
University of Delhi and a Master’s degree in Physics from the Indian Institute of Technology,
Delhi.

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 UN Sustainable Development Goals and Targets
Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living
on less than $1.25 a day
1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in
poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions
1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors,
and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable
1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal
rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and
other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial
services, including microfinance
1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure
and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental
shocks and disasters
1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced
development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing
countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end
poverty in all its dimensions
1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-
poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty
eradication actions

Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in
vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round
2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed
targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of
adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons
2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in
particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure
and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services,
markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment
2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices
that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for
adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that
progressively improve land and soil quality
2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated
animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and
plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and
equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional
knowledge, as internationally agreed
2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure,
agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene
banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least
developed countries
2.b Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including
through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with
equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round
2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives
and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit
extreme food price volatility

Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births
3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries
aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to
at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births
3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and
combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases
3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through

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prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being
3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and
harmful use of alcohol
3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents
3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for
family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national
strategies and programmes
3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential
health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and
vaccines for all
3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air,
water and soil pollution and contamination
3.a Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on
Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate
3.b Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and
non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable
essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement
and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect
public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all
3.c Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of
the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island
developing States
3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk
reduction and management of national and global health risks

Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for
all
4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary
education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes
4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care
and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education
4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical,
vocational and tertiary education, including university
4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including
technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship
4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of
education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous
peoples and children in vulnerable situations
4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve
literacy and numeracy
4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable
development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and
sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence,
global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable
development
4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide
safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all
4.b By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries,
in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for
enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications
technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other
developing countries
4.c By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international
cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and
small island developing States

Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere
5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres,
including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation
5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital
mutilation

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5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services,
infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the
household and the family as nationally appropriate
5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of
decision-making in political, economic and public life
5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in
accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and
Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review
conferences
5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to
ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and
natural resources, in accordance with national laws
5.b Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications
technology, to promote the empowerment of women
5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender
equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels

Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open
defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable
situations
6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of
hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially
increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable
withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of
people suffering from water scarcity
6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through
transboundary cooperation as appropriate
6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers,
aquifers and lakes
6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries
in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination,
water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation
management

Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services
7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix
7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and
technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel
technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology
7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable
energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island
developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective
programmes of support

Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all
8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular,
at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries
8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading
and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors
8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation,
entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-,
small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services
8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and
endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the
10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, with developed
countries taking the lead

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8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men,
including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value
8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training
8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and
human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour,
including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms
8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including
migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment
8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and
promotes local culture and products
8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to
banking, insurance and financial services for all
8.a Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries,
including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least
Developed Countries
8.b By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the
Global Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization

Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster
innovation
9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder
infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable
and equitable access for all
9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of
employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in
least developed countries
9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing
countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and
markets
9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased
resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and
industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities
9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all
countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and
substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and
public and private research and development spending
9.a Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through
enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed
countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States
9.b Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries,
including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value
addition to commodities
9.c Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide
universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020

Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries

10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the
population at a rate higher than the national average
10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of
age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status
10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating
discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in
this regard
10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve
greater equality
10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen
the implementation of such regulations
10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global
international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible,
accountable and legitimate institutions
10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through
the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies
10.a Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular

63
least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements
10.b Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment,
to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small
island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans
and programmes
10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate
remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent

Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and
upgrade slums
11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all,
improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of
those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons
11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated
and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries
11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage
11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and
substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by
disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in
vulnerable situations
11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying
special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management
11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in
particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities
11.a Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural
areas by strengthening national and regional development planning
11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and
implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and
adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels
11.c Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in
building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials

Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

12.1 Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, all
countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the
development and capabilities of developing countries
12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources
12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food
losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses
12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout
their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their
release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the
environment
12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse
12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable
practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle
12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies
and priorities
12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for
sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature
12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move
towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production
12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism
that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products
12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing
market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and
phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully
into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible
adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected
communities

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Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all
countries
13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning
13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change
mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020
from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation
actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through
its capitalization as soon as possible
13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and
management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on
women, youth and local and marginalized communities
* Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary
international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.

Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development
14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based
activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution
14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant
adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in
order to achieve healthy and productive oceans
14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific
cooperation at all levels
14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated
fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to
restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable
yield as determined by their biological characteristics
14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and
international law and based on the best available scientific information
14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and
overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain
from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and
differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the
World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation
14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed
countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of
fisheries, aquaculture and tourism
14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking
into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the
Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of
marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing
States and least developed countries
14.b Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets
14.c Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing
international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and
sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want

Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland
freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line
with obligations under international agreements
15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt
deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation
globally
15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by
desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to
enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development
15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of

65
biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources
and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed
15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and
address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products
15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of
invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species
15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning,
development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts
15.a Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably
use biodiversity and ecosystems
15.b Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest
management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such
management, including for conservation and reforestation
15.c Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species,
including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities

Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to
justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere
16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children
16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice
for all
16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of
stolen assets and combat all forms of organised crime
16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms
16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels
16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels
16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global
governance
16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration
16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with
national legislation and international agreements
16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building
capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism
and crime
16.b Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development

Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
development
Finance
17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing
countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection
17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments,
including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of
ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries;
ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of
ODA/GNI to least developed countries
17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources
17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies
aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the
external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress
17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries
Technology
17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and
access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed
terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United
Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism
17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound
technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential
terms, as mutually agreed
17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity-

66
building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling
technology, in particular information and communications technology
Capacity-building
17.9 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in
developing countries to support national plans to implement all the sustainable development goals,
including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation
Trade
17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading
system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its
Doha Development Agenda
17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the
least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020
17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all
least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring
that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent
and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access
Systemic issues
Policy and institutional coherence
17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy
coherence
17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development
17.15 Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for
poverty eradication and sustainable development
Multi-stakeholder partnerships
17.16 Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by multi-
stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial
resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, in
particular developing countries
17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building
on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships
Data, monitoring and accountability
17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least
developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of
high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity,
migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts
17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable
development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in
developing countries

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 SEOUL DECLARATION AND PRINCIPLES

The Seoul Gender Summit Declaration and Call for Actions

to Advance Gendered Research, Innovation and Socio-economic
Development
Adopted at the Gender Summit 6 – Asia Pacific

This declaration is directed at research and innovation communities of experts and practitioners in STEMM fields.
In its current format, the text does not represent the views of any government in the region.

The historical inequalities between women and men in research participation and in
science knowledge create barriers to achieving the full socio-economic benefits of
science-led innovation. With women in a minority and science with more evidence
for men than for women, outcomes and opportunities are biased to advantage the
needs of men and overlook the needs of women.

But now, extensive evidence shows that gender bias in science knowledge making
can negatively impact on the quality of scientific research for both women and
men. Whilst we continue building systematic understanding of the underlying
causes, we have enough solid knowledge to generate the benefits of gender
sensitive and responsive research.

The scientists, gender scholars and policy makers attending the Gender Summit 6 -
Asia Pacific 2015 (GS6 – AP) discussed the full complexity and diversity of gender
issues in research and innovation in the region. These discussions identified numerous
scientific and socio-economic benefits of adopting gendered approaches to
research and innovation.

Science and policy leaders in Europe have already taken such actions as a strategy
for the EU Horizon 2020 programme, as well as at national level. We call on science
and policy leaders in Asia Pacific to promote gender aware and sensitive research
and innovation to improve the quality of science and enhance socio-economic
development in the region.

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1. COLLABORATE by creating national and regional alliances to enable continued dialogue on
common gender problems in science, such as criteria of scientific excellence, which are of
concern to policy makers, scientists, gender research experts, and stakeholders in science
endeavours, including industry and citizens.

2. ASK, to ensure quality of research process, “whether, and in what sense, biological sex and
gender differences are relevant in the objectives and methodology of the project”. Evidence
demonstrates that the assertion that science is gender neutral is not the case. For instance, when
gender is not taken into account, research often results in different health and safety outcomes
for women and men.

3. ESTABLISH research and innovation protocols, standards, regulatory regimes, as well as binding
recommendations in areas where evidence already demonstrates the need to validate results to
ensure safety and efficacy for both women and men. Examples include diagnostic biomarkers,
stem cell medicine and assistive devices.

4. AGREE on accepted terminology, schema and models for representing and reporting the role
and effects of biological sex and gender in scientific contexts, for instance when to use the term
‘sex’ and when to use ‘gender’ when explaining study results. There is considerable confusion in
the research literature regarding terminology and this affects the potential for conducting
systematic reviews and meta-analytic studies.

5. CREATE fresh opportunities for developing new markets for science knowledge by advancing
gendered innovation ecosystems. Such systems can be constructed by exploiting connections
between: 1) gender sensitive research; 2) the different interests and product needs of women and
men; and 3) making better use of the available female scientific and creative capital. These may
involve, for instance, speech recognition products or devices promoting healthy aging.

