HNDIT11062 –

Web Development

Chapter3: Connecting to the Internet

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 Course Content

• Internet services
• Internet connection options
• Internet service providers
• Internet Connection Types

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Why do people want to get connected
to Internet
 It provides freedom of communications
 Internet is termed by some people as the world of largest
democracy with no government. It has no state of head to
control it
 The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no
state of head, no official censors, no bosses, no board of
directors. Nobody controls the Internet and in principle, any
computer can speak to any other computer, as long as it
obeys the technical rules of the TCP/IP protocol.
 This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original
base in military and research institutions, into elementary
and high schools, colleges, public libraries, commercial
sectors
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 Internet Services
• Internet mail is (e-mail or electronic mail), much faster as
compared to normal postal mail.
• One can also send software and certain forms of compressed
digital image as an attachment.
• News groups or discussion groups facilitate Internet user to
join for various kinds of debate, discussion and new sharing.
• Long-distance computing was an original inspiration for
development of ARPANET and does still provide a very useful
service on Internet.
• Programmers can maintain accounts on distant, powerful
computers, execute programs.
• File transfers service allows Internet users to access remote
machines and retrieve programs, data or text.
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 Internet connection options
• Internet connection options vary by Internet Service
Provider and by region.
• Customers should consider some of the following factors
before selecting an Internet package:
• Speed or bandwidth
• Cost
• Availability
• Reliability
• Convenience
• The type of internet connection will determine how much
time is spent for uploading or downloading i.e. internet
access speed .
• Different types of internet connections are compared
according to their speed, cost and availability.
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 Internet
 Users are connected to ISPs
 ISPs are connected to other ISPs

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 Internet service providers
 Internet Service Providers
 Give users access to internet resources
 Allow organizations and individuals to publish information
on the internet

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 Internet
Connections

Wired Wireless

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Wireless Connectivity options

Wi-fi
Wired Connectivity Options

Bluetooth

Cellular Copper wire Fiber Optics

Wi-Max

Coaxial Twisted pair

Satellite

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Internet Connection Types
• Analog or Dial up
• ISDN
• DSL
 ADSL
 SDSL
 VDSL
• CABLE
• WIRELESS
• LEASED LINES
 T1
 T3
 OC3
• SATELLITE 10
 INTERNET Connections
Gateway Access
• Gateway Access is also known as Level-One connection.
• It is the access to the Internet from a network, which is
not on the Internet.
• The gateway allows the two different types of networks
to "talk" to each other. But the users of the Gateway
Internet have limited access to the Internet.
• They might not be able to use all the tools available on
Internet. The local Internet Service Provider (ISP)
normally defines this limitation.

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 Wired Internet Connections
Dial-up connections
– Standard phone lines and a modem
Uses the facilities of the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
to establish a dialed connection to an Internet service provider (ISP) via
telephone lines.
– Computer dials a number for your ISP
– All Internet programs use the connection
– Applications might need configured
– A transient connection,
Because either the user, ISP
or phone company terminates the connection.
• It may suit the purposes of the
occasional Internet user without
a need for a fast or consistent connection.
• Slow Speed
• Cheap 12
 To access any of dial-up accounts you need the
followings;
• Computer
• Modem
• Telephone Connection
• Shell or TCP/IP account from the ISP
• Internet client software such as Internet
browser.

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 Wired Internet Connections…
Broadband connections
– Very fast (faster than dialup)
– This high-speed Internet connection is provided through either cable or telephone
companies.
– One of the fastest options available, broadband Internet uses multiple data channels to
send large quantities of information.
– The term broadband is shorthand for broad bandwidth.
– Allow the user to stay connected to the Internet at all times; the user need only open a
browser window to access the Internet, as there is no log-on process to complete.
– Broadband Internet connections such as DSL and cable are considered high-bandwidth
connections.
– Although many DSL connections can be considered broadband, not all broadband
connections are DSL.
– Networks share the broadband connection
• All users access the same connection
• T or DSL lines common
– Home use increasing due to
• Lower cost 14
• Increased availability
 Wired Internet Connections…
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

