Grammar

Parts of speech with types & sub-types

1. NOUN
Noun is the naming word. It expresses the names of persons, places or things. E.g. Ali, driver, sister, friend, Pakistan,
Qatar, pen, dog, money etc.
Types OF NOUN
1. Proper nouns (word "proper" means "one's own)
Proper nouns are the specific names of persons & places. They start with capital letters. E.g. Aslam, Qatar etc.
2. Common nouns (word "common" means "shared by all" of the same class)
Common Nouns are the names given in common to all persons, places or things of the same class. E.g. boy, paper, frog, bicycle,
atom etc.
3. Material/Concrete nouns
They are mostly the names of objects and animals (countable) and substances or materials (uncountable). E.g. oxygen, iron, glass,
and door are all concrete nouns.
4. Abstract nouns
Abstract nouns name qualities, ideas and feelings. They can't be touched or seen. E.g. poverty, bravery, length, width, cleanliness,
beauty etc.
5. Collective Nouns
Collective Nouns are the names of persons, places or things of the same class taken together but spoken of as one whole. E.g. a
herd of elephants, a bouquet of flowers, a bunch of bananas, a crowd of people, a jury of judges etc.
6. Countable Nouns (These are also called count nouns)
Countable nouns have singular and plural forms. They can be counted. Examples: ball, boy, cat, person
7. Uncountable Nouns (These are also called mass nouns)
You cannot count uncountable nouns. You need to use "measure words" to quantify them. E.g.: water, happiness
8. Compound Nouns A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words. E.g.
blackboard, breakfast, full moon, washing machine, software
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2. PRONOUN (word "pro" means "in place of" or "instead of")
A word which is used in place of a noun is called a pronoun. E.g. I, we, you, they, he, she, it
Types OF PRONOUN
1. Personal Pronouns Pronouns which are used to refer to the person. E.g. I, we, you, they, he,
she, it.
List of Personal Pronouns
Subjective Case Objective Possessive Possessive
Case Adjectives Pronouns

I (1st person pronoun) Me My Mine

We (1st person Us Our Ours

pronoun)

You (2nd person You Your Yours

pronoun)

They (3rd person Them Their Theirs

pronoun)

He (3rd person Him His His

pronoun)

She (3rd person Her Her Hers

pronoun)

It (3rd person It Its Its

 pronoun)

2. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS Indefinite Pronouns are used to refer to the persons, places or things in a very
general way. They do not refer to any particular person, place or a thing. E.g. another everybody no one bothanybody
everyone nothing few anyone everything one many anything much somebody others each
neither someone several either nobody something
3. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS Reflexive pronouns are those pronouns in which the action reflects back to the
subject itself. They are used as the object of the sentence. They are formed by adding –self or –selves to certain personal or
possessive pronouns. The sentence becomes meaningless without reflexive pronoun.
E.g. He reminded himself of his duties.
4. EMPHATIC OR INTENSIVE PRONOUNS Emphatic or intensive pronouns are the pronouns that add
emphasis to a noun or pronoun already named. They are formed by adding –self or –selves to certain personal or possessive
pronouns. The sentence remains complete even without using these pronouns.
E.g. I myself paid for the book.
5. DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS Pronouns used to denote every one of a number of persons or things taken
singly are called Distributive Pronouns. E.g. Each, Either, Neither
6. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS Pronouns used to ask questions are called Interrogative Pronouns.
E.g. Who is knocking at the door? Which is your house?
7. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS Demonstrative Pronouns are used to point out the object or objects
to which they refer are called Demonstrative Pronouns. E.g. This, that, these, those etc.
8. RELATIVE PRONOUNS Pronouns that refer to some nouns that go before and join two sentences
together are called Relative Pronouns. E.g. Who, which, that, whose, whom etc.
He is the man who had come to see you.
9. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS: Pronouns that denote mutual action are called Reciprocal Pronouns. E.g. each other,
one another.
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3. ADJECTIVE Adjectives are the words which are used to describe noun or a pronoun. E.g.
Ali is a clever boy. The lazy boy was punished. Karachi is a large city.
Types OF ADJECTIVES
1. Adjectives of Quality The adjectives which show the kind or quality of a person or a thing.
* Adjectives of quality answer the question "Of what kind?" E.g.
He is an intelligent boy. This chapter is lengthy. PISQ is a big school.
Degrees of Adjectives of Quality
i) Positive Degree It is used when no comparison is made. It is the adjective in its simple form. E.g.
Doha is a famous city of Qatar.
ii) Comparative Degree It is used when two things are compared together. E.g. This boy is stronger than that.
iii) Superlative Degree It denotes the highest degree of quality and is used when more than two things are compared. E.g. This
boy is the strongest in the class.
2. Adjectives of Quantity
These adjectives describe the quantity of something or show how much of a thing is meant. E.g.
I ate some rice. He has little intelligence. He did not eat any rice.
3. Adjectives of Number These adjectives show how many persons or things are meant.
It answers the question: How many?? E.g. The hand has five fingers. There are no pictures in this room.
4. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES These adjectives point out which person or a thing is meant. E.g. This book
is mine. That flower has bloomed. These mangoes are sour.
5. INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES These are the adjectives which are used before a noun to ask questions. E.g.
Which way leads to Doha? Whose book is this? Which pen do you prefer?
6. DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVESThese are the pronouns which refer to each one of a number. E.g. Each boy
must take his turn. Every student wants to get first position. Neither of the two broke the window pane.
7. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES These are the adjectives which show the possession of things. E.g. Your pen is
really fine. He has stolen my watch. My garden is small.
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4. VERB: Verb is a word which expresses the action done by the subject e.g. The milkman milked the cow.
Types of verb
A verb that expresses the action can be of two kinds.
A. Transitive Verb: A verb that requires an object after it. E.g.
The man caught the birds.
Transitive verb object
B. Intransitive Verb: A verb that does not require an object after it. E.g.
The soldiers fought fiercely.
Intransitive Verb

