SUBJECT: PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION YEAR 8 NOTE

WEEK ONE
TOPIC: POLE VAULT DESCRIPTION OF POLE VAULT
Pole vault is a field event in athletics. It falls under the category of jumping events.
Pole vault involves jumping vertically over a crossbar placed on two uprights with
the aid of a pole.
Pole vault requires a high level of technicality; hence athletes must progress
gradually in building the skills necessary to execute a valid vault.
FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT IN POLE VAULT
The facilities and the equipment in pole vault include the following
• The pole
• The vaulting box
• The uprights
• The horizontal bar
• The landing foam
BASIC SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES IN POLE VAULT
1. The grip: The athlete should hold the pole with both hands, and the distance
between the hands should be slightly more than shoulder width apart.
2. The run-up and pole carriage: The athlete takes about 11-15 strides, and
accelerate gradually, carrying the pole with its far-off end at head height.
3. Hand shift and plant: The athlete brings the lower hand up, close and under
the upper hand during the last three to four strides, and plants the pole in the
vaulting box.
4. The take-off: The athlete plants the take-off foot flat on the ground, flex the
other leg and bring it forward and upward.
5. Hang: The athlete leaves the ground with the pole in front, elongates the
body, and hangs on the pole
6. The swing up: Flex the legs at the knees and swing them up as the pole gets
to a vertical position.
7. The pull-up and turn: Pull the body up as the pelvis reaches grip level by
flexing the arm, immediately turn the body to face downward.
8. Push-up and bar clearance: Extend the arms after the turn and get into a
hand stand position on the pole. Legs start to descend at this point. Push
(release) the pole to clear over the bar.
9. The landing: The athlete lands on his back, on the landing foam.
RULES AND REGULATION OF POLE VAULT
1. A maximum of three trials is allowed for each athlete.
2. After three consecutive failures in trials, the athlete is automatically removed
from the tournament.
3. Unless there is a wound, no tapping is allowed on any part of the fingers.
However, tapping on the wrist is allowed
4. Without the permission, no athlete is allowed to use the pole of another
competitor.
5. If in making an attempt, a competitor’s pole breaks, it shall not be counted as
a failure and the athlete shall be awarded a new trial.

An athlete fails or commits a foul if he or she:

6. Displaces the crossbar from its original position with the pole or the body.
7. Fails to cross the crossbar after being lifted up from the ground.
8. During the vault steadies or replaces the bar with his hand(s).
9. Fails to begin an attempt within the specified time (two minutes after the
name has been called. The time can be extended to four or six minutes
depending on how many more athlete is left in that round).

WEEK 2
TOPIC: JAVELIN Description of Javelin

Javelin is a field event that requires the throwing of a missile called javelin
for a horizontal distance. A competitor is allowed three trials. The throw is
made behind the arc of 8m radius into the landing sector of approximately 29
.

Facilities and Equipment in Javelin The Throwing Area

The throwing area is divided into two parts namely the runway and the
throwing sector.

The runway Is 30m – 36.5m long and 4m wide, the radius or the arc
measuring 8m while the throwing sector is approximately 29 and
approximately 100m in length.

The Javelin

Specification of the javelin

Form men: length: 260cm

Weight: 800g

For women: Length: 220cm

Weight: 600g
Basic skills in javelin

The basic skills in javelin throw include:

The Grip: the whole finger is wrapped around the cord with the index finger
straight at the edge of the shaft and the javelin comfortably resting on the
palm.

The Carriage: The javelin is carried over the head at the initial stage of the
run-up with the missile carried slightly above the head level, and the tip of
the missile pointing slightly upwards.

The Run-up: the purpose is to enable the thrower gather enough momentum
and get into the throwing mood.

The Release: the toes of the leading leg points sideways. The body weight is
slightly shifted to the rear leg, the free hand slightly raised with the elbow
pointing sideways and used to maintain balance. The javelin is released
while the throwing hand is raised as high as possible.

Follow-through: after throwing the javelin, allow the throwing hand to travel
diagonally across your body.

WEEK 3
Topic: Combined Events
Combined Events are combination of track and field events. It started during
the Olympics Games. The two groups of combined events are:
1. Decathlon: It is a Greek term that means ‘ten tests’. It consists of ten
different track and field events. An athlete that completes in decathlon is
called decathlete.
2. Pentathlon: It is a Greek word that means ‘five tests. It consists of five
different track and field events. An athlete that completes in pentathlon is
called pentathlete.

