Laplace Transforms

Laplace transforms
KRISHNASAMY R
BS (Mechanical / Mechatronics)
Complex Variables and Transforms
email: rky.amcs@psgtech.ac.in
Mobile No.: 9843245352
KRISHNASAMY R (PSG CT) CVT 1 / 60

Laplace transforms
Laplace transforms and its applications in solving differential equations,

shifting theorems, convolution, heaviside and Dirac delta functions
TEXT BOOK: Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John

Wiley

Transformations
Transformation is a function f that maps a set X to itself, that is,

f : X → X.
In other areas of mathematics, a transformation may simply refer to
any function, regardless of domain and codomain.
Examples - linear transformations of vector spaces and geometric
transformations, which include projective transformations, affine
transformations, and specific affine transformations, such as rotations,
reflections and translations.
A transformation can be an invertible function from a set X to itself,
or from X to another set Y .

Transformations
Examples
f : Z → Z defined by f (x) = 2x. Here co-domain is the set of even

integers.
f : W → W defined by f (x) = x + 1
f : R 2 → C defined by f (x, y ) = x + iy
Applications of Laplace Transform
To solve linear ODEs and related initial value problems, as well as
systems of linear ODEs.
Electrical networks, springs, mixing problems, signal processing, and
other areas of engineering and physics.

Transformations
Steps to solve ODE using LT
Apply Laplace transform to transform given ODE into algebraic

equation
perform some algebraic manipulation
Apply inverse LT

Transformations
Advantages of using LT to solve ODEs
The Laplace transform method has two main advantages over the usual
methods:
Problems are solved more directly: Initial value problems are solved
without first determining a general solution.
Nonhomogenous ODEs are solved without first solving the
corresponding homogeneous ODE.
This method is powerful for problems with inputs (driving forces) that
have discontinuities or represent short impulses or complicated periodic
functions.

Definition
Definition of LT
If f (t) is a function defined for all t ≥ 0, its Laplace transform is denoted

by F (s) or L(f ) and it is given by
Z∞
F (s) = L[f (t)] = e −st f (t)dt
0
f (t) is called the inverse transform of F (s) and is denoted by L−1 (F )
f (t) = L−1 (F ).
Remark
LT of f (t) is F (s)
Inverse LT of F (s) is f (t)

Problems
Problems
Problem 1: Find the LT of f (t) = 1.

Solution: LT of f (t) is given by
Z∞ Z∞
−st
F (s) = L[f (t)] = e f (t)dt = e −st · 1dt
0 0
∞
e −st

−1 −st ∞
= = e 0
−s 0 s
−1
= [0 − 1], (since e −∞ = 0 and e ∞ = ∞)
s
1
L[1] =
s

Problems
Problem 2: Find the LT of f (t) = e at , where a > 0.

Z∞
F (s) = L[f (t)] = e −st f (t)dt
0
Z∞
= e −st · e at dt
0
Z∞
= e −(s−a)t dt
0
" #∞
e −(s−a)t
=
−(s − a)
0
−1 h −(s−a)t i∞ −1
= e = [0 − 1]
s −a 0 s −a
1
L[e at ] =
s −a
Problems
Problem 3: Find the LT of f (t) = e −at , where a > 0.

Z∞
F (s) = L[f (t)] = e −st f (t)dt
0
Z∞
= e −st · e −at dt
0
Z∞
= e −(s+a)t dt
0
" #∞
e −(s+a)t
=
−(s + a)
0
−1 h −(s+a)t i∞ −1
= e = [0 − 1]
s +a 0 s +a
1
L[e −at ] =
s +a
Problems
Linearity Property: L[af (t) + bg (t)] = aL[f (t)] + bL[g (t)].

Proof: Consider L.H.S.
Z∞
L[af (t) + bg (t)] = e −st [af (t) + bg (t)]dt
0
Z∞ Z∞
−st
= e · af (t)dt + e −st · bg (t)dt
0 0
Z∞ Z∞
−st
=a e · f (t)dt + b e −st · g (t)dt
0 0
=aL[f (t)] + bL[g (t)]
=R.H.S

Problems
Problem 4: Find LT of cosh at and sinh at.