State Verb The verb which expresses the state of being of something or someone. The old man is dead.
Linking Verb. The verb which links the subject with its description. E.g. The mangoes are sour.
Auxiliary or a Helping Verb The verb which helps the main form of verb in the sentence.
E.g. The players are playing cricket.
Auxiliary/helping verb Main verb
Modal Verbs There are other verbs which are used as helping verbs but they express different moods like permission,
possibility, certainty, purpose etc. These verbs are known as. E.g. Can, may, should, dare, must, ought, need etc.
5. ADVERB
Adverbs are the words which describe (tell more about) the verbs. E.g. Ali runs quickly. I hurt my knee yesterday.
Types of Adverbs
1. Adverbs Of Manner The adverbs of Manner show how does or did the action take place.
**The Adverbs of Manner answer the Question *How*?? with the verb. E.g. The boys work hard.
2. Adverbs of Time The Adverbs of Time show when does or did the action take place.
**The Adverbs of Time answer the question **WHEN** with the verb. E.g. We rise early. (Rise when? = early)
3. Adverbs of Place The Adverbs of Place show where does or did the action take place.
**The Adverbs of Place answer the question **WHERE** with the verb. E.g. He comes here daily.
4. Adverbs of Frequency The adverbs of frequency show how often an action is performed.
E.g. He often speaks the truth. He again got failed in the examination.
5. Adverbs of Degree The adverbs which show how much or to what extent is the action performed. E.g. He is almost
recovered.
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6. CONJUNCTION (joining words) A word which joins together sentences & sometimes words.
E.g. He ran away because he was afraid. I cannot give you any money for I have none.
Types of Conjunctions
i. Subordinating conjunctions Conjunctions which join an independent clause with the dependent clause are called
Subordinating Conjunctions. E.g. Because it rained all day, our basement filled up with water. I waited for my friend
until he came.
ii. Coordinating conjunctions Conjunctions which join two independent clauses together. They are SEVEN in
number and can be remembered with the phrase "FANBOYS". E.g. For, And, Neither- nor, But,Or, Yet, So
iii. Correlative Conjunctions Similar to coordinating conjunctions in that they connect the same type of
words, but work in pairs. E.g. Both…and, Either/neither….or, Not only…..but also, Whether.....or
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7. PREPOSITION: A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or the thing
denoted by it stands in regards to something else. E.g. in, on. Under, over, near, off, beside etc.
Types of Prepositions
i. SIMPLE PREPOSITION Following are the simple prepositions. At, by, from, in, of, off, on, out, though, till, to,
up, with etc.
ii. COMPOUND PREPOSITION Compound prepositions are two or more words working together as one word and functioning
as a preposition. . E.g. Along with, according to, in front of, away from, because of, instead of etc.
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 8. INTERJECTION Interjections are the words which are used to express the sudden feelings or emotions. They may
express feelings of joy, grief, surprise and approval. They always have an exclamation mark (!) after them. e.g. Hurrah! we
have won the match.
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SENTENCE & ITS KINDS (Manner based)
A group of words which makes complete sense is called a sentence. It contains Subject & predicate both. It
begins with a capital letter and ends at full stop, question mark or a sign of exclamation.
E.g. The stars twinkle at night. Where do you live? How stupid are you!
There are five kinds of sentences based on manner:
1. Simple/ Declarative or Assertive Sentence A sentence which makes a statement or an assertion.
E.g. He plays hockey. She goes to college every day.
2. Interrogative Sentence A sentence which asks a question. E.g. Where are you going?
3. Imperative SentencesA sentence which expresses a command, request or an advice.
E.g. Open the door. (command) Please bring me a glass of water. (request)
4. Exclamatory Sentence A sentence which expresses sudden feelings of emotions.
E.g. How foolish you have been! Hurrah! We have won the match. Alas! I am ruined.
5. Optative Sentence A sentence which is used to express wish or a curse.
E.g. May you live long! I wish I were a minister.
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TYPES OF SENTENCES (Structure based)
There are four types of sentences based on structure.
i. Simple Sentence A sentence which consists of a subject & a predicate and expresses a complete
sense is called a Simple Sentence. E.g. He plays cricket every day. The sun sets in
the west.
ii. Compound Sentence A sentence which consists of two or more main or independent clauses is
said to be a Compound Sentence. E.g. You must weep or you will die. He is
poor but his heart is great.
iii. Complex Sentence A sentence which consists of one main clause or one or more dependent clauses is
called a Complex Sentence.