Events in decathlon and pentathlon are:

1. Decathlon;

a. The men decathlon: on the first day, the athletes compete in;
i. 100meter dash
ii. Long jump
iii. Shot put
iv. 400 meters
On the second day, the athletes compete in;
i. 110meter hurdles
v. Discus
vi. Pole vault
vii. Javelin
viii. 1500 meter running event

B. The women decathlon: On the first day, the women compete in ;

i. 100 meters
ii. Discus
iii. Pole vault
iv. Javelin
v. 400meters

On the second day, the athletes compete in

i. 100 meters hurdles

ii. Long jump
iii. Shot put
iv. High jump
v. 150 meters
3. Pentathlon;

The athletes compete in;

a. Long jump
b. Javelin
c. 200m
d. Discus
e. 1500m

WEEK 4
TOPIC: Nigerian sports heroes and professionals

The beginning of Physical and Health Education in Nigeria can be traced

back to 1900 when the colonial masters first came into the country. Although
some physical activities have been carried out in an informal way before the
emergence of the colonial master. Activities such as fishing, riding of horse,
hunting, swimming, moon light games, wrestling, climbing hills, traditional
boxing, archery, spear throwing etc. have been practiced primitively. But
physical training came into Nigeria through the colonial masters. All the
above mentioned primitive physical activities were formalized with rules and
regulations, training then were being carried out to develop some people
such as Police Force, Army Force and Soldiers.

Later on, Physical education was introduced to school curriculum in some

polytechnic and tertiary institutions such as Yaba-Tech, University of Ibadan,
University of Zaria, University of Ife etc. among the first graduate of
physical education are –

1. Prof M.O. Ajisafe, from Nzuka University

2. H.J. Akperigin, Isaac Akioye, M.T. Adiuku, Awoture Eleyae,

Anthony Omo Osagie, etc.
Physical Education became popular through the above mentioned names
because they ensure that it was included in the school curriculum. Today
physical education has been taught at various levels from primary schools to
tertiary institutions.

Sports Heroes/Professionals in Nigeria and their Contributions

Harding James Ekperigin: He was popularly called the father of Physical

Education in Nigeria. He was born in Ugori in Warri Local Government area

of Delta State. He attended the following schools; Government College
Ibadan, Loughbrough Training College in England.

Achievements

(i) Harding Ekperigin was the first professionally trained Physical

and Health educationist in Nigeria and from Loughbrough, the
training he undergone opened ground for some notable people
such as Prof. M.O. Ajisafe, Isaac Akioye. (ii) He helped to
establish both grade II and grade III teachers college

(ii) He was a significant figure among the officials that led Nigeria
continent to the first outing of the commonwealth games at
Cardiff, Wales in 1958.

(iii) He helped to form the Nigeria Association of Physical and

Health Education & Recreation (NAPHER)

Isaac Okioye: He was also trained at the famous Loughbrough Training

College. He was member of the Nigeria football team in 1949. When he
returned from Britain to Nigeria, he joined the Western Region Ministry of
Education and took over from H.J Ekperigin.
Achievements

(i) He was the first professor to be appointed Director of

sports at the National Sport Commission.

(ii) During his tenure, the Nigeria Polytechnic Games

Association (NIPOGA), the Nigeria Colleges of
Education Game Association (NICEGA) and the
Nigeria m School Sports Federation (NSSF) were
founded.

(iii) He abolished the playing of Netball in preference to

Basketball in Nigerian Schools

(iv) He was the Secretary General and later President of

Nigerian Association for Physical Health Education and
Recreation (NAPHER)

Prof. M.O. Ajisafe: Professor M.O. Ajisafe one of the pioneers of Physical

Education in Nigeria is a professor of curriculum and instructions in Physical

Education. His contributions towards the development of Physical Education
in Nigeria are noteworthy.

Achievements

(i) In 1969, he with others successfully canvassed for the adoption of a

syllabus that will reflect the geo-cultural background of Nigeria to
replace the 1933 syllabus imported to the country by the British
government. This gave birth to the current 63-3-4 system of education
in Nigeria
(ii) In July 1974, he was the secretary to the group that was called by the
federal government to formulate the Physical Education syllabus of
the Universal Basic Education (UPE)

(iii) He published a book on Teaching Physical and Health Education

which contained the outcome of his federal government sponsored
research into indigenous activities suitable for the physical education
programme of Nigerian primary schools.

