Pronoun & its

Classification

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 Pronouns
Pronoun: A word which is used instead of a noun to avoid its
repetition.
Common types of pronouns found in the world's languages are
as follows:
Personal pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns
Indefinite pronouns
Intensive Pronouns
Reciprocal Pronouns ‫‌دو جانبه‬
Distributive pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns

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1.Personal Pronouns
Stand in place of the names of people or
things:
Personal Pronouns stand for the three
persons.
1. The first : which denotes the person
speaking ; as
I , we .
2. The Second: which denotes the person
spoken to as, you
3. The Third : which denotes the person
spoken of ; as “ he , she , it , they”.
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Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns

He Him
She Her
It It
I Me
You You
We us
They Them

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Possessive Possessive Pronouns
Adjective
His His
Her Hers
Its Its
My Mine
Your Yours
our ours
Their Theirs

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Difference betwee n Posse ssive adjective and Possessive Pronouns

A possessive Pronoun is used alone without

noun following it.
Ex: I have mine.
Ex: They took theirs.
A possessive adjective is used only with a
noun following it.
Ex: I have my pen.
Ex: They took their tickets.

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2. Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns are those Pronouns which point
out Objects, persons and places in near or far distances.

Forms of Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns are (This, that , These , Those).
This :
It refers to near and singular. Ex: This is my pen.
That:
It refers to far and singular. Ex: That is Ahmad’s
teacher.

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 These and Those
 These:
It refers to near and Plural.
Example:
These are our School’s teachers.
 Those:
It refers to far and Plural.
Examples:
Those are Football players.
 Note: Remember that they are also called Demonstrative
adjectives when used before nouns.
 Example:
 This apartment is very big.
 Those players are excellent.
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3. Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding
“self” or “selves” to Personal pronouns.
Self :
It is used with ( my , your , him , her , it )
Examples:
Myself
Yourself / yourselves
Himself
Herself
Itself
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 Selves
 It is used with ( our , your (Plural) , them.
Examples:
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves

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 Use of Reflexive Pronouns
1. When Subject and object are same.
Examples:

He is beating himself.
They helped themselves.
She praises herself.

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 Use of Reflexive Pronouns
2. For stress.
Examples:

I myself went to his home.

They themselves came here.
He himself resigned.
She herself left School

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By + Reflexive Pronoun
By + Reflexive pronoun means alone.
Examples:

Ahmad lives himself.

I sat in the living room by myself.
They changed the timetable themselves.

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4. Indefinite Pronouns
An indefinite Pronoun is a pronoun which
refers to indefinite person , place or thing.
Indefinite Pronouns are:

No Person Thing Place

1 Someone
/Somebody
Something Somewhere

2 Anyone / Anybody Anything Anywhere

3 No one / No body Nothing Nowhere

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Rules
1. Indefinite pronouns begin with “ some” are
used in Positive sentences.
Examples:
There was someone in the room.
I have something to eat.
He went somewhere in the city.
2. Indefinite Pronouns begin with “ Any” are
used in Negative or interrogative sentence .
Examples:
Is there anyone in the room.
Do you have anything to eat.
Did he go anywhere in the city.
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Rules
3. Indefinite Pronouns begin with “ no” are
themselves negative, so use it in Positive
sentences.
Examples:
There is no one in the classroom.
There is nothing to eat.
I went nowhere in the city.

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5.Intensive pronouns
An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used to
emphasize.
Intensive pronouns are identical in from to
Reflexive Pro.

Examples:

I myself believe that Americans will defeat.

He himself came here.
They themselves went out of the class.

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6. Reciprocal Pronouns:
The reciprocal pronouns are each other and
one another. They are convenient forms for combining
ideas. If Ahmad gave Asad a book for Eid and Asad gave
Ahmad a book for Eid, we can say that they gave each
other books (or that they gave books to each
other).
Reciprocal Pronouns are used to express
mutual acts for all persons.
Each other and one other mean the same.
Example: Ahmad and I write to each other /
one another every week.
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Note:
Each other is more common than one another in
informal style.