E.g. He did not come to school because he was ill. They always talk who never think.
iv. Compound- Complex Sentence A sentence which consists of two independent clauses or one or more
dependent clauses is said to be Compound- Complex Sentence.
E.g. Life is a joke and we are toys which few people understand.
The students play happily as the teachers sit around which is a pleasant sight.
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VERBALS
Verbals are those forms of the verbs which are taken from the verb but they don’t function as verbs in the
sentence. E.g. Barking dogs seldom bite. A burnt child dreads the fire. Swimming is
my passion.
I want to go there. To err is human.
All the italicized words though have been derived from the verbs but they don’t function as verbs instead they
perform the functions of adjectives & nouns.
Types of Verbals
There are three kinds of verbals; Participle Gerund Infinitive
1. Participle: A participle is verbal adjective as it functions as an adjective in a sentence.
E.g. A rolling stone gathers no moss. He wears s a worried look.
Participle is of two kinds:
I. Present Participle: It is an ‘-ing’ form of the verb used as an adjective in a sentence.
 E.g. He played a losing game. His father is a caring person.
II. Past Participle: It is the past participle (third) form of the verb used as an adjective in a sentence.
E.g. A lost opportunity never returns. He is wearing a tattered coat.
2. Gerund: (Verbal noun) It is an ‘-ing’ form of the verb used as a noun in a sentence.
E.g. Reading is my favourite pastime. He is fond of hoarding money. Seeing is believing.
3. Infinitive: It is a verb having “to” before it. E.g. We like to play in the rain. She sent me a book to read.
*There are certain verbs e.g. (bid, let, make, need, dare, see, hear) with which we use the infinitive
without "to"; as
Bid him go. Let him sit here. Make him stand. We need not go today.
You dare not do it. I saw him do it. I heard him cry.
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PHRASE & ITS TYPES
Phrase: A phrase is a group of related words which expresses an incomplete sense.
E.g. Early in the morning The man in the jeep During the day A man of great
wealth
TYPES OF PHRASES
1. NOUN PHRASE: A phrase which does the work of a noun in a sentence is said to be a Noun Phrase. E.g.
He is wearing a nice red shirt. She brought a glass full of water. The boy with brown hair is
laughing.
2. ADJECTIVE PHRASE: A group of words which does the work of an adjective in the sentence is called
Adjective Phrase. E.g. He gifted me a book full of jokes. A boy with a gun aimed at the bird.
3. PREPOSITIONAL Phrase: Preposition phrase is Preposition + Noun. It functions as adverb or adjective
phrase. E.g. The man in the room is our teacher. She is shouting in a loud voice.
4. VERB PHRASE: A group of main verb and one or more helping verbs together is called a Verb
Phrase. E.g. She has been sleeping for two hours. She has finished her work. He has left home now.
5. ADVERB PHRASE: A phrase which does the work of an adverb in a sentence is called an Adverb
Phrase. E.g. She always drives with great care. He sat in a corner of the room. He returned in a short
while.
6. Infinitive Phrase: Infinitive phrase consists of To + Verb + Noun . E.g. I like to read books.
To earn money is a desire of all. She shouted to inform people about fire.
7. Gerund Phrase: Gerung phrase consists of Gerund + Modifiers.
E.g. I like writing good essays. Weeping of a baby woke him up. Sleeping late at night is not a good
habit.
8. Participle Phrase: Participle Phrase consists of –ing form of verb/ 3rd form of verb + modifiers.
E.g. The kids making a noise need food. I received a letter, mentioning about my exams.
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Clause & its Types
CLAUSE: A group of words that forms part of a sentence and contains Subject & Predicate is called a
CLAUSE. E.g. They played the match but we only watched it.
Because I am ill…………………………….. As he was not there………………………
Types of Clause
There are TWO types of clauses:
1. Independent Clause: It is a complete sentence having Subject & Predicate both. It can stand on its own. Its
formation is: SUBJECT+PREDICATE
E.g. Aslam wrote a letter. Aslam (Subject) + wrote a letter (Predicate)
 2. Dependent Clause: It is an incomplete sentence. It cannot stand on its own. It is dependent on independent
clause for its meanings. Its formation is:
SUBORDINATOR+SUBJECT+PREDICATE………………
e.g. As he was not there ………………………. …………………..before the guests arrived.
FUNCTIONS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSE
1. NOUN CLAUSE: A group of words which contains a subject & a predicate of its own and does the work
of a noun in a sentence is said to be a Noun Clause.
E.g. I earn whatever I can. They have decided that they will struggle hard in their lives.
2. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE: A group of words which contains subject & predicate both and does the work of
an adjective in called an Adjective Clause.
E.g. I remember the house where I was born. The house that I live in belongs to my friend.