Solution:
We know that cosh at = 12 [e at + e −at ] and sinh at = 12 [e at − e −at ].
1
L[cosh at] = L[ (e at + e −at )]
2
1 1 1
= L[e at + e −at ] = L[e at ] + L[e −at ]
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
= +
2 s −a 2 s +a

1 1 1
= +
2 s −a s +a

1 s +a+s −a 1 2s
= =
2 s 2 − a2 2 s 2 − a2
s
L[cosh at] = 2
s − a2
a
L[sinh at] = 2 (solve)
s − a2
Problems
Problem 5: Find the LT of f (t) = e iat and f (t) = e −iat , where a > 0 and
i is the complex number.
Solution:
Z∞
L[f (t)] = e −st f (t)dt
0
Z∞ Z∞
L[e iat ] = e −st · e iat dt = e −(s−ia)t dt
0 0
" #∞
e −(s−ia)t
=
−(s − ia)
0
−1 h −(s−ia)t i∞ −1
= e = [0 − 1]
s − ia 0 s − ia
1
L[e iat ] =
s − ia

Problems
Z∞ Z∞
−iat −st −iat
L[e ] = e ·e dt = e −(s+ia)t dt
0 0
" #∞
e −(s+ia)t
=
−(s + ia)
0
−1 h −(s+ia)t i∞ −1
= e = [0 − 1]
s + ia 0 s + ia
1
L[e −iat ] =
s + ia
Problem 6: Find the LT of f (t) = cos at and f (t) = sin at.
Hint: Use cos at = 21 [e iat + e −iat ] and sin at = 2i1 [e iat − e −iat ]

Problems
Problem 7: Find the LT of f (t) = t .

Solution:
Z∞
0
Z∞
L[t] = e −st · tdt
0
∞ ∞
e −st e −st
= t· − (1) · 2
−s 0 s 0

1
= 0− 0− 2
s
1
L[t] = 2
s

Problems
2!
Problem 8: Prove that the LT of t 2 = s3
(n+1)!
and LT of t (n+1) = s n+2
.
Remark:
R∞
Γ(a) = x a−1 e −x dx
0
Γ(n + 1) = n!
√
Γ 21 = π

Problems
Problem 9: Find the LT of f (t) = t a , where a > 0 .

Solution:
Z∞
a
L[t ] = e −st · t a dt
0
Z∞ x a dx x dx
= e −x (put st = x =⇒ t = and dt = )
s s s s
0
Z∞
1
= e −x x a dx
s a+1
0
Z∞
1
= x (a+1)−1 e −x dx
s a+1
0
1
L[t a ] = Γ(a + 1)
s a+1

Problems
Change of scale property: If L[f (t)] = F (s) then L[f (at)] = 1a F ( as ).

Proof:
Z∞
0
Z∞
L[f (at)] = e −st · f (at)dt
0
Z∞
dx x dx
= e −st f (x) (Let at = x =⇒ t = and dt = )
a a a
0
Z∞ Z∞
1 −s ( xa ) 1 s
= e f (x)dx = e −( a )t f (t)dt
a a
0 0
1 s
L[f (at)] = F
a a

Problems
First shifting theorem (FST): If L[f (t)] = F (s) then
L[e at f (t)] = F (s − a).
Proof:
Z∞
L[f (t)] = e −st f (t)dt = F (s)
0
Z∞
L[e at f (t)] = e −st e at f (t)dt
0
Z∞
= e −(s−a)t f (t)dt
0
at
L[e f (t)] = F (s − a)

Problems
Application of FST
Application of FST: Find LT of e at cos bt and e at sin bt.
Solution:
Z∞
s
L[cos bt] = e −st cos btdt = 2 = F (s)
s + b2
0
at
L[e cos bt] = F (s − a)
s −a
L[e at cos bt] =
(s − a)2 + b 2
Next,
Z∞
b
L[sin bt] = e −st sin btdt = = F (s)
s2 + b2
0
b
L[e at sin bt] = F (s − a) =⇒ L[e at sin bt] =
(s − a)2 + b 2
Problems
Problem 11: Find LT of e −at cos bt and e −at sin bt.

Problems
Inverse LT
3s−137
Inverse LT: Find the inverse LT of s 2 +2s+401
.
Solution: Given
3s − 137
F (s) =
s2 + 2s + 401
3s − 137
L[f (t)] = 2
s + 2s + 1 + 400
3s − 137
=
(s + 1)2 + 400
3(s + 1 − 1) − 137
=
(s + 1)2 + 202
3(s + 1) − 140
=
(s + 1)2 + 202
3(s + 1) 140
= 2 2
−
(s + 1) + 20 (s + 1)2 + 202