Falilat Adekoya: She was born on 12th May, 1968. She is a Nigerian athlete,

Ogunkoya has won a number of national championships, including a gold

medal in 1996 in the 400 metres, gold in 200 meters and 400 meters in 1998
and gold again in 1999 and 2001 in the 400m. At the 1996 summer Olympics
she won a bronze medal in the 400m in a personal best and African record of
49.10, which is currently the twelfth fastest of all time.

Mary Onyali-Omagbemi: She was born on 2nd February, 1968. She is a

Nigerian sprinter who won the bronze medal in 4 × 100 meters relay at the
1992 summer Olympics and in 200 meters at the 1996 summer Olympics.
She also won the 1994 commonwealth games.

Patrick Olusegun Odegbami: He was born on 27th August, 1952 in Lagos. He

won 46 caps and scored 23 goals for the country, and guided Nigeria to its
first African Nations title at the 1980 African Nation Cup.

Teslim ‘Thunder’ Balogun: The first Nigerian to play professional football in

England at Peterborough United, Holbeach United and Queens Park Rangers
and also the first Nigerian coach to lead the national team to the Olympic
games at Mexico in 1968.

Segun Odegbami: Born in 1957, Segun Odegbami was prominent footballer

who played for the Shooting Stars FC and the Super Eagles of Nigeria. He
graduated from the Polytechnic of Ibadan where he studied Engineering.
Segun Odegbami led the Super Eagles to lifting Gold in the 1980 edition of
the African Cup of Nations, where he finished as the top goal scorer. Segun
stunned audiences with his dazzling sprints along the wing. He was
nicknamed “Mathematical.”

STEPHEN KESHI: Keshi was a former Super Eagles coach and player. He
won the AFCON title in Tunisia ’94 as a player and in 2013, he led the likes
of Joseph Yobo, Vincent Enyeama, Mikel Obi and Victor Moses to AFCON
victory as a coach. He was nicknamed “Big Boss” because of his leadership
drive. Stephen Keshi has a total of 60 national caps. He died in Benin city in
2016.

CHIOMA AJUNWA: Chioma Ajunwa performed as a track and field athlete

at the African Games and African Championships between 1989 and 1991.
She is the first African woman to win an Olympic gold medal in a field
event. She was also a part of The Super Falcons, the female national team of
Nigeria, during the Women’s World Cup in 1991.

JAY-JAY OKOCHA: Known for his flamboyant skills and dexterity on pitch,

Austin Okocha is a professional footballer. He came into limelight in

Eintracht Frankfurt, a German club after scoring a dramatic goal against
Oliver Khan, the then world best goalkeeper. Later, he played for popular
European clubs including the likes of Fenerbahce, PSG, and then Bolton
Wanderers.

Jay-jay was part of the Super Eagles’ team that won the Nations Cup in 1994
and qualified Nigeria for the World Cup in the USA for the very first time.

ARUNA QUADRI: Aruna Quadri is a professional Nigeria table tennis

player. In 2022, Aruna became the first-ever African, Nigerian, and black
Table Tennis player to be rated in the top 10 in the world as rated by the
International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF).
BLESSING OKAGBARE: Blessing Okagbare-Otegheri is a former track
and field athlete who specialized in triple jump, long jump and sprints. She
holds the Women’s 100 meters Games record for the fastest time at 10.85
seconds in the

2014 edition of Commonwealth. She has also won medals at the All-Africa
Games, IAAF Continental Cup and World Relays

SAMSON SIASIA: Samson Siasia is a former Nigerian international player

and coach. He scored 16 goals in 51 caps for the national team, and was part
of the team that won the African Cup in 1994. In the same year, he was a
French League 1 winner with Nantes.

Samson Siasia has coached Nigeria’s Flying Eagles (U-20), Olympic Eagles
(U23) and the Super Eagles team.

CHIKA CHUKWUMERIJE: Growing up in a family of Black Belts, Chika

Chukwumerije is a male taekwondo practitioner from Nigeria. He is a
Olympic medalist who had qualified and appeared at three Olympic Games,
finishing with a bronze at the Olympics in Beijing 2008. Chika also won a
gold medal at the 2007 All-Africa Games in the +80 kg category, amongst
other awards.

