IKS Book

FIRST YEAR ALL U.G.
Programs SEMESTER-I
As Per NEP, New Syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN
KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM (IKS)
(GENERIC)
(For 2 Credits)
For Private Circulation Only

Prof. Bharat U. Kangude.
Dr. Ganesh N. Chaudhari.
NEP Implementation Committee
PDEA’S
Anantrao Pawar College, Pirangut, Tal.-Mulshi, Dist. - Pune
Academic Year 2024-25
INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM (IKS) (GENERIC)
Preface
In this era of globalization and rapid technological advancements, it is imperative for the
youth of India to have a deep understanding of their own cultural heritage and knowledge systems.
The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 recognizes the importance of Indian Knowledge
Systems (IKS) and emphasizes their integration into modern education. This book aims to provide
first-year students of all faculties of Savitribai Phule Pune University with a precise introduction to
IKS.
This book delves into the various facets of IKS, including their holistic approach to
education, their role in preserving India's cultural heritage, their emphasis on critical thinking and
problem-solving, and their relevance to a contextual learning environment. By studying IKS,
students will not only gain a deeper understanding of India's contributions to global knowledge
but also develop essential skills such as critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving.
Furthermore, learning about IKS will help students connect with their cultural heritage and
traditions, fostering a sense of national pride and responsibility to preserve and promote India's
rich cultural legacy. In an increasingly interconnected world, an understanding of IKS will broaden
students' global perspectives and equip them to engage with diverse knowledge systems and
cultural perspectives.
This book is a valuable resource for students across all disciplines, as it provides an
interdisciplinary approach to learning that integrates science, philosophy, art, and culture. By
studying IKS, students will be better prepared to become global citizens, equipped with the
knowledge and skills to navigate the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century.
Date: 15th September, 2024. Prof. Bharat Kangude.

Anantrao Pawar College, Pirangut, Pune.
Prof. Bharat Kangude, APC Pirangut, Pune. (09890106937) 2

Pune District Education Association’s

Anantrao Pawar College, Pirangut, Pune.
NEP Implementation Committee
Indian Knowledge System (IKS)
Course Title: Introduction to Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) (Generic): 2 Credits

Target Students: First-year undergraduate Bachelor students of various disciplines in SPPU.
Purpose: To provide an overview of Indian Knowledge Systems, acquainting students with the vast and diverse
knowledge that has been developed in India throughout history. The course aims to show how this knowledge remains
relevant in the modern era and to inspire students to delve deeper into their own studies.
INDEX
Topic Page No.
1. Vedic Period : Vedas And their Significance 04
2. Upanishads : Philosophy and Knowledge 07
3. The Six Schools of Indian Philosophy: Overview 09
4. Indian Linguistics : Panini and Sanskrit 11
5. Evolution of Other Indian languages Tamil, Marathi, Hindi etc. 13
6. Ancient Indian Education System : Gurukul System 16
7. Ancient Indian Mathematics : Overview and Contributions 18
8. Ancient Indian Astronomy and Astrology : Overview and Contributions 20
9. Charak & Sushrut Samhita, Ayurveda : Principles and Practices 22
10 & 11. Ancient Indian Architecture : Vastu Shastra and Temple Architecture 23
12. Trade and Commerce In Ancient India 26
13 & 14. Arthashastra 28
15 & 16. Ancient Indian Art and Culture 31
17 & 18. Ancient Indian Music and Dance 35
19. Ancient Indian Farming Practices 40
20 & 21. Ancient Indian Craftsmanship 43
22. Ancient Indian Warfare and Weaponry 46
23. Ancient Indian Engineering and Technology 49
24. Ancient Indian Religions : Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism : Teachings and 51
Philosophies
25. Ancient Indian Knowledge Systems : Global Influence 53

Topic 1: Vedic Period: Vedas and their Significance
I. Introduction:
● The Vedic period, spanning from 1500 BCE to 500 BCE, constitutes the earliest phase of Indian
history.
● The Vedas, revered as the most ancient and sacred texts in Hinduism, hold significant importance.
II. The Vedas

Output Text:
● The Vedas represent an assemblage of hymns, supplications, and ceremonial procedures.

● Four distinct Vedas exist: Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda.
● The Vedic Sanskrit language serves as the medium of expression for the Vedas.
III. Significance of the Vedas

I. Introduction:
● The Vedas constitute the foundational texts of Hindu philosophy and theology.
II. Content of the Vedas:
● They encompass teachings pertaining to spirituality, morality, and the nature of the universe.
● The Vedas are considered apaurusheya, signifying their divine origin, transcending human
authorship.
III. The Four Vedas:
● Rigveda:
a. The Rigveda is the oldest and most sacred of the four Vedas.
b. It comprises hymns and prayers directed toward various deities, including Indra, Agni, and
Varuna.
c. These hymns and prayers express devotion, gratitude, and supplication.
● Yajurveda:
a. The Yajurveda contains rituals and sacrificial procedures.
b. It provides detailed instructions on how to perform various religious ceremonies, such as
weddings, funerals, and animal sacrifices.
c. The Yajurveda also includes mantras and incantations that are used during these
ceremonies.
● Samaveda:
a. The Samaveda encompasses melodies and chants used in religious ceremonies.
b. These melodies and chants are based on the Rigvedic hymns and are often accompanied
by musical instruments such as the lute and the drum.
c. The Samaveda is believed to have a mystical and spiritual power that can enhance the
efficacy of religious rituals.
● Atharvaveda:
a. The Atharvaveda includes spells and incantations for various purposes.
b. These spells and incantations are used for healing, protection, and other practical
purposes.
c. The Atharvaveda also contains hymns and prayers that are similar to those found in the
Rigveda.
IV. Vedic Gods and Goddesses:
● The Vedas mention a pantheon of gods and goddesses, including Indra, Agni, and Varuna.

● These deities are associated with natural phenomena and human experiences.
V. Vedic Rituals and Practices:
● The Vedas describe diverse rituals and practices, such as sacrifices and meditation.
● These practices aim to facilitate spiritual growth and well-being.
VI. Impact of the Vedas:
● The Vedas have exerted a profound influence on Indian culture and society.
● Their impact is evident in art, literature, philosophy, and religion.
Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What is the approximate time period of the d) Atharvaveda
Vedic era?
a) 1500 BCE - 500 BCE Answer: a) Rigveda
b) 500 BCE - 500 CE
c) 500 CE - 1500 CE 6. Who is the primary god mentioned in the
d) 1500 CE - 2000 CE Rigveda?
a) Indra
Answer: a) 1500 BCE - 500 BCE b) Agni
c) Varuna
2. Which of the following is NOT one of the four d) Brahma
Vedas?
a) Rigveda Answer: a) Indra
b) Yajurveda
c) Samaveda 7. What is the purpose of Vedic rituals and
d) Bhagavad Gita practices?
a) To promote spiritual growth and well-being
Answer: d) Bhagavad Gita b) To appease the gods
c) To attain material wealth
3. What is the language of the Vedas? d) To gain knowledge
a) Vedic Sanskrit
b) Classical Sanskrit Answer: a) To promote spiritual growth and well-
c) Hindi being
d) Tamil
8. What is the impact of the Vedas on Indian
Answer: a) Vedic Sanskrit culture and society?
a) They have had a profound impact on art,
4. What is the significance of the Vedas in literature, philosophy, and religion
Hinduism? b) They have had a limited impact on Indian
a) They are the source of Hindu philosophy and culture
theology c) They have had no impact on Indian culture
b) They contain teachings on spirituality, morality, d) They have had a negative impact on Indian
and the nature of the universe culture
c) They are considered apaurusheya, or "not
created by humans" Answer: a) They have had a profound impact on
d) All of the above art, literature, philosophy, and religion
Answer: d) All of the above 9. Which of the following is a characteristic of the

Vedas?
5. Which Veda contains hymns and prayers to the a) They are written in prose
gods? b) They are written in verse
a) Rigveda c) They are written in Vedic Sanskrit
b) Yajurveda d) They are written in Classical Sanskrit
c) Samaveda

Answer: c) They are written in Vedic Sanskrit c) "Divine revelation"

d) "Sacred text"
10. What is the meaning of apaurusheya?
a) "Created by humans" Answer: b) "Not created by humans"
b) "Not created by humans"

Topic 2: Upanishads: Philosophy and Knowledge
I. Introduction
● The Upanishads are esteemed ancient Indian texts that profoundly delve into the essence of
ultimate reality, the nature of the self, and the vastness of the cosmos.
● Widely regarded as the culmination of Vedic thought, they serve as the cornerstone of Hindu
philosophy.
II. Meaning and Etymology
● The term "Upanishad" signifies "sitting near" or "sitting at the feet of," indicating a teacher-student
relationship.
● The Upanishads are also known as "Vedanta," meaning "the end of the Vedas."
III. Key Concepts
● Brahman: The ultimate reality, the unchanging and all-pervading essence of the universe.
● Atman: The individual self, which is ultimately identical with Brahman.
● Maya: The illusory power of Brahman, which creates the world of duality.
● Moksha: Liberation from the cycle of birth and death, achieved through understanding Brahman.
IV. Major Upanishads
● Chandogya Upanishad
● Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
● Taittiriya Upanishad
● Katha Upanishad
● Mundaka Upanishad
V. Philosophy and Knowledge
● The Upanishads explore the nature of reality, knowledge, and the self.
● They emphasize the importance of self-inquiry and introspection.
● They teach that understanding Brahman is the key to liberation.
VI. Influence and Legacy
● The Upanishads have significantly impacted Indian thought and culture.

● They have influenced Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism.
● They continue to be studied and revered by scholars and seekers today.
1. What is the meaning of the term "Upanishad"? 2. Which of the following is NOT a key concept in
a) Sitting near the Upanishads?
b) Sitting at the feet of a) Brahman
c) Ultimate reality b) Atman
d) Individual self c) Maya
d) Karma
Answer: b) Sitting at the feet of
Answer: d) Karma

3. Which Upanishad is considered one of the 7. What is the relationship between Brahman and
most important and influential? Atman according to the Upanishads?
a) Chandogya Upanishad a) Brahman is the creator of Atman
b) Brihadaranyaka Upanishad b) Atman is the creator of Brahman
c) Taittiriya Upanishad c) Brahman and Atman are identical
d) Katha Upanishad d) Brahman and Atman are separate
Answer: b) Brihadaranyaka Upanishad Answer: c) Brahman and Atman are identical
4. What is the ultimate goal of human existence 8. Which of the following is NOT a major
according to the Upanishads? Upanishad?
a) Moksha a) Chandogya Upanishad
b) Dharma b) Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
c) Artha c) Taittiriya Upanishad
d) Kama d) Bhagavad Gita
Answer: a) Moksha Answer: d) Bhagavad Gita
5. Which of the following is a characteristic of the 9. What is the significance of Maya in the
Upanishads? Upanishads?
a) Emphasis on ritual and sacrifice a) Maya is the ultimate reality
b) Emphasis on self-inquiry and introspection b) Maya is the individual self
c) Rejection of the Vedas c) Maya is the illusory power of Brahman
d) Acceptance of multiple deities d) Maya is the creator of the world
Answer: b) Emphasis on self-inquiry and Answer: c) Maya is the illusory power of Brahman
introspection
10. What is the legacy of the Upanishads?
6. Who is the primary audience of the a) They have had a limited impact on Indian
Upanishads? thought
a) Students b) They have had a profound impact on Indian
b) Teachers thought and culture
c) Seekers c) They have been rejected by modern scholars
d) Scholars d) They have been forgotten by contemporary
seekers
Answer: c) Seekers
Answer: b) They have had a profound impact on
Indian thought and culture