Problems
Apply inverse Laplace transform on both sides

−1 −1 3(s + 1) 140
L {L[f (t)]} = L −
(s + 1)2 + 202 (s + 1)2 + 202

−1 3(s + 1) −1 140
f (t) = L −L
(s + 1)2 + 202 (s + 1)2 + 202

−1 (s + 1) −1 20
= 3L − 7L
(s + 1)2 + 202 (s + 1)2 + 202
= 3e −t cos 20t − 7e −t sin 20t
f (t) = e −t (3 cos 20t − 7 sin 20t)

Problems
Problems on inverse LT
6 1 4
Find inverse LT of s − s−8 + s−3

Problems
Existence and Uniqueness of Laplace Transforms
A function has a Laplace transform if f (t)

is exponentially bounded, that is for some constants M and k it satisfies
the “growth restriction”
|f (t)| ≤ Me kt
should be piecewise continuous.

(Sufficient conditions for the existence of Laplace transform)

Problems
Existence theorem for Laplace transform
If f (t) is defined and piecewise continuous on every finite interval on the

semi-axis t ≥ 0 and satisfies exponentially bounded condition, then the
Laplace transform L[f ] exists for all s > k.

Problems
Find the Laplace transform for the following functions. Assume that
a, b, ω, θ are constants.
3t + 12
cos2 ωt
(a − bt)2
cos πt
sin(ωt + θ)
1.5 sin(3t − π2 )

Problems
Find the Laplace transform of

Problems
Laplace transform of derivatives
Laplace transform of first and second order derivatives of f (t) satisfy
L[f ′ ] = sL[f ] − f ′ (0) (1)

′′ 2 ′
L[f ] = s L[f ] − sf (0) − f (0) (2)
Formula (1) holds if f (t) is continuous for all t ≥ 0 and satisfies the
exponentially bounded condition and f ′ (t) is piecewise continuous on
every finite interval on the semi-axis t ≥ 0.
Similarly, (2) holds if f (t) and f ′ (t) are continuous for all t ≥ 0 and
exponentially bounded and f ′′ is piecewise continuous on every finite
interval on the semi-axis t ≥ 0.

Problems
Laplace transform of first order derivatives

Prove L[f ′ ] = sL[f ] − f ′ (0)
Proof:
Z∞
L[f ] = e −st f (t)dt
0
Z∞ Z∞
′ −st ′
L[f ] = e f (t)dt = e −st d(f (t))
0 0
Z∞
−st ∞
= e f (t) 0 − f (t)(−s)e −st dt
0
Z∞
= 0 − e 0 f (0) + s e −st f (t)dt = −f (0) + sL[f ]

0
L[f ′ ] = sL[f ] − f (0)
Problems
Laplace transform of second order derivatives

Prove L[f ′′ ] = s 2 L[f ] − sf (0) − f ′ (0)
Proof:
Z∞
L[f ] = e −st f (t)dt
0
Z∞ Z∞
′′ −st ′′
L[f ] = e f (t)dt = e −st d(f ′ (t))
0 0
Z∞
∞
e −st f ′ (t) f ′ (t)(−s)e −st dt

= 0
−
0
Z∞
= 0 − e 0 f ′ (0) + s e −st f ′ (t)dt = −f ′ (0) + sL[f ′ ]

0
L[f ] = s {sL[f ] − f (0)} − f ′ (0) = s 2 L[f ] − sf (0) − f ′ (0)
′′

Problems
Laplace transform of the derivative f (n) of any Order
Let f , f ′ , · · · , f (n−1) be continuous for all t ≥ 0 and satisfy the exponentially

bounded condition. Furthermore, let f (n) be piecewise continuous on every
finite interval on the semi-axis t ≥ 0. Then the transform of f (n) satisfies
L[f (n) ] = s n L[f ] − s n−1 f (0) − s n−2 f (0) − · · · − f n−1 (0)

Problems
Problem: If f (t) = sin ωt then find L[f ′′ (t)]

Solution: f ′ (t) = ω cos ωt.
L[f ′′ (t)] = s 2 L[f ] − sf (0) − f ′ (0)

= s 2 L[f ] − 0 − ω
ω
= s2 · 2 −ω
s + ω2
s 2ω
= 2 −ω
s + ω2
s 2ω2 − s 2ω2 − ω3
=
s 2 + ω2
−ω 3
L[f ′′ (t)] = 2
s + ω2

Problems
Problem: If f (t) = cos ωt then find L[f ′′ (t)]

Problems
Laplace transform of derivatives
Laplace transform of derivatives of f (t) satisfy
L[f ′ ] = sL[f ] − f ′ (0)

