Chap 2 Class 9 Computer

Unit:2
“Computational Thinking and Algorithms”
1. What is the major difference in solving simple problems and complex problems?
The major difference between solving simple and complex problems is that simple
problems use 4 step process (Define, design, implement and evaluate) while complex
problems use a more detailed 6 step process (define, decompose, identify, potential plan,
select the best plan, implement and evaluate). The complex problem-solving process
involves breaking down the problem into sub problems and considering multiple
potential solution before selecting the best one.
2. Why software designers prefer to use IPO charts?
Software designers prefer to use IPO charts because they visually represent the input,
processes, and output in a clear and organized tabular form, making it easier to solve
problems and understand the flow of data through the system.
3. Differentiate between computational thinking and logical thinking?
Logical thinking involves analyzing and reasoning based on facts.
For example:
Fact: Islamabad is a city
Fact: Cities have a mayor
Logical thinking: Determine Islamabad has a mayor.
Conclusion: Islamabad has a mayor.
Computational Thinking include logical thinking and further breaks down the problems
into parts, abstract details, recognize patterns, and designs algorithms.
For example:
Decomposition: Identify task (Like checking the city’s administrative structure)
Abstraction: Focus on details (About the mayor role)
Patterns Recognition: Comparison (Other cities administrative structure)
Algorithm design: Create step-by-step plan (to verify the existence and role of a mayor
in any city)
4. What are the methods used to design a solution?
There are two methods that are used to design a solution Flowchart and Concept Maps.
5. Which computational thinking techniques breaks down the problems into smaller
parts?
In computational thinking process, Decomposition breaks down the problems into
smaller and more manageable parts.
6. Why do we need to think computationally?
We need to think computationally because it helps us solve complex problems, develop
efficient solutions, automate tasks, foster innovation, and build skills applicable across
different fields.
7. From city A to B, there are 4 different roads and from city B to city C there are 2
different roads. Draw a map of the given situation and identify how many possible
routes are there that someone can follow to reach from City A to City C passing by
City B?
We draw simple diagram representing the situation:
ABC
From city A to city B, there are 4 different roads, i-e Route 1 take the main highway, 2
take the scenic route through the hills, 3 use the old country road 4 follow the coastal
road and from city B to city C, there are 2 different roads 1 is take the northern road and 2
take the southern road. To reach from city A to city C passing by city B, you can take any
of the 4 roads from A to B then any of the 2 roads from B to C. This means there are (4 x
2 = 8) possible route reach from city A to city C passing by city B.
8. What do you know about LARP (logics of algorithm and resolution of problem)?
In the context of computer science, logics of algorithms and resolution of problems are
two critical concepts related to designing and solving computational problems.
The logic of algorithms refers to the formal reasoning, structure, and design principles
that guide the development of algorithms. It encompasses both the correctness and
efficiency of algorithms, as well as the logical reasoning used to derive them.
The resolution of problems often refers to the process of finding solutions to logical or
computational problems. In computational logic, particularly in automated reasoning
and theorem proving, resolution refers to a technique used to determine the satisfiability
of logical formulas and to infer new facts from existing ones.
9. Differentiate between flowchart and concept maps. Explain how they are helpful in
solving a problem?
A flowchart is a graphical representation of a process, system, or algorithm, using
symbols and arrows to depict the sequence of steps and decisions involved. Flowcharts
are often used in fields like computer science, engineering, and business to visualize
workflows or processes.
Key Elements of a Flowchart:
 Start/End (Terminator): Represented by an oval or rounded rectangle, these symbols
indicate the beginning and end points of the process.
 Process (Action Step): Represented by a rectangle, this symbol denotes a step in the
process, such as performing a calculation or an operation.
 Decision: Represented by a diamond, this symbol indicates a decision point in the
process where a yes/no or true/false question is asked.
 Arrows: These show the direction of flow from one step to the next, guiding the reader
through the process.
 Input/Output: Represented by a parallelogram, this symbol indicates input (e.g.,
receiving user input) or output (e.g., displaying results).
 Predefined Process: Represented by a rectangle with double vertical lines on the sides, it
indicates a set of instructions or subroutine that is predefined elsewhere.
A concept map is a diagram that represents the relationships between concepts or ideas.
It is a tool used to visually organize and structure knowledge, where concepts are
typically represented as nodes (usually circles or rectangles) and the relationships
between them are shown by connecting lines or arrows.
Key Elements of a Concept Map:
 Nodes (Concepts): These are the circles or rectangles that represent specific ideas,
concepts, or entities. Each node usually contains a short phrase or term.
 Links (Relationships): The lines or arrows connecting nodes represent relationships
between concepts. These links may be labeled with words or phrases to specify the type
of relationship (e.g., "is a type of," "leads to," "causes").
 Hierarchical Structure: Concept maps often follow a hierarchical structure where more
general or abstract concepts are placed at the top, with more specific ideas branching out
below.
Both flowcharts and concept maps are powerful visual tools that aid in problem-solving,
each in different but complementary ways. They help break down complex tasks,
improve clarity, and enhance understanding by representing information visually.

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Unit:2

“Computational Thinking and Algorithms”

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