3. ADVERB CLAUSE: A group of words that contains subject & predicate and does the work of
an adverb is called an Adverb Clause.
E.g. You may take your books wherever you go. When I was young, I
thought so.
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Conditional Sentences
Conditional sentences are statements that describe the result of a certain condition. A conditional sentence is
composed of two parts. i.e. If Clause + Main Clause
Condition Result
E.g. If you work hard, you will get the reward.
Types of Conditional Sentences
1. Zero Conditionals
If Clause + Main Clause
Simple Present tense (1st form of verb) Simple present tense (1st form of verb)
E.g. If you heat ice, it turns to water.
st
2. 1 Conditionals
If Clause + Main Clause
st
Simple Present tense (1 form of verb) Simple future tense (will/ shall + 1st form of verb)
E.g. If you rest, you will feel better. If I get her address, I will send her invitation.
3. 2nd Conditionals
If Clause + Main Clause
Simple Past tense (2nd form of verb) (would + 1st form of verb)
E.g. If I won a lottery, I would buy a new car. If you worked hard, you would get top position.
rd
4. 3 Conditionals
If Clause + Main Clause
rd
Past Perfect tense (had + 3 form of verb) (would/could have + 3rd form of verb)
E.g. If they had booked earlier, they could have found better seats. You could have helped me, if you’d stayed
later.
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Punctuation Marks
Full Stop
You put the full stop at the end of a sentence. E,g
 A dog likes bones.
 A horse likes hay.
 A flower grows.
 A banana is yellow.
Question Mark
Question mark goes at the end of a question E.g.
 What's your name?
 Do you like school?
 How old are you?
 What does a tiger eat?
Exclamation Mark
Exclamation mark is used at the end of a sentence or a short phrase which expresses very strong feeling.
E.g.
 What a lovely view you have here!
 That's fantastic!
 Help!
An exclamation mark is also usual after an exclamation beginning with what or how. E.g
 What fools people can be!
 How well Marshall bowled yesterday!
Comma
You use commas for listing and joining 2 sentences together. E.g
 I like fruit especially strawberry, raspberry and apple.
 My friends’ names are Bethany, Ellie and Jade.
Joining sentences together - E.g
 You must hand in your essay by Friday, or you will receive a mark of zero.
 Norway has applied to join the EC, and Sweden is expected to do the same.
Colon
Colon can be used to introduce a list, extended quotation and introduce an explanation of a statement.
List - E.g
 Here are some chocolate bars: Mars bar, milky way and snicker.
Extended Quotation - E.g
 Bill said to his mum: “Can I have some popcorn, please?.”
Explanation of a statement - E.g
 A lion: large, land based feline predator situated in a pride.
Semi Colon
It is used to join two complete sentences into a single written sentence. E,g
 Pass Ben his pencil case; it belongs to him.
 Pass Annie her lunch money; it belongs to her
 Give Spotty the dog his bone; it belongs to him
Capital Letter
Use capital letters to start a sentence, languages, days of the week, months and names of countries, your
name and beginning of quotations.
Sentence: They should learn the names of countries.
Languages: Julie speaks English, French and German.
Days of the week: I love Mondays.
Months: Emma's birthday is in March.
Countries: It is hot in China.
Name: My name is Luke.
Quotations: “What's your favourite colour?”
Abbreviation
An abbreviation is a short way of writing a word or a phrase that could also be written out in full.
E,g
 Dr = Doctor
 Prof= Professor
  a.m = Before noon
 p.m= After noon
 b.c= before the birth of Christ
 a.d= after the birth of Christ
 b.c.e= Before the common era
 c.e =Of the common era
 RSPCA Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Quotation Marks
A pair of quotation marks encloses a direct quotation.
For example:
 “ Do you like singing?”
 “ Do you have a pet?”
 “What's your favourite animal?”
 “ Do you play a instrument?”
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Conjunction and its Types
Coordinating Conjunction
Complete each sentence using the correct coordinating conjunction from the parenthesis:
1. My car has a radio _________ a CD player. (but, or, and)
2. Sharon hates to listen to rap music, _________ will she tolerate heavy metal. (but, nor, or)
3. Carol wanted to drive to Colorado, _________ Bill insisted that they fly. (and, or, but)
4. I’m afraid of heights, _________ I appreciate the view from the top of this building. (and, yet, nor)
5. I have to be on time, _________ my boss will be annoyed if I’m late. (and, nor, for)
6. Do you like chocolate _________ vanilla ice cream better? (or, nor, and)
7. I have to go to work at six, _________ I’m waking up at four. (but, so, yet)
8. I was on time, _________ everyone else was late. (so, but, for)
9. Nadia doesn’t like to drive, _________ she takes the bus everywhere. (but, yet, so)
10. Our trip to the museum was interesting, _________ there were several new artifacts on display. (but, for,
yet)