Topic 3: The Six Schools of Indian Philosophy: Overview
Introduction:
Indian philosophy, also known as Hindu philosophy, has a rich and diverse history spanning thousands of
years. It encompasses various schools of thought, each with its unique perspectives and contributions. This
lecture will explore the six major schools of Indian philosophy: Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika,
Mimamsa, and Vedanta.
1. Samkhya School:
● Founded by Kapila in the 6th century BCE.
● Dualistic philosophy that distinguishes between purusha (consciousness) and prakriti (matter).
● Emphasizes the attainment of liberation through the acquisition of knowledge.
2. Yoga School:
● Founded by Patanjali in the 2nd century BCE.
● Focuses on the attainment of liberation through physical, mental, and spiritual practices.
● Emphasizes the eight limbs of yoga: yamas, niyamas, asanas, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana,
dhyana, and samadhi.
Nyaya School:
● Founded by Gautama in the 6th century BCE.
● Emphasizes the attainment of knowledge through logical reasoning and debate.
● Focuses on the study of epistemology, metaphysics, and logic.
Vaisheshika School:
● Founded by Kanada in the 6th century BCE.
● Emphasizes the attainment of knowledge through observation and experience.
● Focuses on the study of metaphysics, epistemology, and the nature of reality.
Mimamsa School:
● Founded by Jaimini in the 3rd century BCE.
● Emphasizes the attainment of liberation through the performance of rituals and duties.
● Focuses on the study of dharma and the interpretation of the Vedas.
Vedanta School:
● Founded by Badarayana in the 1st century BCE.
● Emphasizes the attainment of liberation through the realization of the ultimate reality (Brahman).
● Focuses on the study of the Upanishads and the nature of the self (Atman).
Conclusion:
The six schools of Indian philosophy offer unique perspectives on the nature of reality, knowledge, and
liberation. Understanding these schools provides valuable insights into the rich and diverse heritage of
Indian thought.
1. Who founded the Samkhya school of Indian

philosophy? Answer: b) Yoga
a) Kapila
b) Patanjali 3. What is the primary focus of the Nyaya school
c) Gautama of Indian philosophy?
d) Kanada a) Epistemology
b) Metaphysics
Answer: a) Kapila c) Logic
d) All of the above
2. Which school of Indian philosophy emphasizes
the attainment of liberation through physical, Answer: d) All of the above
mental, and spiritual practices?
a) Samkhya 4. Who founded the Vaisheshika school of Indian
b) Yoga philosophy?
c) Nyaya a) Kanada
d) Vaisheshika b) Gautama

c) Patanjali Answer: a) Jaimini

d) Kapila
8. Which school of Indian philosophy emphasizes
Answer: a) Kanada the attainment of knowledge through observation
and experience?
5. Which school of Indian philosophy emphasizes a) Vaisheshika
the attainment of liberation through the b) Nyaya
performance of rituals and duties? c) Mimamsa
a) Mimamsa d) Vedanta
b) Vedanta
c) Nyaya Answer: a) Vaisheshika
d) Vaisheshika
9. What is the primary focus of the Samkhya
Answer: a) Mimamsa school of Indian philosophy?
a) The attainment of liberation through knowledge
6. What is the primary focus of the Vedanta b) The attainment of liberation through physical
school of Indian philosophy? practices
a) The nature of reality c) The study of epistemology
b) The nature of the self d) The study of metaphysics
c) The attainment of liberation
d) All of the above Answer: a) The attainment of liberation through
knowledge
Answer: d) All of the above
10. Who founded the Nyaya school of Indian
7. Who founded the Mimamsa school of Indian philosophy?
philosophy? a) Gautama
a) Jaimini b) Patanjali
b) Gautama c) Kapila
c) Patanjali d) Kanada
d) Kapila
Answer: a) Gautama

Topic 4: Indian Linguistics: Panini and Sanskrit
I. Introduction
● Indian linguistics has a rich and ancient history that extends back to the Vedic period, around 1500-
500 BC. During this time, Sanskrit, an Indo-Aryan language, emerged as a prominent language of
religious and philosophical texts. Sanskrit grammar and phonetics were studied and codified by
ancient Indian scholars, laying the foundation for linguistic analysis in India.
● Panini, a renowned Indian scholar who lived in the 4th century BC, is widely regarded as one of
the greatest linguists of all time. His masterpiece, the Ashtadhyayi, is an exhaustive treatise on
Sanskrit grammar and phonetics. It consists of eight chapters, each covering various aspects of
the language's structure and usage. The Ashtadhyayi is celebrated for its rigorous and systematic
approach, employing metalinguistic concepts and meta-rules to describe the intricate rules of
Sanskrit grammar.
II. Panini and his Works
● Panini (c. 400 BCE) was a Sanskrit grammarian and linguist.

● His magnum opus, the Ashtadhyayi, is a comprehensive treatise on Sanskrit grammar.
● The Ashtadhyayi consists of eight chapters and 4,000 sutras (rules).
III. Contributions to Linguistics
● Panini's scholarly work presented the idea of zero and the decimal system.
● He theorized the concept of phonemes and morphemes.
● His grammatical principles continue to be analyzed and utilized in contemporary linguistics.
IV. Sanskrit Language
● Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, serves as the liturgical language of Hinduism.

● Despite being regarded as a "dead" language, Sanskrit's influence on Indian languages persists.
● Sanskrit's intricate grammatical structure comprises eight cases and three numbers.
V. Impact of Panini's Work
● Panini's Ashtadhyayi has exerted a profound influence on the discipline of Indian linguistics.
● His work has played a pivotal role in shaping the development of Indian languages such as Hindi
and Marathi.
● His grammatical rules continue to be employed in the instruction of the Sanskrit language.
VI. Modern Significance
● Panini's contributions to the field of linguistics retain their significance in contemporary scholarship.
● His groundbreaking work on phonemes and morphemes laid the foundation for modern linguistic
studies.
● The grammatical rules he formulated continue to serve as a source of inspiration for linguistic
research endeavors.

1. Who is considered the father of Indian a) Sanskrit

linguistics? b) Hindi
a) Panini c) Marathi
b) Patanjali d) Tamil
c) Bhartrihari
d) Kaundabhatta Answer: a) Sanskrit
Answer: a) Panini 1. How many cases does Sanskrit grammar

have?
1. What is the name of Panini's magnum opus? a) 6 cases
a) Ashtadhyayi b) 7 cases
b) Mahabhashya c) 8 cases
c) Vakyapadiya d) 9 cases
d) Siddhanta Kaumudi
Answer: c) 8 cases
Answer: a) Ashtadhyayi
1. What is the name of the famous Sanskrit
1. How many chapters and sutras does the grammarian who wrote the Mahabhashya?
Ashtadhyayi consist of? a) Panini
a) 8 chapters, 2,000 sutras b) Patanjali
b) 8 chapters, 4,000 sutras c) Bhartrihari
c) 10 chapters, 3,000 sutras d) Kaundabhatta
d) 12 chapters, 5,000 sutras
Answer: b) Patanjali
Answer: b) 8 chapters, 4,000 sutras
1. What is the significance of Panini's work in
1. What is the significance of Panini's introduction modern linguistics?
of zero? a) It is outdated and irrelevant
a) It revolutionized mathematics b) It is fundamental to modern linguistics
b) It simplified grammar rules c) It is only relevant to Sanskrit language
c) It introduced the concept of the decimal system instruction
d) It had no impact on Indian thought d) It has had no impact on modern linguistics
Answer: c) It introduced the concept of the Answer: b) It is fundamental to modern linguistics

decimal system
1. Which of the following is a correct statement
1. What is the term for the smallest unit of sound about Panini's Ashtadhyayi?
in language? a) It is a comprehensive treatise on Sanskrit
a) Phoneme literature
b) Morpheme b) It is a comprehensive treatise on Sanskrit
c) Grapheme grammar
d) Allophone c) It is a comprehensive treatise on Indian
philosophy
Answer: a) Phoneme d) It is a comprehensive treatise on Indian history
1. Which language is considered the liturgical Answer: b) It is a comprehensive treatise on

language of Hinduism? Sanskrit grammar

Topic 5: Evolution of Other Indian Languages: Tamil, Marathi, Hindi, etc.
I. Introduction
● India is a multilingual country with a rich linguistic diversity. The country is home to over 122 major
languages and 1599 other languages, encompassing a wide range of linguistic families and
dialects. This linguistic diversity is attributed to India's long history, cultural influences, and
geographical variations.
● Apart from Sanskrit, several other languages have evolved and flourished in India. Sanskrit, the
ancient language of India, holds a prominent place in the country's cultural and literary heritage.
However, many other languages have emerged and developed alongside Sanskrit, each
contributing to India's linguistic tapestry. These languages include Tamil, Telugu, Kannada,
Malayalam, Marathi, Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Punjabi, Oriya, and Urdu, among others. Each of
these languages has its own unique history, grammar, vocabulary, and literature, reflecting the
diverse cultural and regional identities of India.
II. Tamil Language
● Tamil, a member of the Dravidian language family, is primarily spoken in the state of Tamil Nadu,
India, and in Sri Lanka.
● Its literary tradition is extensive and dates back to the Sangam era, which spanned from
approximately 300 BCE to 300 CE.
● The influence of Tamil can be observed in other languages, such as Malayalam and Kannada.
III. Marathi Language
● Marathi, an Indo-Aryan language, predominantly spoken in the western Indian state of

Maharashtra, has a captivating history and a vibrant cultural significance. With over 90 million
native speakers, it ranks among the most widely spoken languages in India.
● The origins of Marathi can be traced back to the 10th century CE when it emerged as a distinct
language from its parent language, Prakrit. Over the centuries, Marathi has been influenced by
various linguistic and cultural factors, including Sanskrit, Persian, and Urdu, resulting in its unique
and rich vocabulary.
● The Marathi language possesses a rich literary tradition that dates back to the medieval period.
Renowned Marathi saints and poets like Tukaram and Namdev, known for their soulful devotional
compositions, have played a pivotal role in shaping Marathi literature. Their works, characterized
by profound spiritual insights and poetic brilliance, have left an indelible mark on Marathi culture
and continue to be revered by Marathi speakers to this day.
IV. Hindi Language
● Hindi is an Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken in the northern region of India.

● It emerged as a distinct language in the 10th century of the Common Era.
● Hindi has been designated as the official language of India and possesses a rich literary heritage.
V. Other Indian Languages
● Other significant Indian languages include Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Gujarati, Punjabi,
Bengali, and Urdu.

● Each language possesses a distinctive script, grammatical structure, and literary legacy.
VI. Language Evolution
● Indian languages have evolved through a complex process of assimilation, adaptation, and
innovation. This process has been influenced by a variety of factors, including:
○ Language contact: Indian languages have come into contact with a wide range of other
languages throughout history. This contact has resulted in the borrowing of words, phrases,
and grammatical structures from other languages. For example, many Indian languages
have borrowed words from Persian, Arabic, and English.
○ Migration: Migration has also played a role in the evolution of Indian languages. As people
have moved from one region of India to another, they have brought their own languages
with them. This has led to the development of new dialects and languages.
○ Cultural exchange: Cultural exchange has also contributed to the evolution of Indian
languages. As people from different cultures have interacted with each other, they have
shared their ideas and values. This has led to the development of new words and
expressions that reflect the changing cultural landscape of India.
● The evolution of Indian languages has had a profound impact on Indian society. Languages are a
key part of culture, and they play an important role in shaping people's identities. The evolution of
Indian languages has therefore contributed to the development of a unique and diverse Indian
culture.
VII. Language and Culture
● Language is deeply connected to culture, identity, and community. It serves as a powerful tool for
expressing thoughts, emotions, and experiences, and it shapes our worldview and understanding
of reality. Language is not merely a means of communication but also an integral part of our cultural
heritage and identity. It reflects the values, beliefs, and practices of a particular group of people
and contributes to a sense of belonging and shared history.
● Indian languages reflect the country's cultural diversity and richness. India is home to a plethora of
languages, each with its distinct vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. These languages have
evolved over centuries, influenced by various historical, geographical, and cultural factors. The
diversity of Indian languages mirrors the country's long and complex history, geprägt by invasions,
migrations, and the interaction of different ethnic groups.
1. Which language family does Tamil belong to? c) Mauryan era

a) Indo-Aryan d) Gupta era
b) Dravidian
c) Austroasiatic Answer: a) Sangam era
d) Tibeto-Burman
3. Which saint's works are considered a
Answer: b) Dravidian significant part of Marathi literature?
a) Tukaram
2. What is the name of the era during which Tamil b) Namdev
literature flourished? c) Kabir
a) Sangam era d) Both a and b
b) Vedic era Answer: d) Both a and b

c) Kannada
4. What is the official language of India? d) Malayalam
a) Hindi
b) English Answer: a) Tamil
c) Sanskrit
d) Tamil 8. What is the name of the script used to write
Hindi?
Answer: a) Hindi a) Devanagari
b) Tamil script
5. Which language is spoken mainly in c) Roman script
Maharashtra? d) Urdu script
a) Marathi
b) Gujarati Answer: a) Devanagari
c) Hindi
d) Urdu 9. Which language has influenced other
languages like Malayalam and Kannada?
Answer: a) Marathi a) Tamil
b) Telugu
6. What is the process through which Indian c) Kannada
languages have evolved? d) Malayalam
a) Assimilation, adaptation, and innovation
b) Language contact, migration, and cultural Answer: a) Tamil
exchange
c) Both a and b 10. What is the significance of language in Indian
d) Neither a nor b culture?
a) It reflects cultural diversity and richness
Answer: c) Both a and b b) It has no connection to culture
c) It is a barrier to cultural exchange
7. Which language is spoken mainly in Tamil d) It is a tool for political domination
Nadu and Sri Lanka? Answer: a) It reflects cultural diversity and
a) Tamil richness
b) Telugu