L[f ′′ ] = s 2 L[f ] − sf (0) − f ′ (0)
L[f (n) ] = s n L[f ] − s n−1 f (0) − s n−2 f ′ (0) − · · · − f n−1 (0)

Problems
Problem: If f (t) = t sin ωt then find L[f ′′ (t)]

Solution: f ′ (t) = ω cos ωt,
f ′′ (t) = ω cos ωt + ω cos ωt − ω 2 t sin ωt = 2ω cos ωt − ω 2 t sin ωt.
L[f ′′ (t)] = s 2 L[f (t)] − sf (0) − f ′ (0)

= s 2 L[f (t)] − 0 − 0
L[f ′′ (t)] = s 2 L[f (t)]
L[2ω cos ωt − ω 2 t sin ωt] = s 2 L[t sin ωt]
L[2ω cos ωt] − L[ω 2 t sin ωt] = s 2 L[t sin ωt]
2ωL[cos ωt] − ω 2 L[t sin ωt] = s 2 L[t sin ωt]
s
2ω · 2 = s 2 L[t sin ωt] + ω 2 L[t sin ωt]
s + ω2
2ωs
= (s 2 + ω 2 )
s 2 + ω2
2ωs
L[t sin ωt] =
(s + ω 2 )2
2

Problems
Problem: If L[f (t)] = F (s) then L[tf (t)] = −F ′ (s)

Proof: We know that
Z∞
L[f (t)] = e −st f (t)dt = F (s)
0
Z∞
d
e −st f (t)dt = F ′ (s)
ds
0
Z∞
∂
e −st f (t) dt = F ′ (s)

∂s
0
Z∞
(−t)e −st f (t)dt = F ′ (s)
0
Z∞
e −st tf (t)dt = −F ′ (s)
0
Problems
R∞
Problem: If L[f (t)] = F (s) then L[ f (t)
t ]= F (s)ds
s
Proof: We know that
Z∞
L[f (t)] = F (s) = e −st f (t)dt
0
Z∞ Z∞ Z∞
F (s)ds = e −st f (t)dtds
s s 0
Z∞ Z∞ Z∞ Z∞ Z∞
 

F (s)ds = e −st f (t)dsdt = e −st ds f (t)dt
 
s 0 s 0 s
Z∞ Z∞ −st ∞ Z∞
e −st

e
F (s)ds = f (t)dt = 0− f (t)dt
−t s −t
s 0 0
Z∞ Z∞ Z∞
e −st

f (t) f (t)
F (s)ds = f (t)dt = e −st dt = L
t t t
s 0 0
Problems
Summary
1 If L[f (t)] = F (s) then

d
L[tf (t)] = − ds F (s),
n
d
L[t n f (t)] = (−1)n ds n F (s)
R∞
L[ f (t)
t ]= F (s)ds
s
2 If L[f (t)] = F (s) then
L[f ′ (t)] = sL[f (t)] − f (0),
L[f ′′ (t)] = s 2 L[f (t)] − sf (0) − f ′ (0)
L[f (n) (t)] = s n L[f ] − s n−1 f (0) − s n−2 f ′ (0) − · · · − f n−1 (0)

Problems
Find the Laplace transform of t sin at.

Solution: Given problem if of the type L[tf (t)], here f (t) = sin at.
a
L[f (t)] = L[sin at] = s 2 +a 2.
We know that,
d d
L[tf (t)] = − F (s) = − L[f (t)]
ds ds
d d
L[t sin at] = − F (s) = − L[sin at]
ds ds

d a
= −
ds s 2 + a2
d
= −a (s 2 + a2 )−1
ds
= (−a)(−1)(s 2 + a2 )−2 (2s)
2as
=
(s + a2 )2
2

Problems
Find the Laplace transform of t sin hat.

Solution: Given problem if of the type L[tf (t)], here f (t) = sinh at.
a
L[f (t)] = L[sinh at] = s 2 −a 2.
We know that,
d d
L[tf (t)] = − F (s) = − L[f (t)]
ds ds
d d
L[t sinh at] = − F (s) = − L[sinh at]
ds ds

d a
= −
ds s 2 − a2
d
= −a (s 2 − a2 )−1
ds
= (−a)(−1)(s 2 − a2 )−2 (2s)
2as
=
(s − a2 )2
2

Problems
Find the Laplace transform of t cos at.