Answers: (1 – and, 2 – nor, 3 – but, 4 – yet, 5 – for, 6 – or, 7- so, 8 – but, 9 – so, 10 – for)

Subordinating Conjunction

Complete each sentence using the subordinating conjunction from the parenthesis:
1. I visit the Grand Canyon _________ I go to Arizona. (once, whenever, wherever)
2. This is the place _________ we stayed last time we visited. (where, when, how)
3. _________ you win first place, you will receive a prize. (wherever, if, unless)
4. You won’t pass the test _________ you study. (when, if, unless)
5. I could not get a seat, _________ I came early. (as, though, when)
6. We are leaving Wednesday _________ or not it rains. (if, whether, though)
7. Pay attention to your work _________ you will not make mistakes. (so that, unless, or)
8. The musicians delivered a rousing performance _________ they had rehearsed often. (though, as, once)
9. She’s honest _________ everyone trusts her. (if, so, when)
10. Write this down _________ you forget. (or, when, lest)

Answers : (1 – whenever, 2 – where, 3 – if, 4 – unless, 5 – though, 6 – whether, 7- so that, 8 – as, 9

– so, 10 – lest)

Worksheet

Correlative Conjunction

Complete each sentence using the correct correlative conjunction pair from the parenthesis:

1. I plan to take my vacation _________ in June _________ in July. (whether / or, either / or, as / if)
2. _________ I’m feeling happy _________ sad, I try to keep a positive attitude. (either / or, whether / or,
when / I’m)
3. _________ had I taken my shoes off _________ I found out we had to leave again. (no sooner / than,
rather / than, whether / or)
4. _________ only is dark chocolate delicious, _________ it can be healthy. (whether / or, not / but, just
as / so)
5. _________ I have salad for dinner, _____________________I can have ice cream for dessert. (if /then,
when / than, whether / or)
6. _________ flowers _________ trees grow _________ during warm weather. (not only / or, both / and,
not / but)
7. _________ do we enjoy summer vacation, _________ we _________ enjoy winter break. (whether / or,
not only / but also, either / or)
8. Calculus is _________ easy _________ difficult _________ (not / but, both / and, either / or)
9. It’s _________ going to rain _________ snow tonight. (as / if, either / or, as / as)
10. Savory flavors are _________ sweet _________ sour. (often / and, neither / nor, both / and)

Answers : (1 – either / or, 2 – whether / or, 3 – no sooner / than, 4 – not / but, 5 – if /then, 6 – both /
and, 7 – not only / but also, 8 – not / but, 9 – either / or, 10 – neither / nor)

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

(SUBJECT + 1ST FORM OF VERB + OBJECT)
NOTE: If the subject is (HE, SHE, IT or Single noun) we add ‘s’ or ‘es’ with the verb.
If the subject is (I, WE, YOU, THEY OR PLURAL SUBJECT) ‘s’ or ‘es’ is not added with the verb. E.G.
He goes to school regularly. I go to school regularly.
Negative: S+ do not (I, we, you, they, or plural subject)/ does not (he, she, it or single subject)+1st form of verb+
O
The milkman does not bring milk. They do not deceive anyone.
INTERROGATIVE: Do (I, we, you, they, or plural subject)/ Does (he, she, it or single subject) + S + 1 st form of
V + O? e.g. Does Aslam buy new shoes on Eid?
Do you use foul language in the class?
A. EXERCISE:
1. Nasima always (speak) the truth. 2. You (not take) a bath daily.
3. You (deal) in sugar? 4. He (not take) exercise regularly.
5. She (not always speak) the truth. 6. You (not go) for a walk in the evening.
7. Where children (play) hide and seek? 8. Bashir (wander) till late night?
9. The moon (not appear) in the evening now a days. 10. God (help) those who help themselves.
 11. We (go) to museum now and then. 12. The poor man (look) down upon the rich.
13. A drowning man (catch) at a straw. 14. The poor postman hardly (make) both ends meet.
15. He (be) my friend while you (be) not.

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Present Continuous Tense
(Subject + is/am/are + -ing form of verb + object)
Note: We use ‘is’ with (He, She, It or a single Subject). We use ‘am’ with I. We use ‘are’ with (we, you, they
or a plural subject)
e.g. People are going to Changa Manga for picnic. (Simple)
The boys are not preparing well for exams. (Negative)
Am I making the map of Pakistan? (Interrogative)
Exercise:
1. Amjad (wind) the watch now. 2. The Police (run) after the murderer.
3. We are (print) a new book now- a -days. 4. I (look) for my watch now.
5. The dogs (not fight) over the bone. 6. You (not cooperate) with your friends.
7. Where the people (dance)? 8. Are they (sit) idle?
9. The baby (cry) for milk now. 10. Why the plane (land) here?
11. When the guests (arrive) here? 12. Whom the nurse (talk) to?
13. The woman (call) for help. 14. The boys (slide) down the sand dune.
15. The tailor (stitch) clothes at the moment.