Topic 6: Ancient Indian Education System: Gurukul System
Introduction
The Gurukul system was an ancient Indian education system where students lived with their guru (teacher)
in a secluded ashram or hermitage, devoting themselves to learning and spiritual growth. This system dates
back to the Vedic period (1500 BCE - 500 BCE) and flourished until the 12th century CE.
Key Features
1. Residential Learning: Students resided with their guru, immersing themselves in a disciplined and
focused learning environment.
2. Holistic Education: The curriculum encompassed Vedic studies, philosophy, spirituality, physical
education, and vocational skills.
3. Guru-Shishya Parampara: The guru-shishya (teacher-disciple) relationship was sacred, emphasizing

mutual respect, trust, and devotion.
4. Self-Sufficiency: Gurukuls were often self-sufficient, with students contributing to daily chores and
agricultural work.
5. No Formal Exams: Students were assessed through continuous evaluation and observation.
Objectives
1. Character Building: Developing virtues like discipline, humility, and compassion.
2. Knowledge Acquisition: Mastering various subjects and skills.
3. Spiritual Growth: Cultivating self-awareness, introspection, and connection with the divine.
4. Community Service: Fostering social responsibility and community involvement.
Decline and Legacy
The Gurukul system declined with the advent of foreign invasions, urbanization, and modernization.
However, its legacy continues to inspire modern education systems, emphasizing the importance of:
1. Teacher-student relationships
2. Holistic learning
3. Community involvement
4. Character building

1. What was the primary location of ancient Indian a) Vedic period
Gurukuls? b) Mauryan period
a) Urban centers c) Gupta period
b) Secluded ashrams d) Mughal period
c) Royal courts
d) Temples Correct answer: a) Vedic period
Correct answer: b) Secluded ashrams 3. What was the core of the Guru-Shishya
Parampara?
2. Which period saw the flourishing of the Gurukul a) Formal exams
system? b) Mutual respect and trust

c) Strict discipline a) Emphasis on formal exams

d) Academic competition b) Focus on vocational training
c) Importance of teacher-student relationships
Correct answer: b) Mutual respect and trust d) Prioritization of academic competition
4. What was the primary objective of Gurukul Correct answer: c) Importance of teacher-student
education? relationships
a) Academic excellence
b) Character building 8. What was the curriculum of the Gurukul
c) Vocational training system?
d) Spiritual growth a) Only Vedic studies
b) Only physical education
Correct answer: b) Character building c) Holistic education
d) Only vocational skills
5. How were students assessed in the Gurukul
system? Correct answer: c) Holistic education
a) Through formal exams
b) Continuous evaluation 9. What was the role of students in the Gurukul
c) Peer review system?
d) Self-assessment a) Only learning
b) Contributing to daily chores
Correct answer: b) Continuous evaluation c) Participating in administrative tasks
d) Both b and c
6. What contributed to the decline of the Gurukul
system? Correct answer: d) Both b and c
a) Foreign invasions
b) Urbanization 10. What was the duration of stay in a Gurukul?
c) Modernization a) Few months
d) All of the above b) Few years
c) Entire life
Correct answer: d) All of the above d) Varies depending on the individual
7. What is the legacy of the Gurukul system? Correct answer: b) Few years

Topic 7: Ancient Indian Mathematics: Overview and Contributions
Introduction
Ancient Indian mathematics has a rich and fascinating history, spanning over 4000 years. Indian
mathematicians made significant contributions to various branches of mathematics, including arithmetic,
geometry, algebra, and trigonometry. Their discoveries and innovations had a profound impact on the
development of mathematics worldwide.
Key Contributions
1. Decimal System: Indians developed the decimal system, using zero as a placeholder and a number in
its own right.
2. Arithmetic Operations: Ancient Indians devised efficient methods for arithmetic operations like
multiplication, division, and square root extraction.
3. Geometry: Indian mathematicians made significant contributions to geometry, including the concept of
zero, the Pythagorean theorem, and the calculation of pi (π).
4. Algebra: Indians developed algebraic methods for solving linear and quadratic equations.
5. Trigonometry: Ancient Indians made significant contributions to trigonometry, including the concept of
sine, cosine, and tangent.
Notable Mathematicians
1. Aryabhata (476 CE): Made significant contributions to arithmetic, geometry, and trigonometry.
2. Brahmagupta (598 CE): Developed the concept of zero and wrote extensively on algebra and arithmetic.
3. Bhaskara (1114 CE): Made significant contributions to algebra, arithmetic, and geometry.
4. Madhava (1350 CE): Developed the concept of infinite series and made significant contributions to
trigonometry.
Legacy
Ancient Indian mathematics had a profound impact on the development of mathematics worldwide. Their
discoveries and innovations were transmitted to the Middle East, Europe, and other parts of Asia through
trade, cultural exchange, and translation.
1. Who is credited with developing the decimal b) It was used as a number in its own right
system? c) It was used only for geometric calculations
a) Aryabhata d) It was not used at all
b) Brahmagupta
c) Indians in general Correct answer: b) It was used as a number in its
d) None of the above own right
Correct answer: c) Indians in general 3. Who wrote extensively on algebra and

arithmetic?
2. What was the significance of the concept of a) Aryabhata
zero in ancient Indian mathematics? b) Brahmagupta
a) It was used only as a placeholder c) Bhaskara

d) Madhava b) It was used for solving quadratic equations

c) It was used for calculating pi (π)
Correct answer: b) Brahmagupta d) It was not used at all
4. What was the contribution of Madhava to Correct answer: a) It was used only for geometric
mathematics? calculations
a) Development of the decimal system
b) Concept of infinite series 8. Who developed efficient methods for arithmetic
c) Solution of quadratic equations operations like multiplication and division?
d) Calculation of pi (π) a) Aryabhata
b) Brahmagupta
Correct answer: b) Concept of infinite series c) Indians in general
d) None of the above
5. How did ancient Indian mathematics influence
the development of mathematics worldwide? Correct answer: c) Indians in general
a) Through trade and cultural exchange
b) Through translation and transmission 9. What was the contribution of Bhaskara to
c) Through conquest and colonization mathematics?
d) Both a and b a) Development of the decimal system
b) Concept of zero
Correct answer: d) Both a and b c) Solution of linear and quadratic equations
d) Calculation of pi (π)
6. What was the name of the famous Indian
mathematician who made significant Correct answer: c) Solution of linear and
contributions to arithmetic, geometry, and quadratic equations
trigonometry?
a) Aryabhata 10. What was the name of the ancient Indian
b) Brahmagupta mathematician who calculated the value of pi (π)
c) Bhaskara accurately?
d) Madhava a) Aryabhata
b) Brahmagupta
Correct answer: a) Aryabhata c) Bhaskara
d) Madhava
7. What was the significance of the Pythagorean
theorem in ancient Indian mathematics? Correct answer: a) Aryabhata
a) It was used only for geometric calculations

Topic 8: Ancient Indian Astronomy and Astrology: Overview and Contributions
I. Introduction
 The annals of Ancient Indian astronomy and astrology are replete with a rich history, tracing its
origins back to the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished from 3300 to 1300 BCE.
 A sophisticated understanding of celestial bodies and their movements was developed.
II. Key Contributors
 Aryabhata (476 CE): Postulated a heliocentric model, precisely estimated pi and the Earth's
circumference.
 Varahamihira (505 CE): Authored Pancha Siddhantika, an extensive treatise on astronomy.
 Bhaskara (1114 CE): Made notable advancements in the fields of mathematics and astronomy.
III. Contributions
 Created and developed the concept of zero and the decimal system.
 Accurately predicted solar and lunar eclipses.
 Recognized and identified 27 nakshatras (lunar mansions) and 12 zodiac signs.
 Developed Jyotish Shastra, an astrology system.
IV. Texts
 Rigveda (1500 BCE): Includes references to astronomical phenomena.

 Mahabharata (400 BCE): Encompasses descriptions of celestial bodies and their movements.
 Surya Siddhanta (400 CE): Constitutes a comprehensive treatise on astronomy.
V. Legacy
 Influenced Islamic and European astronomy:
The influence of Indian astronomy on Islamic and European astronomy cannot be overstated. Indian
astronomers made significant contributions to the field of astronomy, including developing new methods for
calculating planetary positions, tracking celestial objects, and measuring time. Their work was translated
into Arabic and later into Latin, making it accessible to scholars throughout the Islamic world and Europe.
This knowledge played a vital role in the development of astronomy in these regions, leading to
advancements in navigation, cartography, and the understanding of the universe.
 Continues to shape Indian culture and spirituality:
Indian astrology is an ancient practice that continues to hold great significance in Indian culture and
spirituality. It is deeply rooted in Hindu religious beliefs and customs, and is often used to predict auspicious
dates for marriages, festivals, and other important events. Indian astrology is also used to create
personalized birth charts, which can provide insights into an individual's personality, strengths, and
weaknesses. Many Indians consult astrologers for guidance on important decisions, such as choosing a
career path or finding a suitable marriage partner.

1. Who proposed the heliocentric model in d) Brahmagupta
ancient India?
a) Aryabhata Answer: a) Aryabhata
b) Varahamihira
c) Bhaskara 2. Which text is attributed to Varahamihira?

a) Pancha Siddhantika d) Brahmagupta

b) Surya Siddhanta
c) Rigveda Answer: b) Bhaskara
d) Mahabharata
7. What is the name of the comprehensive
Answer: a) Pancha Siddhantika astronomy text attributed to Bhaskara?
a) Surya Siddhanta
3. What is the name of the system of astrology b) Pancha Siddhantika
developed in ancient India? c) Siddhanta Siromani
a) Jyotish Shastra d) Brahmasphuta Siddhanta
b) Hindu Astrology
c) Vedic Astrology Answer: c) Siddhanta Siromani
d) Indian Astronomy
8. Ancient Indian astronomy and astrology
Answer: a) Jyotish Shastra influenced which of the following?
a) Islamic astronomy
4. How many nakshatras (lunar mansions) were b) European astronomy
identified in ancient Indian astronomy? c) Chinese astronomy
a) 12 d) All of the above
b) 24
c) 27 Answer: d) All of the above
d) 36
9. Which of the following is NOT a contribution
Answer: c) 27 of ancient Indian astronomy?
a) Concept of zero and decimal system
5. Which ancient Indian text contains b) Accurate prediction of solar and lunar
astronomical references? eclipses
a) Rigveda c) Identification of 27 nakshatras
b) Mahabharata d) Development of telescope
c) Ramayana
d) Bhagavad Gita Answer: d) Development of telescope
Answer: a) Rigveda 10. What is the approximate date of the Indus

Valley Civilization?
6. Who made significant contributions to a) 3300-1300 BCE
mathematics and astronomy in the 12th b) 2500-1500 BCE
century? c) 1500-500 BCE
a) Aryabhata d) 500 BCE-500 CE
b) Bhaskara
c) Varahamihira Answer: a) 3300-1300 BCE

Topic 9 : Charak and Sushrut Samhita, Ayurveda: Principles and Practices
Introduction
Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, has its roots in the Vedic period. The Charak Samhita
and Sushrut Samhita are two foundational texts of Ayurveda, written by the renowned physicians Charak
and Sushrut, respectively. These texts outline the principles and practices of Ayurveda, emphasizing a
holistic approach to health and wellness.
Principles of Ayurveda
1. Panchamahabhuta: The universe is composed of five fundamental elements - earth, water, fire, air, and
ether.
2. Tridosha: The human body is governed by three fundamental energies - Vata, Pitta, and Kapha.
3. Agni: Digestive fire is essential for nutrient absorption and overall health.
4. Ahara, Vihara, and Ausadha: Diet, lifestyle, and medicine are the three pillars of Ayurvedic treatment.
Practices of Ayurveda
1. Diagnosis: Ayurvedic diagnosis involves pulse examination, tongue analysis, and physical examination.
2. Treatment: Ayurvedic treatment includes herbal medicine, panchakarma (detoxification), and rasayana
(rejuvenation).
3. Panchakarma: Five detoxification procedures - emesis, purgation, enema, nasal cleansing, and
bloodletting.
4. Rasayana: Rejuvenation therapies for physical and mental well-being.
Contributions of Charak and Sushrut

Charak Samhita:
● Charaka Samhita classified diseases into eight categories based on dosha imbalances.
● It emphasized preventive medicine, advocating for a holistic approach to health and avoiding
harmful habits.
● The concept of agni, or digestive power, was introduced, describing its role in digestion,
metabolism, immunity, and overall health.
Sushrut Samhita:
● Developed a system for classifying surgical instruments, enabling efficient organization and
identification.
● Described surgical procedures for various diseases, providing detailed instructions for accuracy
and safety.
● Emphasized hygiene and sterilization to prevent infections and ensure patient safety.