Solution: Given problem if of the type L[tf (t)], here f (t) = cos at.
s
L[f (t)] = L[cos at] = s 2 +a 2.
We know that,
d d
L[tf (t)] = − F (s) = − L[f (t)]
ds ds
d d
L[t cos at] = − F (s) = − L[cos at]
ds ds
d s
= −
ds s 2 + a2

Problems
Find the Laplace transform of te −at .
Find the Laplace transform of sin at − at cos at.

f (t)
Problems based on the type: L[ t ]
sin 2t
Find the Laplace transform of t . h i
f (t)
Solution: Given problem if of the type L t , here f (t) = sin 2t.
2
L[f (t)] = L[sin 2t] = s 2 +22
.
We know that,
Z∞ Z∞
f (t)
L = F (s)ds = L[f (t)]ds
t
s s
Z∞
sin 2t
L = L[sin 2t]ds
t
s
Z∞ i∞
2 h
−1 s
= ds = tan
s 2 + 22 2 s
s
π
= tan−1 (∞) − tan−1 (s) = − tan−1 (s)
2

f (t)
Problems based on the type: L[ t ]
cos 2t
Find the Laplace transform of t .

Problems based on LT of periodic functions
Definition: If f (t) is a periodic function with period T on 0 ≤ t < ∞ and

piecewise continuous on one period, then
ZT
1
1 − e −sT
0

Problem 1: If f (t) is the saw tooth wave function described as in the

figure then find its Laplace transform.
Solution: Here f (t) = 2t, 0 ≤ t < 2.
ZT
1
1 − e −sT
0
Z2 Z2
1 −st 2
= e 2tdt = te −st dt
1 − e −2s 1 − e −2s
0 0
2
e −st e −st

2
= t· − (1) · 2
1 − e −2s −s s
−2s −2s
0
2 e e 1
= 2· − 2 − 0− 2
1 − e −2s −s s s
−2s −2s

2 2e e 1
= −2s
− − 2 + 2
1−e s s s
2e −2s e −2s

2 1
= − − 2 + 2
1 − e −2s s s s
−2s −2s

2 −2e 1−e
= +
1 − e −2s s s2
−2e −2s 1 − e −2s

2 2
= +
1 − e −2s s 1 − e −2s s2
−2e −2s

2 2
= + 2
1 − e −2s s s
−2e −2s

2 2
= +
s 2 1 − e −2s s

Problem 2: If f (t) = t 2 , 0 < t < 2 and f (t + 2) = f (t), then find the

Laplace transform of f (t).
Solution: Here f (t) = t 2 , 0 ≤ t < 2.
ZT
1
1 − e −sT
0
Z2
1
= e −st t 2 dt
1 − e −2s
0
Z2
1
= t 2 e −st dt
1 − e −2s
0
−st
2
e −st e −2s

1 2 e
= t · − (2t) · 2 + (2) 3
1 − e −2s −s s −s 0
−2s −2s −2s

1 e e e 2
= 4· − (4) 2 + (2) 3 − 0 −
1 − e −2s −s s −s −s 3
−4e −2s 4e −2s 2e −2s

1 2
= − − + 3
1 − e −2s s s2 s3 s
−2s −2s −2s

1 2 2e 4e 4e
= − − −
1 − e −2s s 3 s3 s2 s
−2s −2s 4s 2 e −2s

1 2 2e 4se
= − − −
1 − e −2s s 3 s3 s3 s3
1
2 − 2e −2s − 4se −2s − 4s 2 e −2s

= 3 −2s
s (1 − e )
1
2 − (2 + 4s + 4s 2 )e −2s

= 3 −2s
s (1 − e )

Problem 3: Evaluate L[f (t)] if f (t) has a period 2π and is given by

(
sin t, 0 < t < π
f (t) =
0, π < t < 2π
Solution: Here f (t) is periodic with period 2π.
ZT
1
1 − e −sT
0
Z2π
1
= e −st f (t)dt
1 − e −2πs
0
 π
Z2π

Z
1  e −st sin tdt + e −st · (0)dt 
=
1 − e −2πs
0 π

Zπ
1
= e −st sin tdt
1 − e −2πs
0
π
e −st

1
= (−s sin t − cost)
1 − e −2πs (−s)2 + 12 0
1 −st π
= 2 −2πs
e (−s sin t − cost) 0
(s + 1)(1 − e )
1 −πs
= 2 −2πs
e (1) − [−1]
(s + 1)(1 − e )
1 −πs
= 2 −2πs
e +1
(s + 1)(1 − e )
1 −πs
= 2 −πs −πs
e +1
(s + 1)(1 + e )(1 − e )
1
=
(s 2 + 1)(1 − e −πs )