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Present Perfect Tense
(Subject + has/ have + 3rd form of verb + object)
NOTE: ‘has’ is used with (He, She, It or a single noun)
‘have’ is used with (I, we, you, they or a plural subject)
e.g. This boy has learnt the lesson. (Simple)
They have not taught the poem. (Negative)
Have the rats made holes in the wall? (Interrogative)
A. EXERCISE:
1. The boys (steal) eggs from the nest. 2. The rainy season (set) in.
3. The winter (come) to an end. 4. Plants (grow) into trees.
5. The match (end) in a draw. 6. The mason (not leave) his work incomplete.
7. The hen (not lay) the eggs. 8. The sun (not set) as yet.
9. I (shut) the door softly. 10. Why you (spend) all your income?
11. Has your brother (reach) the top of the hill? 12. He already (accept) my application.
13. I already (post) the letter. 14. The police (not catch) him red handed.
15. When your friend (marry)?

==================================
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
(Subject + has/ have + been + -ing form of verb + object + Since/for + Time Period)
e.g. People have been coming to the park since morning. (Simple)
The players have not been playing football since 4 o’ clock. (Negative)
Has the child been weeping for two hours? (Interrogative)
A. EXERCISE:
1. The girl (take) medicine for three days. 2. The teacher (teach) since 8 0’ clock.
3. We (wait) for you for several hours. 4. The miser (not save) money for five years.
 5. All the friends (travel) together since Tuesday. 6. The passengers (not burn) fire since evening.
7. These boys (not make) mischiefs for three days. 8. He (stand) in the sun for an hour.
9. I (not wait) here for two hours. 10. My brother (not write) to me for ten years.
11. People (working) since morning. 12. She (not play) the piano since 2 0’clock.
13. Which story Bashir (write) for four hours? 14. What you (do) here for fifteen minutes?
15. Where they (saw) wood since noon? 16. My friends (not send) gifts since December.
==================================
Present (Indefinite / Continuous/ Perfect / Perfect Continuous) tense
A. Use Present (Indefinite / Continuous/ Perfect / Perfect Continuous) tense to change the
Verbs.
1. He usually (do) his work in time. 2. It (rain) outside now.
3. We already (complete) our work. 4. They (not live) in this house for two years.
5. Have you (buy) new books for new class? 6. They (not come) to school regularly.
7. Why you (deceive) yourself in this matter? 8. Have you (study) in this school for ten years?
9. Have you (make up) your mind for going 10. Are we (compel) him to do this?
abroad?
11. I (still) wait for you. 12. He (be) absent today.
PAST INDEFINITE TENSE
(SUBJECT + 2ND FORM OF VERB + OBJECT)
e.g. We boarded the train. (Simple)
They did not give us a gift. (Negative)
Did the dog chase the rabbit? (Interrogative)
EXERCISE: Change the verb in the given sentences.
1. The grandmother (tell) an interesting story yesterday. 2. The teacher (teach) the lesson well.
3. I (not receive) your letter today. 4. People (not protest) against this law.
5. The Principal (not give away) the prizes last week. 6. How they (welcome) you yesterday?
7. Who (knock) at the door a few minutes before? 8. Why he (tear) the paper in the class today?
9. Attiya (go) to school an hour ago. 10. She (work) well yesterday.
11. He (not mind) your bitter words today. 12. I (not send) a letter to my friend by air mail.
13. Did the magistrate (catch) him red handed? 14. Why Majeed (spend) lavishly?
15. Who (knock) at the door?

==================================
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
(SUBJECT + was/ were + -ing FORM OF VERB + OBJECT)
e.g. They were selling their car a few days before. (Simple)
Some boys were not collecting dry leaves yesterday. (Negative)
Was Aslam dozing in the class during the lesson? (Interrogative)
A. EXERCISE:
1. The horses (graze) in the field in the afternoon. 2. People (fly) kites on their roofs.
3. We (listen) to the news in the afternoon. 4. It (not rain) in the morning.
5. The dog (not bark) at night. 6. We (travel) together.
7. The merchant (come back) home yesterday. 8. You (shiver) with cold at night?
9. Were they (decorate) their houses on Eid? 10. Why they (walk) on foot?
11. Whom your brother (write) letter to? 12. Were people (gather) at the station?
13. She (tremble) with rage at his mistake. 14. The students (wait) for their results.
15. Nasima (not sing) a song then.

=======================================
 PAST PERFECT TENSE
(SUBJECT + had + 3rd FORM OF VERB + OBJECT)
e.g. The girls had already sung songs. (Simple)
We had not heard this news till yesterday. (Negative)
Had you offered the prayer before the prayer call? (Interrogative)
NOTE: In Past Perfect Tense the sentence sometimes consists of two actions. The action happening first is written
in the beginning in had + 3rd form of verb and the action happening second is written at the end and in 2nd form of
verb.
The washerman (press) the clothes before the customer (come).
The washerman had pressed the clothes before the customer came.
e.g. My son had gone to school before I came home.
In this sentence the action of going to school took place first that’s why it is translated in had + 3 rd form of verb.
Whereas, the action of coming home took place second so is written in simple past (2nd form of verb.
EXERCISE:
1. The washerman (press) the clothes before the 2. The teams (reach) the ground before the
customer (come). referee (whistle).
3. All the candidates (enter) the examination hall 4. People (not see) such a strange animal before.
before the paper (begin).
5. Amjad (not learn) the lesson till yesterday. 6. I already (consider) your application.
7. Since when the shopkeeper (decorate) the ship? 8. You (not inform) me of the decision till yesterday.
9. The wounded man (die) when the doctor came. 10. The match had begun before I (reach) stadium.
11. Had you finished novel before I (reach)? 12. The peon (ring) the bell before I entered.
13. He never (board) a train before. 14. The hunter (not spread) net before the sun set in.
15. He had (take) tea when I came in.