1. Who wrote the Charak Samhita? Correct answer: a) Charak
a) Charak
b) Sushrut 2. What is the concept of Agni in Ayurveda?
c) Vagbhata a) Digestive fire
d) Atreya b) Respiratory system
c) Circulatory system

d) Nervous system
Correct answer: b) Rejuvenation therapies
Correct answer: a) Digestive fire
7. What is the significance of Ahara in Ayurveda?
3. What are the three fundamental energies in a) Diet
Ayurveda? b) Lifestyle
a) Vata, Pitta, Kapha c) Medicine
b) Earth, Water, Fire d) All of the above
c) Air, Ether, Agni
d) Ahara, Vihara, Ausadha Correct answer: d) All of the above
Correct answer: a) Vata, Pitta, Kapha 8. Who classified diseases into eight categories?
a) Charak
4. What is Panchakarma in Ayurveda? b) Sushrut
a) Detoxification procedures c) Vagbhata
b) Rejuvenation therapies d) Atreya
c) Surgical procedures
d) Herbal medicine Correct answer: a) Charak
Correct answer: a) Detoxification procedures 9. What is the concept of Tridosha in Ayurveda?

a) Three fundamental elements
5. Who emphasized the importance of hygiene b) Three fundamental energies
and sterilization in surgery? c) Three types of diseases
a) Charak d) Three types of treatment
b) Sushrut
c) Vagbhata Correct answer: b) Three fundamental energies
d) Atreya
10. What is the significance of Vihara in
Correct answer: b) Sushrut Ayurveda?
a) Diet
6. What is Rasayana in Ayurveda? b) Lifestyle
a) Detoxification procedures c) Medicine
b) Rejuvenation therapies d) All of the above
c) Surgical procedures
d) Herbal medicine Correct answer: b) Lifestyle

Topic 10 & 11 : Ancient Indian Architecture: Vastu Shastra and Temple Architecture
Introduction
Ancient Indian architecture is a rich and diverse field, encompassing various styles, techniques, and
philosophies. Two significant aspects of ancient Indian architecture are Vastu Shastra and Temple
Architecture.
Vastu Shastra
Vastu Shastra is an ancient Indian philosophy that deals with the science of architecture and construction.
It emphasizes the importance of harmony between built structures and the natural environment.
Key Principles:
1. Orientation: Buildings should be oriented according to the cardinal directions (north, south, east, west).
2. Site Selection: Sites should be selected based on topography, soil quality, and environmental factors.
3. Building Design: Buildings should be designed to balance the five elements (earth, water, fire, air,
ether).
4. Proportions: Buildings should adhere to proportional guidelines to ensure aesthetic appeal.
Temple Architecture
Temple architecture in ancient India was deeply rooted in Vastu Shastra and spiritual beliefs.
Key Features:
1. Garbhagriha (Sanctum Sanctorum): The innermost shrine housing the deity.
2. Mandapa (Hall): A columned hall for devotees to gather.
3. Shikhara (Tower): A towering structure above the Garbhagriha.
4. Vimanam (Dome): A dome-shaped structure above the Shikhara.
Regional Styles:
1. Nagara Style (North India): Characterized by Shikhara and Vimanam.
2. Dravida Style (South India): Characterized by Gopurams (towers) and Vimanas.
3. Vesara Style (Central India): A blend of Nagara and Dravida styles.

1. What is the primary focus of Vastu Shastra?
a) Aesthetic appeal Correct answer: d) Color scheme
b) Structural stability
c) Environmental harmony 3. What is the significance of the Garbhagriha in
d) Economic efficiency temple architecture?
a) It houses the deity
Correct answer: c) Environmental harmony b) It is a columned hall
c) It is a towering structure
2. Which of the following is NOT a principle of d) It is a dome-shaped structure
Vastu Shastra?
a) Orientation Correct answer: a) It houses the deity
b) Site selection
c) Building design 4. Which regional style is characterized by
d) Color scheme Gopurams?

a) Nagara d) It houses the deity

b) Dravida
c) Vesara Correct answer: b) It is a towering structure
d) None of the above above the Garbhagriha
Correct answer: b) Dravida 1. Which of the following is NOT a regional style

of temple architecture?
5. What is the name of the columned hall in a) Nagara
temple architecture? b) Dravida
a) Mandapa c) Vesara
b) Garbhagriha d) Gothic
c) Shikhara
d) Vimanam Correct answer: d) Gothic
Correct answer: a) Mandapa 1. What is the name of the dome-shaped

structure above the Shikhara?
1. Which of the following is a key feature of a) Vimanam
Nagara style temple architecture? b) Mandapa
a) Gopurams c) Garbhagriha
b) Shikhara and Vimanam d) Shikhara
c) Mandapa
d) Garbhagriha Correct answer: a) Vimanam
Correct answer: b) Shikhara and Vimanam 1. Which of the following is a key principle of
Vastu Shastra?
1. What is the significance of the Shikhara in a) Building design should be symmetrical
temple architecture? b) Buildings should be oriented according to the
a) It is a columned hall cardinal directions
b) It is a towering structure above the c) Sites should be selected based on
Garbhagriha topography
c) It is a dome-shaped structure d) All of the above
Correct answer: d) All of the above

Topic 12: Trade and Commerce in Ancient India
Introduction
Ancient India was a hub of trade and commerce, with a strong network of merchants, traders, and artisans.
The country's strategic location, natural resources, and cultural diversity made it an attractive center for
trade and commerce.
Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1300 BCE)

- Trade networks with Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Central Asia
- Exported goods: cotton, textiles, pottery, and metals
- Imported goods: precious stones, metals, and grains
Vedic Period (1500-500 BCE)

- Trade and commerce expanded through the Ganges Valley
- Emergence of guilds and trade associations
- Development of coinage and banking systems
Mauryan Empire (322-185 BCE)

- Extensive trade networks with Central Asia, China, and Southeast Asia
- Establishment of a uniform system of weights, measures, and currency
- Encouragement of trade and commerce through state patronage
Gupta Empire (320-550 CE)

- Golden age of Indian trade and commerce
- Extensive trade networks with the Mediterranean, China, and Southeast Asia
- Development of new industries like textiles, sugar, and paper
Key Features of Ancient Indian Trade and Commerce

- Strong network of merchants, traders, and artisans
- Development of guilds and trade associations
- Use of coinage and banking systems
- State patronage and encouragement of trade and commerce
- Extensive trade networks with neighboring countries and regions
1. Which civilization had trade networks with a) Vedic Period

Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Central Asia? b) Mauryan Empire
a) Indus Valley Civilization c) Gupta Empire
b) Vedic Civilization d) Indus Valley Civilization
c) Mauryan Empire
d) Gupta Empire Correct answer: a) Vedic Period
Correct answer: a) Indus Valley Civilization 4. Who established a uniform system of weights,
measures, and currency?
2. What was the primary export of the Indus a) Mauryan Empire
Valley Civilization? b) Gupta Empire
a) Grains c) Vedic Period
b) Precious stones d) Indus Valley Civilization
c) Cotton and textiles
d) Metals Correct answer: a) Mauryan Empire
Correct answer: c) Cotton and textiles 5. Which empire was known for its extensive
trade networks with the Mediterranean, China,
3. Which period saw the emergence of guilds and and Southeast Asia?
trade associations? a) Mauryan Empire

b) Gupta Empire a) They regulated trade and commerce

c) Vedic Period b) They provided training to artisans
d) Indus Valley Civilization c) They facilitated trade networks
d) All of the above
Correct answer: b) Gupta Empire
Correct answer: d) All of the above
6. What was the primary industry developed
during the Gupta Empire? 9. Which of the following was NOT a feature of
a) Textiles ancient Indian trade and commerce?
b) Sugar a) Strong network of merchants, traders, and
c) Paper artisans
d) All of the above b) Development of coinage and banking systems
c) State patronage and encouragement of trade
Correct answer: d) All of the above and commerce
d) Limited trade networks
7. Who encouraged trade and commerce through
state patronage? Correct answer: d) Limited trade networks
a) Mauryan Empire
b) Gupta Empire 10. Who developed new industries like textiles,
c) Vedic Period sugar, and paper?
d) Indus Valley Civilization a) Mauryan Empire
b) Gupta Empire
Correct answer: b) Gupta Empire c) Vedic Period
d) Indus Valley Civilization
8. What was the significance of guilds in ancient
Indian trade and commerce? Correct answer: b) Gupta Empire

Topic 13 & 14: Arthashastra

Introduction
● Arthashastra is an ancient Indian treatise on politics, economics, and governance.
● The title "Arthashastra" translates to "Science of Wealth" or "Economics."
● It is a comprehensive work that covers a wide range of topics, including statecraft, diplomacy,
military strategy, and taxation.
● The text is considered a significant work in the field of political science and economics and has
influenced many subsequent political and economic thought.
● Attributed to Kautilya, also known as Chanakya, a renowned Indian statesman and philosopher
(350-283 BCE).
Key Concepts
1. Seven Prakriti (Elements of the State)
Sovereign:
● Head of state who holds the highest authority and power within a country.
● The sovereign is usually a monarch, such as a king, queen, or emperor, but can also be a president
or other elected official.
Country:
● A political entity that occupies a defined territory and has a government.
● Countries are often divided into smaller administrative units, such as states, provinces, or regions.
Fortress:
● A fortified building or place that is designed to withstand attack.
● Fortresses are often used to protect important assets, such as military bases or government
buildings.
Treasury:
● A government department or agency that is responsible for managing the financial affairs of a
country.
● The treasury is responsible for collecting taxes, issuing currency, and paying government
expenses.
Army:
● The land forces of a country that are responsible for defending the country from attack.
● Armies are typically made up of infantry, armor, artillery, and other support units.
Allies:
● Countries or groups that have agreed to work together for a common purpose.
● Allies often provide military, economic, or political support to each other.
2. Four Branches of Knowledge

● Anvikshiki is the study of philosophy in ancient India.
● Trayi refers to the three Vedas, which are considered sacred texts in Hinduism.
● Varta is the study of economics and trade in ancient India.
● Danda-niti is the study of politics and governance in ancient India.
3. Artha (Economics)
● Agriculture is a broad term that encompasses various activities related to the cultivation of crops
and the rearing of livestock.
● Animal husbandry, a subset of agriculture, focuses specifically on the breeding, care, and
management of domestic animals for various purposes, such as food production, companionship,
and labor.
4. Danda-niti (Politics)
● Law and order refer to a system of rules and regulations that are enforced by the government to
maintain social order and protect citizens' rights.
● Punishment and rewards are two essential components of a law and order system, used to deter
crime and encourage good behavior.
5. Foreign Policy
The six-fold policy offers a comprehensive framework for addressing various geopolitical situations. It
encompasses peace, war, neutrality, alliance, dual policy, and march. Peace signifies tranquility, while war
represents armed conflict. Neutrality allows a country to remain impartial during international conflicts.
Alliances foster strategic partnerships for safeguarding common interests and security. A dual policy

balances peace with military readiness for adaptation to changing circumstances. The march strategy
involves proactive steps to protect national interests and deter threats through military action. This six-fold
policy provides a nuanced approach to international relations, enabling countries to effectively navigate
complex geopolitical landscapes and pursue their goals..
Additional Key Concepts

1. Mandal Theory (Circle of States)
- Friend
- Friend's friend
- Neutral
- Neutral's friend
- Enemy
- Enemy's friend
2. Three Types of Injuries
- Manas (mental)
- Vachik (verbal)
- Kayik (physical)
3. Four Types of Enemies
- Internal
- External
- Both internal and external
- Neither internal nor external

1. Who is the author of Arthashastra? c) Philosophy
a) Kautilya d) Vedic scriptures
b) Chanakya Answer: a) Economics
c) Both a and b
d) None 6. What is the Mandal Theory?
Answer: c) Both a and b a) Circle of Friends
b) Circle of States
2. What does Arthashastra mean? c) Circle of Enemies
a) Science of War d) Circle of Allies
b) Science of Wealth Answer: b) Circle of States
c) Science of Politics
d) Science of Governance 7. How many types of injuries are mentioned in
Answer: b) Science of Wealth Arthashastra?
a) 2
3. How many elements of the state are mentioned b) 3
in Arthashastra? c) 4
a) 5 d) 5
b) 6 Answer: b) 3
c) 7
d) 8 8. How many types of enemies are mentioned in
Answer: c) 7 Arthashastra?
a) 2
4. What is Anvikshiki? b) 3
a) Philosophy c) 4
b) Economics d) 5
c) Politics Answer: c) 4
d) Vedic scriptures
Answer: a) Philosophy 9. What is the six-fold policy in Arthashastra?
a) Peace, war, neutrality, alliance, dual policy,
5. What is Varta? and march
a) Economics b) Peace, war, neutrality, alliance, dual policy,
b) Politics and defense

c) Peace, war, neutrality, alliance, dual policy, a) Vedic scriptures

and attack b) Economics
d) Peace, war, neutrality, alliance, dual policy, c) Politics
and surrender d) Philosophy
Answer: a) Peace, war, neutrality, alliance, dual Answer: a) Vedic scriptures
policy, and march
16. Which of the following is NOT a component of
10. What is the primary focus of Arthashastra? the six-fold policy?
a) Religion a) Peace
b) Economics b) War
c) Politics c) Neutrality
d) Philosophy d) Isolation
Answer: c) Politics Answer: d) Isolation
11. Who was Kautilya? 17. What does the march strategy involve?
a) A renowned Indian statesman and philosopher a) Maintaining peace
b) A famous Indian economist b) Forming alliances
c) A well-known Indian politician c) Remaining neutral
d) A celebrated Indian philosopher d) Taking proactive military action
Answer: a) A renowned Indian statesman and Answer: d) Taking proactive military action
philosopher
18. According to the Mandal Theory, what is the
12. What is the time period of Kautilya? relationship between a friend's friend and an
a) 350-283 BCE enemy?
b) 300-250 BCE a) Friend
c) 250-200 BCE b) Neutral
d) 200-150 BCE c) Enemy
Answer: a) 350-283 BCE d) Enemy's friend
Answer: c) Enemy
13. How many branches of knowledge are
mentioned in Arthashastra? 19. Which type of injury involves physical harm?
a) 3 a) Manas
b) 4 b) Vachik
c) 5 c) Kayik
d) 6 d) Both a and b
Answer: b) 4 Answer: c) Kayik
14. What is Danda-niti? 20. Which of the following is NOT a type of

a) Economics enemy?
b) Politics a) Internal
c) Philosophy b) External
d) Vedic scriptures c) Both internal and external
Answer: b) Politics d) Neither internal nor external
Answer: d) Neither internal nor external
15. What is Trayi?