He has an M.Sc. degree in Operations and Supply Chain Management from

the University of Liverpool

VINCENT ENYEAMA: Vincent Enyeama was a professional goalkeeper at

Losc Lille and for the Nigerian national team. Despite his below-average
height for a goalkeeper, he is popularly regarded as one of the greatest
African goalkeepers of all time. He won the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations
(hosted in South Africa) alongside the likes of Efe Ambrose, Joseph Yobo,
Emmanuel Emenike, John Mikel Obi, Victor Moses and other notable
mentions.

With 101 caps, Vincent Enyeama is 2nd most capped player, following
Ahmed Musa.
WEEK 5
TOPIC: Field Hockey History and Development of Field Hockey

History shows that games played with sticks like hockey was played by the
Romans, Persian and Greeks. However, modern hockey was introduced in
England around 1875, while the International Hockey Rules Board was
formed in 1900, to make rules for the game. The Federation Internationale de
Hockey (FIH) was founded in 1924. Hockey was first played in the
Olympics in 1908 and 1920, then permanently from 1928.

Description of Field Hockey

Field hockey is a sport that is played on a grass or artificial turf field. It

involves two teams of eleven players each, who use sticks to hit a small, hard
ball into the opposing team’s goal post to score points. The objective of the
game is to score more goals than your opponent within the allotted time.

The stick used in field hockey has a flat side and a rounded side with which
players can control and strike the ball. Players are not allowed to touch the
ball with any part of their body except for their feet while defending their
own goal post.

Field hockey requires speed, agility, endurance, and teamwork. Players must
work together strategically to move the ball towards their opponent’s goal
while also playing strong defense when necessary.

Overall, field hockey is an exciting sport that combines physical skill with
strategic thinking and teamwork.

Facilities and Equipment in Hockey Field hockey facilities and equipment

include:

Facilities:
Field: Field hockey is played on a rectangular grass or artificial turf field,
typically 91.4 meters (100 yards) long and 55 meters (60 yards) wide.

Goal: Each end of the field has a goal, consisting of a net and goalposts. The
objective is to score by getting the ball into the opponent’s goal.

D-mark: A semi-circular area around the goal, known as the “D,” is where
penalty corners are taken. It is also where defenders must be positioned
during penalty corners.

Equipment:

1. Field Hockey Stick: Players use a J-shaped or hook-shaped stick to

handle the ball. Sticks come in various lengths, materials, and shapes to
suit player preferences.

2. Field Hockey Ball: A hard, spherical ball made of plastic is used in play.
It’s small, lightweight, and designed for quick movement on the field.

3. Shin Guards: Players wear shin guards to protect their shins and ankles
from injury, especially when tackling and blocking.

4. Mouth guard: To protect teeth and jaws from injury, players often wear a
mouth guard.
5. Goalkeeper Equipment: Goalkeepers wear specialized protective gear,
including a helmet with a faceguard, padded gloves, chest protector, leg
guards, and kickers to block shots.

6. Jersey: Each team wears jerseys with numbers to identify players.

Goalkeepers wear distinctive jerseys.

7. Footwear: Players wear specialized field hockey shoes with cleats to

provide traction on the field.

8. Whistle: Umpires use a whistle to signal stoppages and penalties.

Basic Skills and Techniques in Hockey

Field hockey involves a combination of skills and techniques that players use
to control the ball, pass, shoot, defend, and excel in the game. Some of these
skills and techniques include:

Dribbling: This skill involves using the flat side of the stick to control the
ball while running. Players should have good ball control, quick changes in
direction, and the ability to protect the ball from opponents.

Passing: Passing is crucial for teamwork. Players can use various techniques,
including the push pass (a short, controlled push of the ball), hit pass (a more
powerful drive), and aerial pass (lifting the ball off the ground for long-range
passes).

Shooting: Shooting skills are essential for scoring goals. Players use
techniques like hits (a powerful, ground-level shot), flicks (a lifted shot), and
sweeps (a low, sweeping shot) to send the ball into the goal.
Tackling: Defenders use tackling skills to dispossess opponents and regain
control of the ball. Legal stick and body positioning are important, and
tackles should not be dangerous or result in fouls.

Receiving: Receiving skills involve trapping and controlling the ball upon
receiving passes. Players must be adept at receiving the ball on the move and
under pressure.

Stick Handling: This is the ability to quickly and skillfully move the ball
with the stick, often used to navigate through opponents and create passing
or shooting opportunities.

Goalkeeping: Goalkeepers have unique techniques for saving shots, which

involve using the stick, pads, and body to block and deflect the ball. Clearing
the ball safely is also a critical skill for goalkeepers.