– Offers speeds up to 1.5 Mbps

– Uses standard phone lines
– Requires special equipment
– Simultaneous use of phone and data
– An international communications standard for sending voice,
video, and data over digital telephone lines or normal telephone
wires (copper wires).
– Offers circuit-switched connections (for either voice or data),
and packet-switched connections (for data)

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 Wired Internet Connections…
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
– Uses existing 2-wire copper telephone line connected to
one’s home. So service is delivered at the same time as
landline telephone service. Customers can still place calls
while surfing the Internet.
– provides digital data transmission over the wires of a local
telephone network
– Needs special DSL modem
– Simultaneous use of phone and data

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 ADSL (Asynchronous DSL or Asymmetric DSL)

 Different up and download speeds

 Usually used for residential service, since residential customers don't
need to upload much

 SDSL (Synchronous DSL or Symmetric DSL)

 upstream and downstream speeds are equal

 Usually used for business service

ADSL and SDSL are very affordable and cost-effective services

based upon a flat rate and also they are easily and inexpensively installed.

 Variable DSL
 Speed changes based on traffic
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 DSL Connections…
 The data bit rate of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 kbit/s to 40 Mbit/s in the
direction to the customer (downstream), depending on
 DSL technology
 Line conditions
 service-level implementation
 In ADSL, the data throughput in the upstream direction, (the direction to the service provider) is
lower, hence the designation of asymmetric service.
 In Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) services, the downstream and upstream data rates
are equal.

Advantages:

 Security: each subscriber can be configured so that it will not be on the same network.
 Integration: DSL will easily interface with ATM and WAN technology.
 High bandwidth
 Cheap line charges from the phone company.
 Good for “bursty” traffic patterns

Disadvantages:

 Expensive
 . Busy lines
 Distance Dependence
 Slower Uploads 18
 ADSL wireless network

ADSL wired network

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 Wired Internet Connections…
Cable Internet connection
– A form of broadband access.
– Through use of a cable modem, users can access the
Internet over cable TV lines.
– Cable modems can provide extremely fast access to the
Internet.
– Uses cable TV wires
– Simultaneous use of TV and data
– Cable modems are primarily used to deliver broadband
Internet access in the form of cable.
– They are commonly deployed in Australia, Europe, Asia
and Americas.

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 Wired Internet Connections…
Leased Connection
• Leased connection is also known as direct Internet
access or Level Three connection.
• It is the secure, dedicated and most expensive, level of
Internet connection.
• With leased connection, your computer is dedicatedly
and directly connected to the Internet using high-speed
transmission lines.
• It is on-line twenty-four hours a day, seven days a
week.
• Leased Internet connections are limited to large
corporations and universities who could afford the cost.
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 Wired Internet Connections…
Leased Connection…
 A permanent fiber optic or telephone connection between two points
set up by a telecommunications carrier
 Sometimes referred to as a ‘dedicated line’
 Can be used for telephone, data, or Internet services
 Oftentimes businesses will use a leased line to connect to geographically
distant offices because it guarantees bandwidth for network traffic.
e.g. A bank may use a leased line in order to easily transfer financial information from one office to
another.
 Do not have telephone numbers because each side of the line is always
connected to one another, as opposed to telephone lines which reuse
the same lines for numerous conversations through a process called
"switching."
 The fee for the connection is a fixed monthly rate. (The primary factors affecting the
monthly fee are distance between end points and the speed of the circuit)
 provide a guaranteed level of service and speed, offering fast data
transfer over a completely secure connection at a price that can be cost
effective for very heavy internet users
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 Wireless Internet Connection
• Wireless network refers to any type of computer network
that is not connected by cables of any kind.
• Radio frequency bands are used in place of telephone or
cable networks.
• One of the greatest advantages of wireless Internet
connections is the “always-on” connection that can be
accessed from any location that falls within network
coverage.