Topic 15 & 16: Ancient Indian art and culture

Introduction
● Ancient Indian art and culture serve as a vibrant tapestry, reflecting the country's multifaceted
heritage and diverse influences. From the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the world's earliest
civilizations, to the Mughal Empire, India has witnessed a remarkable artistic evolution across the
span of millennia.
● Spanning thousands of years, Indian art and culture have undergone a continuous process of
transformation. Each period and dynasty has left an indelible mark, contributing to the rich tapestry
of India's artistic heritage. From the grandeur of the Mauryan Empire to the intricate carvings of the
Cholas, from the vibrant murals of Ajanta to the breathtaking architecture of the Taj Mahal, Indian
art showcases an astounding range of styles and techniques.
Prehistoric Art (30,000 BCE - 3000 BCE)

● Rock paintings and carvings were created by ancient humans, often depicting animals, hunting
scenes, and symbolic figures. These works served various purposes, including artistic expression,
religious rituals, and storytelling.
Indus Valley Civilization (3300 BCE - 1300 BCE)
● Sculptures, seals, and pottery from the Indus Valley Civilization showcased advanced
craftsmanship and a rich artistic tradition.
○ Stone sculptures, such as the famous Pashupati Seal, depicted deities and mythical
creatures.
○ Intricate seals, made of steatite or terracotta, featured geometric patterns and animal
motifs.
○ Pottery was skillfully crafted, with various shapes, sizes, and decorations.
Vedic Period (1500 BCE - 500 BCE)

The Vedic period, spanning from 1500 BCE to 500 BCE, marked a significant era in Indian history
characterized by the emergence of Vedic literature, philosophy, and the foundation of influential religions
such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.Vedic Literature and Philosophy:
● The Vedic literature, comprising four Vedas (Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda),
formed the basis of religious rituals, sacrifices, and philosophical inquiries.
● The Vedas contain hymns, prayers, and incantations used in various ceremonies and festivals,
providing insights into the religious practices of the period.
● The Rigveda, the oldest and most important Veda, consists of over 10,000 hymns addressed to
various deities, offering glimpses of the early religious beliefs and rituals.
● Vedic philosophy, rooted in the Upanishads, explores profound questions about the nature of
reality, existence, and the soul.
● The Upanishads, philosophical texts embedded within the Vedas, delve into concepts such as
Brahman (the ultimate reality), Atman (the individual soul), and the cyclical nature of existence.
Emergence of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism:
● The Vedic period witnessed the emergence of influential religions that continue to shape Indian
culture and spirituality to this day.
● Hinduism, rooted in the Vedas and Upanishads, evolved from the diverse religious practices and
beliefs prevalent during the time.
● Hinduism emphasizes the concept of dharma (righteous living), karma (action and its
consequences), and moksha (liberation from the cycle of rebirth).
● Buddhism, founded by Gautama Buddha in the 6th century BCE, arose as a response to the
prevailing social and religious norms of the time.

● Buddha's teachings focused on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, emphasizing the
importance of compassion, mindfulness, and the pursuit of enlightenment.
● Jainism, another ancient Indian religion, originated around the same time as Buddhism.
● Jain beliefs revolve around the principles of non-violence (ahimsa), self-control, and the pursuit of
spiritual liberation.
The Vedic period laid the foundation for India's rich cultural and philosophical heritage, contributing to the
development of diverse religions and philosophical traditions that continue to influence millions worldwide.
Mauryan Period (322 BCE - 185 BCE)
● Buddhist art and architecture: A distinctive style characterized by intricate carvings, vibrant colors,
and the representation of significant Buddhist symbols and figures, expressing the teachings and
beliefs of Buddhism.
● Rock-cut caves and stupas: Iconic structures in Buddhist art and architecture. Rock-cut caves,
often found in India, serve as places of meditation and worship, while stupas, dome-shaped
monuments, symbolize the Buddha's teachings and are significant pilgrimage sites.
Gupta Period (320 CE - 550 CE)
● Classical Indian art and architecture thrived during the Gupta period.
● Hinduism and Buddhism experienced significant growth and development.
Medieval Period (600 CE - 1200 CE)
● Islamic influence on Indian art and architecture brought new elements like domes, arches, and
intricate geometric patterns.
● The emergence of regional styles led to the development of distinct architectural traditions in
different parts of India.
Key Concepts
● Indian Aesthetics encompasses the concepts of Rasa (sentiment), Bhava (emotion), and Rupa
(form) to express artistic and aesthetic experiences.
● Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain deities have distinct iconography that includes symbolism and attributes.
● Temple architecture: Temples were built to house deities and provide a place for worship.
● Cave architecture: Caves were carved into rock formations to create living spaces and religious
shrines.
● Stupa architecture: Stupas are hemispherical structures built to enshrine relics of the Buddha or
other holy figures.
Architecture Styles
1. Ajanta and Ellora Caves:
○ Located in Maharashtra, these caves are known for their intricate sculptures and paintings
depicting Buddhist themes.
○ The Ajanta Caves are famous for their mural paintings, while the Ellora Caves are famous
for their rock-cut temples and monasteries.
2. Khajuraho Temples:
○ Located in Madhya Pradesh, these temples are known for their erotic sculptures and
intricate carvings.
○ The temples are dedicated to various Hindu deities and are a UNESCO World Heritage
Site.
3. Konark Sun Temple:
○ Located in Odisha, this temple is dedicated to the Hindu god Surya and is known for its
intricate carvings and architectural beauty.

○
The temple is shaped like a giant chariot with 12 pairs of wheels and 7 horses, and is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
4. Meenakshi Amman Temple:
○ Located in Tamil Nadu, this temple is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Meenakshi and is
known for its colorful gopurams and intricate sculptures.
○ The temple is a major pilgrimage site and is one of the largest temple complexes in India.
Multiple choice Questions:

1. What is the earliest evidence of Indian art? c) Rupa
a) Indus Valley Civilization d) All of the above
b) Vedic Period
c) Rock paintings and carvings Answer: d) All of the above
d) Mauryan Period
7. What is the significance of iconography in
Answer: c) Rock paintings and carvings Indian art?
a) Representation of deities
2. Which civilization is known for its b) Symbolism and attributes
sophisticated urban planning? c) Use of colors
a) Indus Valley Civilization d) Use of shapes
b) Vedic Period
c) Mauryan Period Answer: b) Symbolism and attributes
d) Gupta Period
8. What is the characteristic feature of Indian
Answer: a) Indus Valley Civilization temple architecture?
a) Use of arches
3. What is the significance of the Vedic Period? b) Use of domes
a) Emergence of Hinduism, Buddhism, and c) Use of shikharas
Jainism d) Use of minarets
b) Development of Indian art and architecture
c) Beginning of the Mauryan Empire Answer: c) Use of shikharas
d) End of the Gupta Empire
9. Which style emerged during the Medieval
Answer: a) Emergence of Hinduism, Buddhism, Period?
and Jainism a) Islamic style
b) Hindu style
4. What is the characteristic feature of Mauryan c) Buddhist style
art? d) Jain style
a) Use of stone
b) Use of metal Answer: a) Islamic style
c) Use of wood
d) Use of brick 10. What is the term for the sentiment or
emotion conveyed in Indian art?
Answer: a) Use of stone a) Rasa
b) Bhava
5. Which period is known as the "Golden Age" of c) Rupa
Indian art and culture? d) Dhvani
a) Mauryan Period
b) Gupta Period Answer: a) Rasa
c) Medieval Period
d) Vedic Period 11. Which caves are famous for their Buddhist
rock-cut architecture?
Answer: b) Gupta Period a) Ajanta and Ellora Caves
b) Khajuraho Temples
6. What is the term for Indian aesthetics? c) Konark Sun Temple
a) Rasa d) Meenakshi Amman Temple
b) Bhava

Answer: a) Ajanta and Ellora Caves

17. What is the purpose of temple architecture in
12. Which temple is known for its erotic India?
sculptures?
(a) To house deities and provide a place for
a) Khajuraho Temples
b) Konark Sun Temple worship
c) Meenakshi Amman Temple (b) To provide living spaces for monks and
d) Kailasa Temple priests
(c) To serve as a public gathering place
Answer: a) Khajuraho Temples (d) All of the above
13. Which style is characterized by the use of

Correct Answer: (A) To house deities and
arches and domes?
a) Islamic style provide a place for worship
b) Hindu style
c) Buddhist style 18. Which of the following architectural styles is
d) Jain style known for its intricate sculptures and paintings
depicting Buddhist themes?
Answer: a) Islamic style (a) Ajanta and Ellora Caves
(b) Khajuraho Temples
14. What is the term for the attribute or symbol
associated with a deity? (c) Konark Sun Temple
a) Rasa (d) Meenakshi Amman Temple
b) Bhava
c) Rupa Correct Answer: (A) Ajanta and Ellora Caves
d) Lakshana
19. Which of the following temples is dedicated
Answer: d) Lakshana
to the Hindu god Surya and is known for its
15. Which of the following is not a key concept intricate carvings and architectural beauty?
of Indian Aesthetics? (a) Ajanta and Ellora Caves
(a) Rasa (b) Khajuraho Temples
(b) Bhava (c) Konark Sun Temple
(c) Rupa (d) Meenakshi Amman Temple
(d) Karma
Correct Answer: (C) Konark Sun Temple
Correct Answer: (D) Karma
20. Which of the following temples is a major
16. Which of the following deities has distinct pilgrimage site and is one of the largest temple
iconography that includes symbolism and complexes in India?
attributes? (a) Ajanta and Ellora Caves
(a) Hindu deities (b) Khajuraho Temples
(b) Buddhist deities (c) Konark Sun Temple
(c) Jain deities (d) Meenakshi Amman Temple
(d) All of the above
Correct Answer: (D) Meenakshi Amman Temple
Correct Answer: (D) All of the above

Topic 17 & 18 : Ancient Indian Music and Dance
I. Introduction
● Music and dance have been an integral part of Indian culture since ancient times, with evidence of
their existence dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization. These art forms have played a significant
role in religious ceremonies, social gatherings, and storytelling. Ancient Indian music and dance
were closely intertwined, with music providing the rhythmic foundation for dance movements.
● Ancient Indian music was characterized by a rich melodic structure, complex rhythmic patterns,
and the use of various instruments. The veena, a stringed instrument, was a popular choice for
classical music, while percussion instruments like the tabla and mridangam added rhythmic depth.
Dance in ancient India was highly expressive, with intricate hand gestures and footwork. Dancers
often adorned themselves with elaborate costumes and jewelry to enhance their performances.
● Over time, ancient Indian music and dance evolved, influenced by various cultural and historical
factors. The arrival of Buddhism and Jainism introduced new musical and dance forms that
reflected the teachings and philosophies of these religions. Additionally, trade and cultural
exchanges with other regions, such as Persia and Central Asia, brought new musical instruments
and dance styles to India.
● During the medieval period, Indian music and dance flourished under the patronage of royal courts
and wealthy patrons. This era saw the development of new genres of music, such as dhrupad and
khyal, which showcased the virtuosity of musicians and vocalists. Dance forms like kathak,
bharatanatyam, and odissi gained prominence and became associated with specific regions of
India.
● In contemporary times, ancient Indian music and dance continue to inspire and influence modern
art forms. Many contemporary musicians and dancers draw inspiration from traditional ragas,
rhythms, and dance movements to create innovative and captivating works of art. Ancient Indian
music and dance have also gained international recognition and appreciation, captivating
audiences worldwide with their timeless beauty and cultural significance.
II. Ancient Indian Music
● Originated in the Vedic period (1500 BCE - 500 BCE): Ancient Indian music has its roots in the
Vedic period, a time of great intellectual and spiritual development in India. The Vedas, the oldest
scriptures of Hinduism, contain references to music, indicating its significance in religious rituals
and ceremonies.
● Mentioned in the Vedas, Upanishads, and other ancient texts: The Vedas, the Upanishads, and
other ancient Indian texts provide valuable insights into the nature and evolution of ancient Indian
music. These texts describe the use of music in religious rituals, the development of musical
instruments, and the significance of music in the spiritual lives of ancient Indians.
● Types of ancient Indian music:
○ Sama Saptaka (7 musical notes): The Sama Saptaka refers to the seven musical notes
(swaras) used in ancient Indian music. These notes correspond to the syllables Sa, Re,
Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, and Ni, each representing a specific pitch and frequency.
○ Jatis (melodic modes): Jatis are melodic modes that define the structure and framework of
ancient Indian music. Each Jati consists of a unique combination of musical notes and
intervals, creating distinct melodic patterns.
○ Ragas (melodic patterns): Ragas are melodic patterns that form the core of ancient Indian
music. They are characterized by specific note combinations, rhythmic patterns, and

emotional expressions. Each Raga evokes a unique mood or sentiment, making it an

important aspect of Indian classical music.
III. Ancient Indian Dance
● Originated in the Indus Valley Civilization (3300 BCE - 1300 BCE):