Strokes: there are different types of strokes in field hockey, they are:

Drive: the drive is used for passing and shooting.

Push pass: The push stroke involves using the flat side of the stick to gently
push the ball along the ground. It’s often used for short, accurate passes.

Flick: it is executed to lift the ball slightly up in the air.

Scoop: the scoop is executed to lift the ball over the other players, usually an
opponent.

Jab: A jab is a quick and controlled jabbing motion with the stick to change
the direction of the ball or make a short, precise pass.

Rules and Regulations in Field Hockey

Field hockey is governed by a set of rules and regulations to ensure fair play
and safety for all participants. The rules of field hockey are established by
the International Hockey Federation (FIH):
Team Composition: Each team typically consists of 11 players, including a
goalkeeper. Substitutions are allowed but must occur at the designated
substitution area.

Field Dimensions: The field is typically 100 yards long and 60 yards wide,
with a striking circle at each end.

Duration: A standard field hockey match is usually played in four quarters of

15 minutes, each lasting 60 minutes. There is usually a 15-minute halftime
break, a 2 minutes break after the first and third quarters.

Starting Play: The game begins with a pass-back from the center spot, and
the team that starts with the ball is determined by a coin toss.

Scoring: A goal is scored when the entire ball crosses the goal line within the
goalposts and under the crossbar.

Penalty Corners: Awarded to the attacking team for fouls committed by the
defending team within the striking circle. The ball is placed on the backline,
and attackers have a single shot at goal.

Free Hits: Awarded for various fouls. The ball must be stationary when
taken, and opponents must be at least 5 meters (or 3 meters for self-passes)
away from the ball.

Penalty Strokes: Awarded for serious fouls in the striking circle. The
attacking player takes a one-on-one shot against the goalkeeper.

Dangerous Play: Players are not allowed to use their sticks in a way that
endangers others, and lifting the ball dangerously is prohibited.

Obstruction: A player is not allowed to obstruct an opponent’s movement to

the ball with their body or stick.
Yellow and Red Cards: Players may receive warnings (yellow cards) or be
temporarily suspended (green cards) for misconduct. Red cards result in a
player’s ejection from the game.

Offside Rule: Field hockey does not have a traditional offside rule like
soccer. Players can position themselves anywhere on the field.

Equipment: Players must wear protective gear, including shin guards, mouth
guards, and, for goalkeepers, additional protective equipment. Sticks must
conform to specific size and weight regulations.

Advantage Rule: The umpire can allow play to continue after a foul if the
nonoffending team can gain an advantage. If not, a free hit or penalty is
awarded.

Self-Passing: A player can pass the ball to themselves (self-pass) at free hits
and sideline balls.

Officials in Field Hockey and their duties

Field hockey games are overseen by officials, including umpires and, in

some cases, technical officials. Their duties are essential to ensure the game
is played fairly, safely, and according to the rules. Here are the primary
officials in field hockey and their duties:

Umpires

Field Umpires: Typically, there are two field umpires in a field hockey
match, one on each sideline. Their primary duties include:

- Enforcing the rules of the game.

- Awarding free hits, penalty corners, penalty strokes, and goals as

necessary.
- Controlling the game’s tempo by managing time-wasting and ensuring
fair play.

- Ensuring players’ safety by penalizing dangerous play and fouls.

- Managing disciplinary actions, including issuing cards (green, yellow,

and red) for misconduct.

- Communicating decisions clearly to players and the technical bench.

- Assisting the teams in substitution procedures.

Video Umpire (if available): In some high-level matches, a video umpire

reviews contentious decisions using video replays to ensure accurate and fair
rulings.

Technical Officials

Match Officials Manager: Responsible for the overall management of

officials, their assignments, and ensuring proper communication between the
officiating team, coaches, and team managers.

Timekeeper: Keeps track of the game’s duration, signals the start and end of
each period, and ensures that time-related rules are enforced.

Scorer: Records goals, assists, penalty corners, and other game statistics.

Video Technician: In matches with video referral systems, the video

technician assists in managing video footage for umpire reviews.

Technical Bench Officials: These include team doctors and other support
staff responsible for player safety and medical needs.
Officials work together to ensure the game runs smoothly, fairly, and safely.
They communicate with each other and the teams to maintain control of the
match. Umpires play a critical role in enforcing the rules and maintaining the
integrity of the game, while technical officials handle administrative and
logistical aspects.

Their combined efforts help ensure a competitive and enjoyable field hockey
experience for all involved.