=============================
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
(SUBJECT + had been + -ing FORM OF VERB + OBJECT + Since/ for + Time Period)
e.g. The girls had been singing songs for two hours. (Simple)
We had not been doing sums since morning. (Negative)
Had you been offering your prayer since 2 0’clock? (Interrogative)
A. EXERCISE:
1. People (put) out fire for two hours. 2. You (write) an essay for three days.
3. I (wait) for you since afternoon. 4. The cock (not crow) since morning.
5. It (not drizzle) for an hour. 6. You (prepare) for examination since Monday.
7. I (prepare) the speech for five days. 8. Where you (wander) for two hours?
9. Had the players (play) here for three hours? 10. Why your friend (cheat) you for weeks?
11. She had been (pick) up cotton since morning. 12. They had been (go) there for two years.
13. The bird (fly) in the air for ten minutes. 14. He (not repair) computer since yesterday.
15. Had he been (talk) for an hour?

===========================================

FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE

(SUBJECT + WILL/ SHALL + 1ST FORM OF VERB + OBJECT)
e.g. I will see off my friends tomorrow. (Simple)
The procession will not start here at ten. (Negative)
Will floods come in the rivers in the rainy season? (Interrogative)
 A. EXERCISE:
1. They (wait) for the president. 2. The girls (sing) song on the occasion of wedding.
3. I (deliver) a speech in the procession. 4. They (publish) this book next year.
5. The aeroplane (not take off) at ten. 6. Every Pakistani (lay) down his life for Pakistan.
7. Will the people (vacate) their houses 8. Where the driver (park) the car?
tomorrow?
9. Your school (not open) tomorrow. 10. Girls (not sing) today.
11. I (write) a letter tomorrow. 12. I (finish) this exercise in an hour.
13. She (not wait) for me tomorrow. 14. I ---------------------- this club next year. (join)
15. She (learn) her lesson in the morning.

Passive Voice (Simple FUTURE Tense)

Active Voice Passive Voice

Subject + will/ shall +Verb (1st form) + Object Object + will/shall + be + verb (3rd form) + by + Subject

Example: She will drive my car. (Active Voice)

My car will be driven by her. (Passive Voice)
They will not publish this book next year. (Negative) (Active Voice)
This book will not be published by them next year. (Passive Voice)
Will boys remember this incident? (Interrogative) (Active Voice)
Will this incident be remembered by boys? (Passive Voice)
Who will solve this sum? (Active Voice)
By whom will this sum be solved? (Passive Voice)
Exercise: Change the following into passive voice.
Active Voice Passive Voice

1. Jane will buy a new computer.

2. Her friend will install it.

3. Millions of people will visit the museum.

4. Our boss will sign the contract.

5. You will not do it.

6. They will not show the new film.

7. He won't see this film again.

8. They will not ask him.

9. Will the company employ a new worker?

10. Will the plumber repair the shower?

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

(SUBJECT + will / shall + have +3rd FORM OF VERB + OBJECT)
e.g. The guests will have come. (Simple)
We shall not have taken rest. (Negative)
Will you have received the money order? (Interrogative)
EXERCISE:
1. I (take) a walk by seven 0’ clock. 2. They (swear) in the court.
 3. The doctors will have (dress) the injured. 4. The hunter (not catch) the bird.
5. The boys will not have (forget) their lessons. 6. Why will they have (take) their seats?
7. When will the officers have (consider) your 8. Will all the members have (agree) to his
application? proposal?
9. The thief (escape) before the policeman 10. We (reach) home before the rain starts.
reaches.
11. The gardener will have (pluck) flowers. 12. The peon will not (ring) the bell yet.
13. The bus (leave) by the morning. 14. Will he have been (release)?
15. When will the guests have been (see) off?

Passive Voice (FUTURE Perfect Tense)

Active Voice Passive Voice

Subject + will have/ shall have +Verb (3rd form) + Object Object + will have/shall have + been + verb (3rd form) + by +
Subject

Example: She will have driven my car. (Active Voice)

My car will have been driven by her. (Passive Voice)
They will not have published this book next year. (Negative) (Active Voice)
This book will not have been published by them next year. (Passive Voice)
Will boys have remembered this incident? (Interrogative) (Active Voice)
Will this incident have been remembered by boys? (Passive Voice)
Who will have solved this sum? (Active Voice)
By whom will this sum have been solved? (Passive Voice)
Exercise: Change the following into passive voice.
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. They will have caught the thieves.