○ The Indus Valley Civilization, one of the world's earliest civilizations, flourished in the basins
of the Indus River in what is now Pakistan and Western India.
○ Archaeological evidence suggests that dance was an integral part of life in the Indus Valley,
with depictions of dancing figures found on seals, pottery, and other artifacts.
○ These depictions indicate that dance was performed for religious, ceremonial, and
entertainment purposes.
● Mentioned in the Natya Shastra (200 BCE - 200 CE):
○ The Natya Shastra is an ancient Indian treatise on the performing arts, written by Bharata
Muni.
○ This text provides detailed instructions on dance, music, drama, and other aspects of
performance.
○ It describes different dance forms, their techniques, and their aesthetic principles.
○ The Natya Shastra is considered a foundational text for Indian dance and is still studied
and referenced by dancers today.
● Types of ancient Indian dance:
○ Bharatanatyam:
■ Bharatanatyam is one of the oldest and most popular classical dance forms of
India.
■ It originated in the temples of Tamil Nadu and is characterized by graceful, fluid
movements and expressive facial expressions.
■ Bharatanatyam is traditionally performed by female dancers and is known for its
intricate footwork and rhythmic patterns.
○ Kathak:
■ Kathak is another classical dance form that originated in North India.
■ It is characterized by fast, intricate footwork and graceful hand movements.
■ Kathak is traditionally performed by male dancers and is often accompanied by
storytelling and mime.
○ Odissi:
■ Odissi is a classical dance form that originated in the state of Odisha.
■ It is characterized by its lyrical grace and elegant movements.
■ Odissi is traditionally performed by female dancers and is known for its
sculpturesque poses and expressive eyes.
○ Mohiniyattam:
■ Mohiniyattam is a classical dance form that originated in the state of Kerala.
■ It is characterized by its soft, flowing movements and graceful hand gestures.
■ Mohiniyattam is traditionally performed by female dancers and is known for its
sensuousness and beauty.
IV. Instruments
● Ancient Indian Instruments:

○ Veena:
■ The veena is a stringed instrument that has been played in India for centuries.
■ It is typically made of wood and has a long, narrow body with a rounded bottom.
■ The veena has four or five strings that are plucked with a plectrum.
■ It is often used in classical Indian music and is known for its rich, resonant sound.
○ Flute:
■ The flute is a wind instrument that has been played in India for centuries.
■ It is typically made of bamboo or wood and has a long, hollow body with a
mouthpiece at one end.
■ The flute is played by blowing air across the mouthpiece, which causes the air
inside the body to vibrate and produce sound.
■ It is often used in folk music and is known for its sweet, melodious sound.
○ Drum:
■ The drum is a percussion instrument that has been played in India for centuries.
■ It is typically made of wood or animal skin and has a round, hollow body with a
drumhead at one end.
■ The drum is played by striking the drumhead with a stick or hand.
■ It is often used in religious ceremonies and festivals and is known for its powerful,
rhythmic sound.
○ Cymbals:
■ Cymbals are percussion instruments that have been played in India for centuries.
■ They are typically made of metal and have two round, concave plates that are
struck together to produce sound.
■ Cymbals are often used in classical Indian music and are known for their bright,
shimmering sound.
V. Contribution of Ancient Indian Music and Dance:
A. Influenced Indian Classical Music and Dance:

● Ancient Indian music and dance significantly influenced the development and refinement of Indian
classical music and dance forms.
● The rhythmic intricacies of ancient Indian music, such as tala and taal, laid the foundation for the
complex rhythmic patterns found in Indian classical music and dance today.
● The melodic structures of ancient Indian music, characterized by ragas and raginis, provided a rich
melodic vocabulary for Indian classical musicians and dancers to explore and interpret.
● The movements and gestures of ancient Indian dance, rooted in the Natya Shastra, established
the foundation for the expressive and symbolic gestures (mudras) used in Indian classical dance
forms.
B. Spread to Southeast Asia and Other Parts of the World:
● The influence of ancient Indian music and dance extended beyond the borders of India, spreading
to Southeast Asia and other parts of the world.
● Ancient Indian musical instruments, such as the sitar, tabla, and mridangam, were adopted by
musicians in Southeast Asian countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, where they became
integral parts of local musical traditions.
● Indian dance forms, such as Bharatanatyam and Odissi, were also embraced by dancers in
Southeast Asia, leaving a lasting impact on the region's performing arts.
● The influence of ancient Indian music and dance can also be seen in the music and dance traditions

of countries like Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, where elements of Indian classical music and
dance have been incorporated into local forms.

1. When did ancient Indian music originate? Answer: b) Gupta Empire
a) Vedic period (1500 BCE - 500 BCE)
b) Indus Valley Civilization (3300 BCE - 1300 7. What is the name of the melodic modes in
BCE) ancient Indian music?
c) Mauryan Empire (322 BCE - 185 BCE) a) Jatis
d) Gupta Empire (320 CE - 550 CE) b) Ragas
c) Tala
Answer: a) Vedic period (1500 BCE - 500 BCE) d) Sama Saptaka
2. Which ancient text mentions ancient Indian Answer: a) Jatis

music?
a) Vedas 8. Which ancient Indian dance is known for its
b) Upanishads intricate footwork?
c) Natya Shastra a) Bharatanatyam
d) All of the above b) Kathak
c) Odissi
Answer: d) All of the above d) Mohiniyattam
3. What is the name of the 7 musical notes in Answer: b) Kathak

ancient Indian music?
a) Sama Saptaka 9. What is the name of the ancient Indian text that
b) Jatis describes the art of dance?
c) Ragas a) Natya Shastra
d) Tala b) Bharatanatyam Shastra
c) Kathak Shastra
Answer: a) Sama Saptaka d) Odissi Shastra
4. Which ancient Indian dance is mentioned in the Answer: a) Natya Shastra

Natya Shastra?
a) Bharatanatyam 10. Which ancient Indian instrument is known for
b) Kathak its sweet sound?
c) Odissi a) Veena
d) Mohiniyattam b) Flute
c) Drum
Answer: a) Bharatanatyam d) Cymbals
5. What is the name of the ancient Indian Answer: b) Flute

instrument mentioned in the Vedas?
a) Veena 11. What is the name of the melodic patterns in
b) Flute ancient Indian music?
c) Drum a) Ragas
d) Cymbals b) Jatis
c) Tala
Answer: a) Veena d) Sama Saptaka
6. Which empire spread ancient Indian music and Answer: a) Ragas

dance to Southeast Asia?
a) Mauryan Empire 12. Which ancient Indian dance is known for its
b) Gupta Empire storytelling?
c) Pallava Empire a) Bharatanatyam
d) Chola Empire b) Kathak
c) Odissi

d) Mohiniyattam a) Bharatanatyam
b) Kathak
Answer: a) Bharatanatyam c) Odissi
d) Mohiniyattam
13. What is the name of the ancient Indian
instrument mentioned in the Upanishads? Answer: a) Bharatnatyam
a) Veena
b) Flute 17. Which ancient Indian instrument is known for
c) Drum its versatility?
d) Cymbals a) Veena
b) Flute
Answer: a) Veena c) Drum
d) Cymbals
14. Which empire patronized ancient Indian
music and dance? Answer: a) Veena
a) Mauryan Empire
b) Gupta Empire 18. What is the name of the ancient Indian music
c) Pallava Empire scale?
d) Chola Empire a) Sama Saptaka
b) Jatis
Answer: b) Gupta Empire c) Ragas
d) Tala
15. What is the name of the ancient Indian text
that describes the art of music? Answer: a) Sama Saptaka
a) Sama Veda
b) Yajur Veda 19. Which ancient Indian dance is known for its
c) Rig Veda energetic and dynamic movements?
d) Atharva Veda a) Bharatanatyam
b) Kathak
Answer: a) Sama Veda c) Odissi
d) Mohiniyattam
16. Which ancient Indian dance is known for its
grace and elegance? Answer: b) Kathak

Topic 19: Ancient Indian Farming Practices.

Introduction
● Ancient Indian farming practices have a long history, originating in the Indus Valley Civilization
which existed from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE.
● Farming served as the primary means of livelihood for the majority of people in India, providing
sustenance and economic stability to communities.
Key Crops
1. Grains: wheat, barley, rice, millets
2. Pulses: lentils, chickpeas, peas
3. Oilseeds: sesame, mustard, linseed
4. Fibers: cotton, jute, hemp
Farming Techniques
1. Irrigation: Canals, dams, and reservoirs were used to manage water resources, ensuring a reliable
supply for crops.
2. Crop rotation: Different crops were planted in sequence to maintain soil fertility and prevent the
spread of pests and diseases.
3. Manuring: Animal manure and other organic matter were added to the soil to improve its structure
and fertility.
4. Plowing: Oxen and wooden plows were used to turn the soil and prepare it for planting, breaking
up clods and incorporating manure and crop residues.
Tools and Equipment
1. Sickles: Hand-held agricultural tools with a curved blade used for harvesting crops and cutting
weeds.
2. Hoes: Long-handled tools with a flat or slightly curved blade used for cultivating soil, weeding, and
earthing up plants.
3. Plows: Implements used to break up and turn over soil in preparation for planting.
4. Irrigation Equipment: Systems and devices used to provide water to crops, including pumps,
sprinklers, and drip irrigation systems.
Regional Variations
1. Ganges Valley is known for the cultivation of rice, wheat, and sugarcane.
2. Deccan Plateau is known for the cultivation of millets, pulses, and oilseeds.
3. Indus Valley is known for the cultivation of wheat, barley, and cotton.

1. Which civilization is credited with the earliest Answer: a) Indus Valley Civilization
evidence of farming in India? 2. What was the primary source of livelihood for
a) Indus Valley Civilization most Indians in ancient times?
b) Vedic Period a) Farming
c) Mauryan Period b) Trade
d) Gupta Period c) Artisanal crafts
d) Services

8. Which of the following was NOT a common

Answer: a) Farming oilseed crop in ancient India?
a) Sesame
3. Which of the following crops was NOT b) Mustard
commonly grown in ancient India? c) Linseed
a) Wheat d) Sunflower
b) Rice
c) Sugarcane Answer: d) Sunflower
d) Tobacco
9. What was the primary material used for
Answer: d) Tobacco making plows in ancient India?
a) Wood
4. What was the primary method of irrigation b) Metal
used in ancient India? c) Stone
a) Canals d) Bone
b) Dams
c) Reservoirs Answer: a) Wood
d) Wells
10. Which of the following was a characteristic
Answer: a) Canals feature of ancient Indian farming practices?
a) Use of machinery
5. Which of the following farming techniques b) Large-scale farming
was used to maintain soil fertility? c) Use of oxen for plowing
a) Crop rotation d) Dependence on rainfall
b) Manuring
c) Plowing Answer: c) Use of oxen for plowing
d) Irrigation
11. Which of the following was a common
Answer: b) Manuring practice to protect crops from pests and
diseases in ancient India?
6. What was the primary tool used for harvesting a) Use of pesticides
crops in ancient India? b) Use of fertilizers
a) Sickle c) Crop rotation
b) Hoe d) Offering prayers to gods
c) Plow
d) Scythe Answer: c) Crop rotation
Answer: a) Sickle 12. Which region was known for its cotton
cultivation in ancient India?
7. Which region was known for its rice cultivation a) Indus Valley
in ancient India? b) Ganges Valley
a) Ganges Valley c) Deccan Plateau
b) Deccan Plateau d) Western Ghats
c) Indus Valley
d) Western Ghats Answer: a) Indus Valley
Answer: a) Ganges Valley 13. What was the primary purpose of building
dams in ancient India?
a) Irrigation

b) Drinking water a) Ganges Valley

c) Hydroelectric power b) Deccan Plateau
d) Flood control c) Indus Valley
d) Eastern Ghats
Answer: a) Irrigation
Answer: a) Ganges Valley
14. Which of the following tools was used for
threshing grains in ancient India? 18. What was the primary material used for
a) Sickle making hoes in ancient India?
b) Hoe a) Wood
c) Plow b) Metal
d) Thresher c) Stone
d) Bone
Answer: d) Thresher
Answer: b) Metal
15. Which crop was considered sacred in
ancient India? 19. Which of the following was a common
a) Wheat practice to conserve water in ancient India?
b) Rice a) Building canals
c) Sugarcane b) Building dams
d) Tulsi (Holy Basil) c) Using drought-resistant crops
d) Using mulch
Answer: d) Tulsi (Holy Basil)
Answer: c) Using drought-resistant crops
16. Which of the following was a common
method of storing grains in ancient India? 20. Which of the following was a benefit of crop
a) Granaries rotation in ancient India?
b) Warehouses a) Increased yield
c) Underground pits b) Improved soil fertility
d) Above-ground structures c) Reduced pests and diseases
d) All of the above
Answer: c) Underground pits
Answer: d) All of the above
17. Which region was known for its sugarcane
cultivation in ancient India?