Reciprocal pronouns can also take possessive

forms:

Examples:
They borrowed each other's ideas.
The scientists in this lab often use one another's
equipment.
They will sit for hours looking into each other’s /
one another’s eye.
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7.Distributive
Pronouns
Are used to refer to members of a group
separately rather than collectively, for this
reason they are always singular.
Distributive pronouns are ( each ,
either , neither )
Examples:
Each of the boys gets good prize.
Each took it in turn.
Either of you can go.

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a. Each:
Each is used to denote every one of a
number of persons or things taken singly.

b. Either:
It means the one or the other of two
.
Example:
Either of these roads leads to Ahmad’s
house.
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c. Neither:
It means not the one nor the other of two. It
is the negative of either.
Examples:
Neither of them spoke in the program.
Neither of the accusations is true.

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 8.Relative pronouns
It refers or relates to some noun or nouns going before; as,

People Things Possessio Place time Reaso

n Whose n
 I met Ali. He had just returned. ( I met Ali who had just returned)
 Who/that Which/that where when why
I have a pen. It has white color. (I have the pen which/that has white
color)
 This is the question whose solution has baffled (bewildered) the
philosopher.
 This is the place where I spent my holidays.
 The place where I spent my salad day is still alive in my memory.
 The family whose house burnt in the fire was immediately given a suite in a hotel.
 The book whose author is now being shown in the news has become a bestseller.
 May I know to whom I am speaking.

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Relative pronouns-------- (Adjective Clause)
That Who Which Whom Whose

Examples:
I thanked the woman. She helped me.
I thanked the woman who (that) helped me.
The book is mine. It is on the table.
The book which(that) is on the table is mine.
The man was Ahmad. I saw him.
The man who(m)(that)(*) I saw was Ahmad.
She is the woman. I told you about her.
She is the woman about whom I told you.
She is the woman who(m) I told you about.
She is the woman I told you about.
She is the woman that /(*) I told you about.
I know the man. His bicycle was stolen.
I know the man whose bicycle was stolen.

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 9. Interrogative Pronoun
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. The words who,
whose, what, which and whom are interrogative pronouns.
Examples:-
 Who used all my paper?
 Who is Mom talking to?
 Who are those people?
 Whose pen is this?
 Whose are these shoes?
 What is your brother’s name?
 What does Tom want?
 What is the date today?
 When will she meet us?
 Why did our student get the strike ?
 What is the capital of Afghanistan?
 Whose is this red sweater?
 Whom should I direct you to call?
 Which is your car?
 Who is his relative in the class? 25
 Exercise
Write the correct form of pronoun in the followings:
1. We scored as many goals as___ (they- them) scored
last time.
2. Can you sing as well as ____ (they- them) sing?
3. Nobody but ___ was present (he-him).
4. We always like boys__ speak the truth. ( who-
which)
5. Here is the pen___ you lost. (which-who)
6. Time ____ is lost is never found again. (that-who)
7. ___ do you wish to see me? (when-what)
8. _____ did you find there? (who-why)
9. ___ is an island? ( where-who)
10.___ stole the bird’s nest ? (who-when)
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Fill the blanks with suitable relative
pronouns:

1. We always like boys ________ speak the truth.

2. We saw the dog __________ worried the cat.
3. He ______ does his best shall be praised.
4. I know _________ you mean.
5. She has gone to China, ___________ is her birthplace.
6. I don’t know the man ______ hit the boy.
7. He is the man _______ you can trust.
8. Did you receive the letter_________ I sent yesterday.
9. Most people get _______ they deserve.
10. _______ you say is not true.
11. He says ________ he means, and means ____ he says.
12. That is the place ___________ he was born.
13. Only he _______bears the burden knows its weight.

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