2. He will have played a lot of computer games.

3. They will have written the story.

4. They will have returned the mobile.

5. He will have bought a new laptop.

6. Ayyan will have finished his homework.

7. Aslam will not have invited you on his birthday.

8. Will he have switched on the light?

9. Will they have decorated the house for our

welcome?
10. She will not have taken medicine on time.

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

(SUBJECT + will/shall + have been + ing FORM OF VERB + OBJECT + since/ for + Time Period)
e.g. The farmer will have been ploughing for four days. (Simple)
It will not have been raining since Tuesday. (Negative)
Will these men have been driving since 2 0’ clock? (Interrogative)
A. EXERCISE:
 1. The boys (pull) the rope since 2 0’clock. 2. Aslam and Anwar (work) together since
Monday.
3. Nasima (receive) girls –guide training since 1980. 4. The boys (do) homework since evening.
5. Floods (not come) in the river for many years. 6. You (not pay) rent of the house since July.
7. Where the woodcutter (look for) his axe for three 8. They (not play) since evening.
days?
9. The police will (wipe) out crimes for years. 10. She will (learn) her lesson for two months.
11. The peon will not (ring) the bell since morning. 12. Boys will not (wait) for their results for
months.

Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper about the increasing number of crimes committed by
teenagers drawing attention of the concerned authorities to take the remedial measures.

Examination Hall,
City ABC.
22nd January, 2022.

The Editor,
The News.
City ABC.

Subject: Increasing Number of Crimes Committed by Teenagers

Sir/Madam,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspapers I want to highlight the serious issue of increasing
number of crimes committed by teenagers in the streets and other public places.
Unlawful acts committed by the young criminals are on a surge these days. More and more number of
teenagers nowadays are involved in various offences such as mobile snatching, robberies and even
murders. This causes a serious concern for the society as well as the parents. The main reason as to why
there has been a sudden increase in the teenage crime rate is that today's young population is getting
exposed to crime and violence on television, news media which encourages them to follow the path of
crime. For instance, newspapers are flooded with negative news such as murders, robberies, and teens
playing violent video games, etc. Secondly, an alarming rise in the unemployment and poverty rate
prevailing in the country also becomes one of the major reason for increased crime count among teens
these days.
I request you to publish a column on this serious issue to create awareness in the public and draw the
attention of the concerned authorities to take remedial measures.
Thanking you in anticipation.
Yours sincerely,
XYZ

Figures of Speech
Choose the correct answer i.e. a/b/c/d.
1. Which figure of speech places opposite things or ideas next to one another in order to draw out
their contrast. Example: ‘It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.’
a. Antithesis b. Oxymoron c. Paradox d. Personification
2. Which figure of speech involves expressing contradictory terms usually two words side by side for
emphasis? a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Personification d. Oxymoron
3. ________ is a statement or situation that may be true but seems impossible or difficult to
understand because it contains two opposite facts or characteristics: People who say you shouldn't
criticize the government criticize it as soon as they disagree with it.
a. Idiom b. Assonance c. Oxymoron d. Paradox
4. What figure of speech involves the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words in
close proximity?
a. Onomatopoeia b. Alliteration c. Assonance d. Hyperbole
5. "The wind whispered through the trees" is an example of which figure of speech?
a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Personification d. Onomatopoeia
6. What figure of speech is used in the expression "time flies"?
a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Personification d. Hyperbole

7. What does it mean? Tired, angry, and ill at ease,

No man, woman, or child alive could please

Given is the example of a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Enjambment d. Hyperbole

8. "See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil" where certain words are repeated at the end of a line is an
example of:
a. anaphora b. epiphora c. idiom d. Onomatopoeia
9. "It's raining cats and dogs" is an example of: a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Hyperbole d. Idiom
10. What figure of speech involves the use of words that imitate the sound they describe?
a. Onomatopoeia b. Alliteration c. Simile d. Metaphor
11. "The world is a stage" is an example of: a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Personification d. Hyperbole
12. Repetition of a word or expression at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or
verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect i.e "we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we
cannot hallow—this ground" is an example of a. Oxymoron b. Idiom c. Epiphora d. Anaphora
13. The firefighter’s house was burnt with fire. Given is the example of
a. Paradox b. Metaphor c. Irony d. Idiom
14. Phrase "time flies," is example of a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Personification d. Hyperbole
15. "She sells seashells by the seashore" is an example of:
a. Alliteration b. consonance c. Repetition d. Assonance
16. What figure of speech involves giving human characteristics to inanimate objects or abstract
concepts? a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Personification d. Oxymoron
17. "The silence was as thick as a blanket" is an example of:
a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Personification d. Hyperbole
18. "The stars blinked in the midnight sky." What figure of speech is present?
a. Personification b. Simile c. Metaphor d. Hyperbole
19. What figure of speech involves the repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words?
a. Onomatopoeia b. Assonance c. Consonance d. Alliteration
20. _________ is a literary device that involves using the same word or phrase over and over again in a
piece of writing or speech. a. Anaphora b. Assonance c. Repetition d. Alliteration