6. INVOLVE more women in innovation value chains - in idea creation, development, and
implementation. Evidence shows that: 1) gender balance in a team improves its collective
intelligence; 2) in ‘crowd sourcing’ innovation, women outside the formal innovation circles
contribute better solutions than others; and 3) when experiments fail, women and men adopt
different problems solving strategies.

7. IDENTIFY statistics, indicators, and methods for collecting sex-disaggregated data to enable
better understanding of the current situation regarding gender equality in science at institutional,
national, and regional level. Key measures include: 1) gender balance in participation in science
education, in research and innovation, and in science-related academic, industry and related
employment; 2) institutional gender equality polices; 3) progression stages in the career pathways
of women and men; and 4) applications and success rates in access to research funding.

8. EDUCATE, starting with schools and including university students, researchers, mangers of
research and science communicators about the importance of including gender perspectives in
research and innovation. Common sources of resistance to change include implicit and explicit
gender bias, and cultural gender stereotypes. Children as young as 9 months can distinguish
gender roles and by the age of 2 years have constructed their own gender stereotypes, which
reflect those of the society they live in.

9. JUDGE the individual and scientific quality, and potential, of women and men using clear and
fair assessment criteria, monitoring outcomes for signs of gender bias in order to improve the
selection process. Evidence shows that bias in the evaluation of merit is common and favours the
success of men: in recruitment to research teams and jobs; in career promotion; and in the award
of research grants.

10. CREATE conditions for the gendered research and innovation principles to be implemented in
practice through funding policies and programmes, encouraging cross-disciplinary and cross-
sector collaboration, for example between universities, industry and Civil Society organisations.

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 TARGET ACTORS & ACTIONS FOR PROGRESS IN THE SHORT-MEDIUM TERM*

General Recommendation
1. Do not assume that the science knowledge and research methods and practices
in their current use are free from gender bias.

For funding agencies

2. Promote the use of the methods for sex-gender analysis in research and
innovation as a criterion of scientific excellence
3. Be explicit how sex-gender analysis should be integrated into study design and
how proposals should incorporate the gender-dimension within knowledge making

4. Take measures to promote gender balance in decision-making of grant review

panels and raise awareness of the effects of gender bias in peer-review panels and
assessment processes.

5. Monitor the grant-award process and how decisions are made to ensure that
female and male applicants have the same opportunities to succeed, and that
there are no hidden reasons for gender differences in success rates.

6. Require that when grants are used to create research teams, the process gives
due attention to achieving appropriate balance of women and men, reflecting the
proportion of female and male researchers in the field or in the organisation.

For institutions
7. Be explicit about the processes and criteria used to assess individual merit when
recruiting, promoting, and rewarding staff and take measures to prevent implicit
gender bias from influencing decisions.
8. Promote gender-balancing efforts in key decision-making committees.

9. Ensure that employment and working conditions offer the same opportunities for
personal and professional development to women and to men.

10. When recruiting new staff, ensure that there is appropriate gender balance in
the candidate pool.

11. Integrate methods for sex and gender analysis in research and innovation in
researcher training programmes.

12. Include gender-related issues in the evaluation of organisational competence.

13. Provide training in methods in sex and gender analysis should be integrated into
all subjects across all basic and applied science curricula.

For publishers
14. Promote fuller participation of women on journal editorial boards.

15. Encourage authorship practices that provide accurate information about the
specific contributions of each author and make these and other bibliometric
information available disaggregated by sex.

16. Promote editorial policies that ask for clear explanation whether and what kind
sex-gender analysis was included in study design and research process.
For researchers
17. When involved in committees making decisions about funding, hiring, tenure, or
promotion, ensure that the process and outcomes are not influenced by explicit or
implicit gender bias.
18. Challenge omissions of sex-gender analysis in curricula, research methodologies,
and in research communications where there is a clear element of human benefit.

For regulatory agencies

19. Revise research and innovation regulations to incorporate the gender dimension
(as well as ethnicity, age, and other relevant factors) in the recommended
procedures.

For industry
20. Promote open and user led innovation and more fully engage women in the
innovation process as a source of new ideas and solutions.
21. Explore opportunities to create innovation ecosystems that build on gender-
informed science knowledge and the different needs of women and men.