Topic 20 & 21 : Ancient Indian Craftsmanship
Introduction
● Ancient Indian craftsmanship has a rich and illustrious history.

● Roots date back to the Indus Valley Civilization (3300 BCE - 1300 BCE).
● Skilled artisans possessed exceptional talent and creativity.
● Produced intricate and visually captivating works of art.
● Used various materials and employed diverse techniques.
● Created stunning sculptures, delicate jewelry, finely woven textiles, and elegant pottery.
● Demonstrated a profound understanding of geometry and nature.
● Incorporated intricate patterns and motifs into their creations.
● Showcased remarkable technical proficiency and an unwavering commitment to excellence.
Textiles
Types of Fabrics:
● Cotton, silk, and wool were commonly used fabrics, each with its unique properties and
characteristics.
● These fabrics could be woven, dyed, printed, or embroidered to create various textiles and
garments.
Textiles and Techniques:
● Techniques like weaving, dyeing, printing, and embroidery were used to enhance the fabrics and
create intricate designs and patterns.
● Muslin, calico, and chintz are examples of famous textiles that showcase the skill and artistry of
textile artisans.
Metals
● Copper, bronze, iron, gold, and silver have been used throughout history for tools, weapons,
ornaments, and decorative items.
● Each metal has unique properties, making it suitable for specific applications.
● Copper was among the first metals used and often alloyed with tin to create bronze.
● Iron revolutionized human technology due to its strength, enabling more efficient farming and
construction.
● Gold, prized for its beauty and monetary value, has been used for jewelry and currency.
● Silver, known for its malleability and bright color, is used in jewelry and religious artifacts.
● These metals have played a pivotal role in shaping civilization.
Techniques:
● Casting: Pouring molten metal into a mold to create jewelry.

● Forging: Shaping metal by hammering while hot for durability.
● Engraving: Carving or etching designs into metal for personalization.
● Filigree: Creating delicate metalwork by twisting and soldering thin threads together.
Famous metalwork: bronze statues, copper utensils, silver jewelry
Woodwork
● Skilled Carpentry: Artisans used hand tools to shape wood with precision, creating intricate

carvings, joinery, and woodturning.

● Carving Mastery: Temples and palaces showcased exquisite carvings depicting mythological
scenes and religious symbols.
● Joinery Techniques: Craftsmen employed various joinery techniques to create sturdy and visually
appealing structures.
● Woodturning Expertise: Skilled woodturners used lathes to create intricate objects, shaping and
smoothing them with gouges and chisels.
● Furniture Craftsmanship: Palaces featured finely crafted wooden furniture with intricate carvings
and inlay work.
● Toymaking Tradition: Woodworkers created charming wooden toys, bringing joy and imagination
to young minds.
Pottery
An ancient Indian craft, has a rich history dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization. Artisans use
hand-building, wheel-throwing, and glazing techniques to create intricate and functional vessels. Famous
pottery includes terracotta figurines, ceramic vessels, and glazed tiles. Pottery remains cherished for its
beauty and functionality, showcasing the skill of Indian artisans.
Sculpture
● Skilled sculptors use stone, metal, and wood to create captivating art.
● They employ various techniques like carving, modeling, and casting.
● Their works include temple sculptures, Buddha statues, and bronze icons.
● These sculptures enrich society and reflect human creativity and ingenuity.
1. Which civilization is credited with the earliest 4. Which metal was used for crafting bronze
evidence of craftsmanship in India? statues?
a) Indus Valley Civilization a) Copper
b) Vedic Period b) Bronze
c) Mauryan Period c) Iron
d) Gupta Period d) Gold
Answer: a) Indus Valley Civilization Answer: a) Copper
2. Which of the following fabrics was NOT 5. Which technique was used to create intricate
commonly used in ancient India? designs on metal?
a) Cotton a) Casting
b) Silk b) Forging
c) Wool c) Engraving
d) Polyester d) Filigree
Answer: d) Polyester Answer: c) Engraving
3. Which technique was used to create intricate 6. Which of the following was a famous textile
designs on fabrics? from ancient India?
a) Weaving a) Muslin
b) Dyeing b) Calico
c) Printing c) Chintz
d) Embroidery d) All of the above
Answer: d) Embroidery Answer: d) All of the above

7. Which material was used for creating temple c) Silver jewelry

carvings? d) All of the above
a) Stone
b) Metal Answer: d) All of the above
c) Wood
d) All of the above 13. Which material was used for creating glazed
tiles?
Answer: c) Wood a) Stone
b) Metal
8. Which technique was used to create ceramic c) Wood
vessels? d) Clay
a) Hand-building
b) Wheel-throwing Answer: d) Clay
c) Glazing
d) All of the above 14. Which technique was used to create intricate
designs on pottery?
Answer: d) All of the above a) Hand-building
b) Wheel-throwing
9. Which of the following was a famous c) Glazing
sculpture from ancient India? d) All of the above
a) Temple sculptures
b) Buddha statues Answer: d) All of the above
c) Bronze icons
d) All of the above 15. Which of the following was a benefit of
ancient Indian craftsmanship?
Answer: d) All of the above a) Economic growth
b) Cultural exchange
10. Which material was used for creating c) Preservation of tradition
terracotta figurines? d) All of the above
a) Stone
b) Metal Answer: d) All of the above
c) Wood
d) Clay 16. Which metal was among the first used and
often alloyed with tin to create bronze?
Answer: d) Clay a. Gold
b. Copper
11. Which technique was used to create intricate c. Iron
designs on wood? d. Silver
a) Carving
b) Joinery Correct Answer: b. Copper
c) Woodturning
d) All of the above 17. Which metal revolutionized human
technology due to its strength, enabling more
Answer: d) All of the above efficient farming and construction?
a. Copper
12. Which of the following was a famous b. Bronze
metalwork from ancient India? c. Iron
a) Bronze statues d. Gold
b) Copper utensils

Topic 22: Ancient Indian Warfare and Weaponry
Introduction
● Ancient Indian warfare has a rich history, dating back to the Vedic Period (1500 BCE - 500 BCE).
During this time, warfare was an integral part of life for many Indian societies, and it played a crucial
role in shaping Indian society, politics, and culture.
● The Vedic Period was a time of great cultural and intellectual development in India, and it was also
a time of intense warfare. The Aryans, a nomadic people who migrated to India from the Iranian
Plateau, were often in conflict with the indigenous Dravidian people. These conflicts led to the
development of a sophisticated military culture among the Aryans.
● The Aryans were skilled horsemen and archers, and they were also adept at using chariots in
battle. They also developed a number of defensive fortifications, such as moats and ramparts.
These innovations gave the Aryans a significant advantage over their opponents, and they were
able to conquer much of India.
● Warfare continued to play an important role in Indian society after the Vedic Period. The Mauryan
Empire (322-185 BCE), for example, was one of the largest and most powerful empires in history,
and it was able to maintain its power through its military prowess. The Mauryan army was well-
organized and disciplined, and it was equipped with a variety of weapons and armor.
● The Mughal Empire (1526-1858 CE) was another great Indian empire that relied heavily on its
military. The Mughal army was a formidable force, and it was able to conquer much of the Indian
subcontinent. The Mughals were also skilled in siege warfare, and they were able to capture many
forts and palaces.
● Warfare has continued to play a role in Indian history up to the present day. The British Raj (1858-
1947 CE) was established through military conquest, and the Indian independence movement was
also fought with violence. In recent years, India has been involved in a number of conflicts, including
the Kargil War (1999) and the Kashmir conflict.
● Despite the long and bloody history of warfare in India, there have also been periods of peace and
cooperation. The Gupta Empire (320-550 CE) was a time of great cultural and economic prosperity,
and it was also a time of relative peace. The Mughal Empire also had periods of peace and stability,
and it was during these times that Indian culture and art flourished.
Types of Warfare
1. Conventional Warfare
- Battles fought between armies
- Use of chariots, infantry, and cavalry
2. Guerrilla Warfare
- Unconventional tactics used by tribes and rebels
- Ambushes, raids, and sabotage
3. Siege Warfare
- Attacks on fortified cities and towns
- Use of catapults, battering rams, and towers
Weaponry
1. Melee Weapons
- Swords (khanda, talwar)
- Daggers (katar, jamdhar)
- Spears (shula, bhala)
- Clubs (gada, musala)
2. Ranged Weapons
- Bows (dhanush, chapati)

- Arrows (bana, shara)

- Javelins (shakti, tomar)
- Slings (gophan, prasa)
3. Siege Engines
- Catapults (yantra, prastara)
- Battering Rams (gophan, musala)
- Towers (vimana, prasada)
Armour and Fortifications

Armour and fortifications have played a crucial role in warfare throughout history, providing protection and
defence for soldiers and civilians alike. Armour, in its various forms, has been used to protect the body
from injury, while fortifications have been constructed to shield people and property from attack.
Armour
The earliest forms of armour were made from natural materials such as leather, bone, and wood. These
materials were often layered or combined to create a more robust and protective barrier. As metalworking
techniques developed, armour made from metals such as bronze and iron became more common. These
metals provided greater protection from weapons and could be shaped into more intricate and effective
designs.
Armour was often worn by soldiers on the battlefield, but it was also used by civilians during times of
unrest or violence. Kings, queens, and other high-ranking officials would often wear elaborate and ornate
armour as a symbol of their power and authority.
There were many different types of armour, each designed for a specific purpose. Some of the most
common types included:
● Helmets: Helmets were worn to protect the head from injury. They were often made from metal or
leather and could be equipped with visors or other protective features.
● Body armour: Body armour was worn to protect the torso from injury. It could be made from a
variety of materials, including metal, leather, and cloth.
● Limb armour: Limb armour was worn to protect the arms and legs from injury. It could be made
from a variety of materials, including metal, leather, and cloth.
Armour was an essential part of warfare for centuries, and it played a significant role in the outcome of
many battles. However, the development of firearms in the late Middle Ages led to the decline of armour.
Firearms could penetrate even the thickest armour, and they made it much more difficult for soldiers to
protect themselves.
Fortifications
Fortifications have been used since ancient times to protect people and property from attack. The earliest
fortifications were simple walls or fences, but over time, they became more elaborate and complex.
Some of the most common types of fortifications include:
● Walls: Walls are the most basic type of fortification. They can be made from a variety of materials,
including stone, brick, and wood.
● Towers(Vimana): Towers are tall, narrow structures that are often used to provide a lookout point
or to store weapons and supplies.
● Castles: Castles are large, fortified structures that were often used as residences for kings and
queens.
● Forts: Forts are small, fortified structures that are often used to defend a strategic location.
Fortifications have been used in a variety of conflicts, from small-scale raids to large-scale wars. They
have played a significant role in the defence of cities, towns, and other important locations.

Today, fortifications are still used in some parts of the world, but they are much less common
than they were in the past. This is due in part to the development of new technologies that make it easier
to attack and destroy fortifications.