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 Wireless Internet Connection…
• Wireless WAN (WWAN)
– Wireless network over a large area
– Uses radio signals to transfer data
– Antennas required
– Subject to atmospheric disturbances

• Wireless MAN (WMAN)

– A type of wireless network that connects several Wireless
LANs
– WiMAX : A type of Wireless MAN described by the
IEEE 802.16 standard.
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 Wireless Internet Connection…

• Wireless LANs (WLAN)

– Network without wires

– Connects to a broadband LAN connection
– WAP are wired directly into the LAN
– Nodes use wireless
– Wi-Fi: A term used to describe 802.11 WLANs

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• Wi-Fi
– Wireless Fidelity
– wireless networking technology that allows computers and
other devices to communicate over a wireless signal.
– Wi-Fi connection only exists between the device and the
router.
– Most routers are connected to a DSL or cable modem,
which provides Internet access to all connected devices.

• WiMAX
– Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
– A communications technology that uses radio spectrum to transmit
tens of megabits per second in bandwidth between digital devices
such as laptop computers.
– Similar to WiFi, WiMAX brings with it the ability to transmit over far
greater distances and to handle much more data. 26
Wireless LAN

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 Wireless Internet Connection…
Satellite services
– Used in satellite communications of data, voice and video
signals, excluding broadcast television.
– Internet access in remote regions
– Needs a VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) at the client
• A VSAT consists of two parts, a transceiver that is placed outdoors in direct line of sight to
the satellite and a device that is placed indoors to interface the transceiver with the end
user’s communications device, such as a PC.
• The transceiver receives or sends a signal to a satellite transponder in the sky.
• The satellite sends and receives signals from a ground station computer that acts as a hub
for the system.
• Each end user is interconnected with the hub station via the satellite, forming a star
topology.
• The hub controls the entire operation of the network.
• For one end user to communicate with another, each transmission has to first go to the
hub station that then retransmits it via the satellite to the other end user’s VSAT.
– Suitable for home and office use
– High speed connection. But usually slower than cable and DSL
connections.
– Most popular in areas in which cable or DSL connections are28
unavailable or unreliable.
VSAT (very small aperture terminal)
Advantages
• Costs Insensitive to Distance
• Single Platform service delivery (one-stop-shop)
• Flexibility
• Upgradeable
• Low incremental costs per unit

Disadvantages
• High start-up costs (hubs and basic elements must be in place before the services can be
provided)
• Higher than normal risk profiles
• Severe regulatory restrictions imposed by countries that prevent VSAT networks and
solutions from reaching critical mass and therefore profitability
• Some service quality limitations such the high signal delays (latency)
• Natural availability limits that cannot be mitigated against
• Lack of skills required in the developing world to design, install and maintain satellite
communication systems adequately
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Mobile
• Many cell phone and smartphone providers offer voice plans
with Internet access. Mobile Internet connections provide
good speeds and allow you to access the Internet on the go.

Hotspots
• Hotspots are sites that offer Internet access over a wireless
local area network (WLAN) by way of a router that then
connects to an Internet service provider.
• Hotspots utilize Wi-Fi technology, which allows electronic
devices to connect to the Internet or exchange data wirelessly
through radio waves.
• Hotspots can be phone-based or free-standing, commercial or
free to the public. 30
 Wireless Internet Connection…

• Wireless security

– Crucial to protect wireless transmissions

– Encryption protects transmissions
– Wireless Encryption Protocol is quite weak
– Wi-Fi Protected Access is stronger
– MAC address of trusted computers
– War driving

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF POPULAR
CONNECTIONS
TYPES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Analog · Low cost · Slowest type of connection

modem · Availability: able to get available
internet service almost · Unable to talk on the
anywhere in the country telephone when using internet
· Simplicity
ISDN · Faster than analog modems · Not dramatically faster than
· Widely available in most analog service
metro areas · The access charge is usually
· Able to talk on the telephone per-minute.
and surf the web simultaneously · Not available everywhere
· Always on connection

Cable Always on connection Variability of speed

High speed Upstream speed limited
DSL · Always on connection · Not available
· High speed everywhere due
· Promise of to the signal limitations
affordability based on the distance.
· Uses existing lines

Leased line · Available virtually · Too expensive to the

everywhere in the individual and small
regional business
serving area
· Always on connection

Satellite · Available virtually · Sensitive to the heavy

everywhere in the rainy day
regional serving area
· Always on connection
 lesson review

• Compare and contrast wired internet

connections and wireless internet
connections.

• List advantages and disadvantages of each

type of wired and wireless internet
connections.

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