* These recommendations are based on evidence and examples of good practice

implemented in other regions. Details can be requested by sending an email to
team@gender-summit.com

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 MANAGING EDITORS’ ORGANISATIONS

The Gender Summits were established

in 2011 under the overarching theme
of "Quality Research and Innovation
through Equality" as part of
the genSET project, coordinated
by Portia Ltd. They are creating regional and global multi-stakeholder communities
committed to enhancing scientific excellence by: removing gender bias from science
knowledge making; advancing gender equality in science structures and practices; and
applying understanding of gender issues to advance more sustainable and effective
research and innovation.
Their objectives are to: 1) Develop national, regional and global communities as agents of
change; 2) Develop evidence-based consensus on the actions needed and the ways of
implementing them in specific national or regional contexts; 3) Demonstrate positive effects
of gender balance and gender diversity in research and innovation process; 4) Demonstrate
how integrating gender dimension in research and innovation content improves quality of
results and outcomes, and to 5) promote gender aware solutions to societal problems, e.g.
urban quality; human adaptation to climate change; food security, and transport and
mobility.
In 2011, The Korea Center for Women in Science, Engineering and
Technology (WISET) was commissioned by the Korean Ministry of
Science, Education and Technology and the Korea Advanced
Institute of Women in SET (Science Engineering and Technology) to
create conditions under which women can play a central role in
science and technology sectors. WISET aims to establish a total
support system for Women Scientists and Engineers by creating a sustainable eco-system
through domestic and foreign integration, cooperation, exchange, and solidarity; by
reinforcing the status as a total support center toward fostering and utilizing women scientists
and engineers; and by building a global network hub for women scientists and engineers.
WISET carries out five core projects: 1) Supporting an innovation system in science and
engineering and policy study on women scientists and engineers; 2) Developing support
measures through analysis on legislative operational output, policy outcomes, and related
domestic and international policy studies; 3) Nurturing a self-sustainable ecosystem by
introducing and systemizing a lifecycle tailored mentoring system; 4) Establishing an
interdisciplinary cross-matched network among different generations to foster women in SET,
and 5) Fostering and systemizing the utilization of a core workforce of women scientists and
engineers.

Portia Ltd designs and implements effective, evidence-

based strategies for advancing quality of research
and innovation through gender. Our work covers
gender equality issues in STEM and the gender
dimension in the content, process and impact of
science (STEM) endeavours. We work through national and international partnerships,
involving the scientific community, industry, policy makers and gender research scholars, to
enhance science knowledge making; improve institutional practices and process; promote
human capital; and ensure compliance with regulation. We believe firmly in putting the
views and needs of women at the centre of the gender equality debate in science, and as a
key to achieving sustainable economic growth and promoting Europe’s role as a global R&D
leader. Portia co-founded the Gender Summits in 2011 as part of a project we co-
ordinated, genSET.

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 Letter to the UN Secretary General

17 September 2015
His Excellency Mr. Ban Ki-moon
United Nations Secretary-General
United Nations Headquarters
New York, NY 10017

Dear Mr. Secretary-General,

In advance of the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit for the adoption of the post-2015
development agenda, we urge that gender mainstreaming based on scientific evidence should
underpin implementation of the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We note the inclusion
of Goal 5 to “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls” but urge that gender
mainstreaming must also be a fundamental consideration in working toward all 17 proposed goals.

Gender inequality issues created through biological and socio-cultural differences between women
and men are intrinsically intertwined with poverty, hunger, health and wellbeing, maternal death,
climate change adaptation, environment, and peaceful societies. We must ask, therefore, when
planning interventions to achieve the SDGs: Will these interventions work equally for women? Will
they work equally for men? We must use the best scientific evidence when formulating solutions to
ensure this.

These are the conclusions of the Gender Summit 6 – Asia Pacific, which took place in Seoul on 26-28
August 2015. Each summit brings together scientists, gender scholars and policy makers to examine
new scientific evidence showing when, why and how sex and gender characteristics impact on
research outcomes for women and men, and through consensus identify where improvements and
needed and what actions will deliver these improvements. In Seoul, 600 scientists, gender scholars
and policy makers participated in the summit, which identified 10 specific gender equality principles
for socioeconomic advancement through research and innovation. These principles form The Seoul
Declaration and Call for Actions to Advance Gendered Research, Innovation and Socio-economic
Development in the Asia Pacific Region, which we attach to this letter. We urge you to consider this
Declaration when formulating the basis for establishing an evidence-based policy for mainstreaming
gender into the post-2015 development agenda. More women die because of dirty water than AIDS,
more women than men live in poverty – these are but two examples why gender mainstreaming will
enhance the success of actions to address the Sustainable Development Goals.

For too long, the importance of the differences between the needs of women and men was poorly
recognized in research, innovation and development causing unwitting gender bias in how problems
are understood and solutions decided upon. Now we have the evidence, and can do better.

We send this letter to you as Co-Chairs of the Gender Summit 6 – Asia Pacific on behalf, and at the
request of the participants and signatories of the Seoul Gender Summit Declaration.

Yours Sincerely,

Professor Heisook Lee

President, Korea Center for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology

Dr Elizabeth Pollitzer
Director, Portia (Founder of the Gender Summit Platform

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Copyright © 2016 by WISET, Korea and Portia Ltd. UK

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