1. Which period saw the emergence of 6. Which type of armour was used by ancient
conventional warfare in ancient India? Indian warriors?
a) Vedic Period a) Leather
b) Mauryan Period b) Metal
c) Gupta Period c) Mail
d) Medieval Period d) All of the above
Answer: a) Vedic Period Answer: d) All of the above
2. What was the primary tactic used in guerrilla 7. What was the primary material used for
warfare? building fortifications?
a) Ambushes a) Wood
b) Raids b) Stone
c) Sabotage c) Brick
d) All of the above d) Mud
Answer: d) All of the above Answer: b) Stone
3. What was the name of the ancient Indian 8. Which ancient Indian dynasty was known for
sword? its military conquests?
a) Khanda a) Mauryan
b) Talwar b) Gupta
c) Katar c) Mughal
d) Jamdhar d) Maratha
Answer: a) Khanda Answer: a) Mauryan
4. Which ranged weapon was used for hunting 9. What was the name of the ancient Indian battle
and warfare? formation?
a) Bow a) Chakravyuha
b) Javelin b) Padmavyuha
c) Sling c) Makaravyuha
d) All of the above d) Sarvavyuha
Answer: d) All of the above Answer: a) Chakravyuha
5. What was the name of the ancient Indian 10. Which ancient Indian text describes warfare
catapult? and weaponry?
a) Yantra a) Rigveda
b) Prastara b) Mahabharata
c) Gophan c) Ramayana
d) Musala d) Arthashastra
Answer: a) Yantra Answer: d) Arthashastra

Topic 23. Ancient Indian Engineering and Technology
I. Introduction
- Ancient India showcased remarkable engineering and technological advancements
- Innovations in architecture, water management, metallurgy, and transportation
II. Architectural Marvels

- Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1300 BCE): Sophisticated urban planning and drainage systems
- Ancient Indian temples and monuments (e.g., Konark Sun Temple, Ajanta Caves)
III. Water Management

- Advanced irrigation systems (e.g., dams, canals, reservoirs)
- Stepwells and water harvesting structures
IV. Metallurgy
- Excavations reveal ancient Indian expertise in copper, bronze, and iron working
- Wootz steel production (high-carbon steel)
V. Transportation
- Ancient Indian ships and maritime trade
- Invention of the wheel (c. 4000 BCE)
VI. Texts and Contributors

- Kautilya's Arthashastra (300 BCE): Describes engineering and technological advancements
- Baudhayana's Sulba Sutras (800 BCE): Contributions to geometry and engineering
VII. Legacy
- Influenced ancient Greek, Roman, and Chinese engineering
- Continues to inspire modern innovations

1. Which civilization showcased sophisticated 1. What was the primary purpose of ancient
urban planning and drainage systems? Indian stepwells?
a) Indus Valley Civilization a) Water harvesting
b) Vedic Civilization b) Religious rituals
c) Mauryan Empire c) Social gatherings
d) Gupta Empire d) Military defense
Answer: a) Indus Valley Civilization Answer: a) Water harvesting
1. What was a notable feature of ancient Indian 1. Which ancient Indian text describes
temples? engineering and technological advancements?
a) Simple architecture a) Kautilya's Arthashastra
b) Use of wood as primary material b) Baudhayana's Sulba Sutras
c) Intricate carvings and sculptures c) Rigveda
d) Lack of ornate decorations d) Mahabharata
Answer: c) Intricate carvings and sculptures Answer: a) Kautilya's Arthashastra

1. What was a significant contribution of ancient 1. Which ancient civilization was influenced by
Indian metallurgy? Indian engineering?
a) Discovery of copper a) Ancient Greece
b) Production of Wootz steel b) Ancient Rome
c) Development of bronze c) Ancient China
d) Use of iron for tools d) All of the above
Answer: b) Production of Wootz steel Answer: d) All of the above
1. Which ancient Indian innovation 1. What was a notable feature of ancient Indian
revolutionized transportation? ships?
a) Wheel a) Small size
b) Sail b) Simple design
c) Chariot c) Advanced navigation systems
d) Bridge d) Limited range
Answer: a) Wheel Answer: c) Advanced navigation systems
1. Who contributed to geometry and engineering 1. What continues to inspire modern innovations
in ancient India? in engineering and technology?
a) Kautilya a) Ancient Indian texts
b) Baudhayana b) Ancient Indian monuments
c) Aryabhata c) Ancient Indian innovations
d) Varahamihira d) All of the above
Answer: b) Baudhayana Answer: d) All of the above

Topic 24: Ancient Indian Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism
Introduction
● Ancient India was a hub of diverse religions and philosophies.

● These religions have shaped Indian culture, society, and politics.
Hinduism
● The eldest of the four primary religions.

● Adherents believe in a singular, ultimate reality known as Brahman.
● Recognition of multiple deities and avatars.
● Key concepts include karma, dharma, and moksha.
● Sacred texts encompass the Vedas, Upanishads, and Bhagavad Gita.
Buddhism
● Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (563 BCE)

● Emphasizes suffering, impermanence, and no-self
● Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path
● Goal: Nirvana (liberation)
● Sacred texts: Tripitaka, Mahayana Sutras
Jainism
- Founded by Mahavira (599 BCE)
- Emphasizes non-violence, truth, and self-control
- Believes in multiple souls and karma
- Goal: Liberation (Moksha)
- Sacred texts: Agamas, Tattvartha Sutra
Sikhism
- Founded by Guru Nanak (1469 CE)
- Emphasizes one God, equality, and service
- Rejects caste system and idol worship
- Goal: Union with God (Mukti)
- Sacred texts: Guru Granth Sahib, Dasam Granth
1. Which religion is the oldest among the four? Answer: a) Siddhartha Gautama
a) Hinduism
b) Buddhism 3. What is the ultimate goal of Hinduism?
c) Jainism a) Nirvana
d) Sikhism b) Moksha
c) Mukti
Answer: a) Hinduism d) Kaivalya
2. Who founded Buddhism? Answer: b) Moksha

a) Siddhartha Gautama
b) Mahavira 4. Which religion emphasizes non-violence and
c) Guru Nanak self-control?
d) Adi Shankaracharya a) Hinduism
b) Buddhism

c) Jainism d) Sikhism
d) Sikhism
Answer: d) Sikhism
Answer: c) Jainism
8. What is the concept of karma in Hinduism?
5. Who founded Sikhism? a) Rebirth based on actions
a) Guru Nanak b) Fate decided by gods
b) Guru Gobind Singh c) Random chance
c) Guru Arjan Dev d) No concept of karma
d) Guru Tegh Bahadur
Answer: a) Rebirth based on actions
Answer: a) Guru Nanak
9. Who is the founder of Jainism?
6. What is the sacred text of Sikhism? a) Mahavira
a) Guru Granth Sahib b) Siddhartha Gautama
b) Dasam Granth c) Guru Nanak
c) Guru Granth Sahib and Dasam Granth d) Adi Shankaracharya
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Mahavira
Answer: c) Guru Granth Sahib and Dasam
Granth 10. What is the ultimate goal of Buddhism?
a) Nirvana
7. Which religion rejects the caste system and b) Moksha
idol worship? c) Mukti
a) Hinduism d) Kaivalya
b) Buddhism
c) Jainism Answer: a) Nirvana

Topic 25: Ancient Indian Knowledge Systems: Global Influence
Introduction
● Ancient India served as a radiant beacon of knowledge and innovation, casting its illuminating rays
across the globe. It was a fertile ground where intellectual pursuits flourished, and scholars,
scientists, and philosophers, diligently dedicated themselves to unraveling the mysteries of the
universe. From the ancient texts of the Vedas and Upanishads to the advancements in
mathematics, astronomy, and medicine, India's contributions were profound and far-reaching.
● Indian knowledge systems have left an indelible mark on global civilization, shaping cultures and
influencing societies across continents. The decimal system, which we use today, originated in
India, revolutionizing mathematics and enabling scientific calculations. Indian astronomers made
significant strides, developing accurate calendars and measuring the Earth's circumference with
remarkable precision. In medicine, ancient Indian texts documented holistic approaches to
wellness, emphasizing preventive care and herbal remedies that continue to inspire modern
healthcare practices.
Mathematics and Astronomy
● The concept of zero and the decimal system: a testament to their intellectual prowess.
● Their advancements in trigonometry and calculus were groundbreaking, placing them far ahead of
their contemporaries.
● Their astronomical observations and predictions were remarkably accurate, as if they possessed a
glimpse into the future.
● The profound influence they exerted on mathematics and astronomy in Arab, European, and
Chinese civilizations is truly remarkable. They were the pioneers and masters of their respective
fields.
Medicine and Ayurveda

An examination of significant Ayurvedic practices and their methodology.
● A comprehensive study of Ayurveda's contributions to surgery, anatomy, and pharmacology.

● An exploration of Ayurveda's influence on Greek, Roman, and Chinese medical systems,
highlighting its global reach.
● An analysis of Ayurveda's recognition as an established traditional medicine system worldwide,
underscoring its significant impact.
Metallurgy and Materials Science
● The extraction and processing of metals.

● The development of steel and iron technology.
● Contributions to materials science and nanotechnology.
● The influence on global metallurgy and materials science.
Philosophy and Spirituality
● Indian philosophy significantly contributed to logic, epistemology, and metaphysics, influencing

Western thought.
● Enduring influence on Western philosophical and spiritual thought, from ancient Greeks to
contemporary thinkers.
● Growing global recognition and appreciation of Indian philosophical and spiritual traditions.


1. Which ancient Indian concept revolutionized 7. Who was the ancient Indian metallurgist who
mathematics globally? developed the process of extracting zinc from
a) Zero ore?
b) Decimal system a) Nagarjuna
c) Trigonometry b) Aryabhata
d) Calculus c) Varahamihira
d) Brahmagupta
Answer: a) Zero
Answer: a) Nagarjuna
2. Who was the ancient Indian astronomer who
accurately predicted planetary movements? 8. Which ancient Indian text is considered one of
a) Aryabhata the oldest and most influential works on materials
b) Varahamihira science?
c) Brahmagupta a) Rigveda
d) Bhaskara b) Mahabharata
c) Ramayana
Answer: a) Aryabhata d) Arthashastra
3. Which ancient Indian medical text is still Answer: d) Arthashastra

studied globally?
a) Charaka Samhita 9. Which ancient Indian knowledge system has
b) Sushruta Samhita influenced global spirituality and philosophy?
c) Ashtanga Hridayam a) Hinduism
d) Bhavaprakasha b) Buddhism
c) Jainism
Answer: a) Charaka Samhita d) Sikhism
4. What was the name of the ancient Indian steel Answer: a) Hinduism
alloy?
a) Wootz steel 10. Who was the ancient Indian mathematician
b) Damascus steel who developed the concept of the decimal
c) Tamahagane steel system?
d) Bulat steel a) Aryabhata
b) Brahmagupta
Answer: a) Wootz steel c) Bhaskara
d) Madhava
5. Which ancient Indian philosopher influenced
Western philosophy? Answer: b) Brahmagupta
a) Adi Shankaracharya
b) Nagarjuna
c) Aryadeva
d) Gautama Buddha
Answer: a) Adi Shankaracharya
6. Which ancient Indian knowledge system is

recognized globally as a traditional system of
medicine?
a) Ayurveda
b) Unani
c) Siddha
d) Homeopathy
Answer: a) Ayurveda

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FIRST YEAR ALL U.G.

For Private Circulation Only

Date: 15th September, 2024. Prof. Bharat Kangude.

Prof. Bharat Kangude, APC Pirangut, Pune. (09890106937) 2

Pune District Education Association’s

Course Title: Introduction to Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) (Generic): 2 Credits

1. Vedic Period : Vedas And their Significance 04

2. Upanishads : Philosophy and Knowledge 07

3. The Six Schools of Indian Philosophy: Overview 09

4. Indian Linguistics : Panini and Sanskrit 11

5. Evolution of Other Indian languages Tamil, Marathi, Hindi etc. 13

6. Ancient Indian Education System : Gurukul System 16

7. Ancient Indian Mathematics : Overview and Contributions 18

8. Ancient Indian Astronomy and Astrology : Overview and Contributions 20

9. Charak & Sushrut Samhita, Ayurveda : Principles and Practices 22

12. Trade and Commerce In Ancient India 26

13 & 14. Arthashastra 28

15 & 16. Ancient Indian Art and Culture 31

17 & 18. Ancient Indian Music and Dance 35

19. Ancient Indian Farming Practices 40

20 & 21. Ancient Indian Craftsmanship 43

22. Ancient Indian Warfare and Weaponry 46

23. Ancient Indian Engineering and Technology 49

25. Ancient Indian Knowledge Systems : Global Influence 53

Prof. Bharat Kangude, APC Pirangut, Pune. (09890106937) 3

Topic 1: Vedic Period: Vedas and their Significance

II. The Vedas

● The Vedas represent an assemblage of hymns, supplications, and ceremonial procedures.

III. Significance of the Vedas

II. Content of the Vedas:

III. The Four Vedas:

IV. Vedic Gods and Goddesses:

Prof. Bharat Kangude, APC Pirangut, Pune. (09890106937) 4

V. Vedic Rituals and Practices:

VI. Impact of the Vedas:

Multiple Choice Questions:

Answer: d) All of the above 9. Which of the following is a characteristic of the

Prof. Bharat Kangude, APC Pirangut, Pune. (09890106937) 5

Answer: c) They are written in Vedic Sanskrit c) "Divine revelation"

Prof. Bharat Kangude, APC Pirangut, Pune. (09890106937) 6

Topic 2: Upanishads: Philosophy and Knowledge

II. Meaning and Etymology

III. Key Concepts

IV. Major Upanishads

V. Philosophy and Knowledge

VI. Influence and Legacy

● The Upanishads have significantly impacted Indian thought and culture.

Multiple Choice Questions:

Prof. Bharat Kangude, APC Pirangut, Pune. (09890106937) 7

Answer: b) Brihadaranyaka Upanishad Answer: c) Brahman and Atman are identical

Answer: a) Moksha Answer: d) Bhagavad Gita

Prof. Bharat Kangude, APC Pirangut, Pune. (09890106937) 8

Topic 3: The Six Schools of Indian Philosophy: Overview

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who founded the Samkhya school of Indian

Prof. Bharat Kangude, APC Pirangut, Pune. (09890106937) 9

c) Patanjali Answer: a) Jaimini

Prof. Bharat Kangude, APC Pirangut, Pune. (09890106937) 10

Topic 4: Indian Linguistics: Panini and Sanskrit

II. Panini and his Works