Problem 4: Find the LT of a square wave with period T given by

(
E, 0 ≤ t ≤ T /2
f (t) =
−E , T /2 ≤ t < T

Unit step function
Definition:
Unit step function is defined by
(
0, if t < a
u(t − a) =
1, if t ≥ a
Laplace transform of u(t − a) is given by
Z∞
L[u(t − a)] = e −st u(t − a)dt
0
Za Z∞
−st
= e u(t − a)dt + e −st u(t − a)dt
0 a
Za Z∞
e −as
= e −st · 0dt + e −st · 1dt =
s
0 a

Solution of IVPs using LT
Procedure
Step 1: Setting up the auxiliary equation Y (s)
Step 2: Solving the auxiliary equation Y (s)
Step 3: Inversion of Y (s) to obtain y (t)

Solve y ′′ − y = t, y (0) = 1, y ′ (0) = 1.

Solution:
L[y ′′ − y ] = L[t]
L[y ′′ ] − L[y ] = L[t]
1
s 2 Y (s) − sy (0) − y ′ (0) − Y (s) = 2
s
1
(s 2 − 1)Y (s) = s + 1 +
s2
s +1 1
Y (s) = +
s 2 − 1 s 2 (s 2 − 1)
s +1 1
Y (s) = + 2 2
(s + 1)(s − 1) s (s − 1)
1 1
Y (s) = + 2 2 (3)
s − 1 s (s − 1)

1 1 1
− =
s(s 2 − 1)
s2 − 1 s2
1 1 1
From (1) Y (s) = + 2 − 2
s −1 s −1 s
−1 1 1 1
L [Y (s)] = + −
s − 1 s2 − 1 s2
y (t) = e t + sinh t − t.

Problem 2: Solve y ′′ + y ′ + 9y = 0, y (0) = 0.16, y ′ (0) = 0.

Solution:
L[y ′′ + y ′ + 9y ] = 0
L[y ′′ ] + L[y ′ ] + 9L[y ] = 0
s 2 Y (s) − sy (0) − y ′ (0) + sY (s) − y (0) + 9Y (s) = 0
(s 2 + s + 9)Y (s) = 0.16s + 0.16
(s 2 + s + 9)Y (s) = 0.16(s + 1)
0.16(s + 1)
Y (s) = 2
s +s +9

Problem 3: Solve 4y ′′ − 12y ′ + 9y = 0, y (0) = 23 , y ′ (0) = 1.

Thank You
THANK YOU

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Laplace transforms

KRISHNASAMY R (PSG CT) CVT 1 / 60

Laplace transforms and its applications in solving differential equations,

TEXT BOOK: Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John

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Transformation is a function f that maps a set X to itself, that is,

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f : Z → Z defined by f (x) = 2x. Here co-domain is the set of even

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Steps to solve ODE using LT

Apply Laplace transform to transform given ODE into algebraic

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Advantages of using LT to solve ODEs

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If f (t) is a function defined for all t ≥ 0, its Laplace transform is denoted

f (t) is called the inverse transform of F (s) and is denoted by L−1 (F )

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Problem 1: Find the LT of f (t) = 1.

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Problem 2: Find the LT of f (t) = e at , where a > 0.

Problem 3: Find the LT of f (t) = e −at , where a > 0.

Linearity Property: L[af (t) + bg (t)] = aL[f (t)] + bL[g (t)].

KRISHNASAMY R (PSG CT) CVT 11 / 60

Problem 4: Find LT of cosh at and sinh at.

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Problem 7: Find the LT of f (t) = t .

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Problem 9: Find the LT of f (t) = t a , where a > 0 .

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Change of scale property: If L[f (t)] = F (s) then L[f (at)] = 1a F ( as ).

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First shifting theorem (FST): If L[f (t)] = F (s) then

L[e at f (t)] = F (s − a).

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Problem 11: Find LT of e −at cos bt and e −at sin bt.

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Apply inverse Laplace transform on both sides

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Existence and Uniqueness of Laplace Transforms

A function has a Laplace transform if f (t)

should be piecewise continuous.

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Existence theorem for Laplace transform

If f (t) is defined and piecewise continuous on every finite interval on the

KRISHNASAMY R (PSG CT) CVT 26 / 60

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Find the Laplace transform of

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Laplace transform of derivatives

Laplace transform of first and second order derivatives of f (t) satisfy

L[f ′ ] = sL[f ] − f ′ (0) (1)

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Laplace transform of first order derivatives

Laplace transform of second order derivatives

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Laplace transform of the derivative f (n) of any Order