CHAPTER-5

GRAVITATION
Q-1: Who was the first man who came up with the idea of gravity? What is meant by force of
gravitation?

Idea of Gravity:
The first man who came up with the idea of gravity was Isaac Newton.
It was an evening of 1665 when he was trying to solve the mystery why planets revolve around
the Sun. Suddenly an apple fell from the tree under which he was sitting. The idea of gravity flashed
in his mind. He discovered not only the cause of falling apple but also the cause that makes the
planets to revolve around the sun and the moon around the Earth. On the basis of his observations,
Newton concluded that the force which causes an apple to fall on the Earth and the force which
keeps the moon in its orbit are the same nature.

The Force of Gravitation:

Isaac Newton further concluded that
“There exists a force due to which everybody of the universe attracts every other body.
He named this force of gravitation”.

Q-2: State and explain Newton law of universal gravitation. Also explain what is the relation
between law of gravitation and Newton’s third law of motion?

Law of Gravitation:
According to Newton’s Law of universal gravitation:
“Everybody in the universe attracts every other body with a force which is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between their centres”.

Explanation:
Consider two bodies of masses m1 and m2. The distance between the centres of masses is d
as shown if figure.

According to the law of gravitation, the gravitational force of attraction F with which the two
masses m1 and m2 separated by a distance d attract each other is given by:
F∝m1m2
1
F ∝ 2
d
mm
F ∝ 12 2
d
 m1m2
F = G
d2
Here G is the proportionality constant. It is called the universal constant of gravitation. Its value
is same everywhere. In SI units its value is 6.673×10–11 Nm2kg–2.

Remember that:
i. Due to small value of G, the gravitational force of attraction between objects around us is
verysmall and we do not feel it.
ii. Since the mass of the earth is very large it attracts nearby objects with a significant force.
iii. The weight of an object on the earth is the result of gravitational force of attraction between the
earth and the object.

Law of Gravitation and Newton’s Third Law of Motion:

It is to be noted that mass m 1 attracts m2 towards it with a force F while mass m2 attracts m1
towards it with a force of the same magnitude F but in opposite direction.

Action and Reaction:

If the force acting on m1 is considered as action then the force acting on m 2 will be reaction.
The action and reaction due to force of gravitation are equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction.
This is in consistence with newton’s third law of motion which states,
“To every action there is always an equal but opposite reaction”.

Q-3: What is meant by gravitational field? Explain.

Gravitational Field:
“A region or space where the force of gravitation can be felt is called gravitational
field”.
Explanation:
According to the Newton’s law of gravitation, the gravitationalforce between a body of mass m
and the Earth is given by
mM
F =G 2 e
r
Where Me is the mass of the Earth and r is the distance of the body from the centre of the
Earth.

Weight of Body:
“The weight of a body is due to the gravitational force with which the Earth attracts a
body”.

Remember that:
Gravitational force is a non-contact force.

For Example:
The velocity of a body, thrown up, goes on decreasing while on
return its velocity goes on increasing. This is due to the gravitational pull of
the Earth acting on the body whether the body is in contact with the Earth
or not. Such a force is called the field force. It is assumed that a
gravitational field exists all around the Earth. This field is directed towards
the centre of the Earth.

Relation of the Gravitational Force with Distance:

 The gravitational field becomes weaker and weaker as we go farther and farther away from the
Earth.
Gravitational Field Strength:
“In the gravitational field of the Earth, the gravitational force per unit mass is called the
gravitation al field strength of the Earth”.

Value of Gravitational Field Strength:

At any place its value is equal to the value of g at that point. Near the surface of the Earth, the
gravitational field strength is 10 Nkg–1.
Q-4: How mass of earth is determined by using law of gravitation?

Mass of the Earth:

Consider a body of mass m on the surface of the Earth. Let the mass
of the Earth be Me and radius of the Earth be R. The distance of the body
from the centre of the earth will also be equal to the radius R of the earth.
According to the law of gravitation, the gravitational force of the earth
acting on a body is given by
mM
F =G 2 e …………………… (1)
R
But the force with which Earth attracts a body towards its centre is equal to its weight w.
therefore,
F = w = mg …………………… (2)
Comparing equations (1) and (2), we get
mM
G 2 e = mg
R
M
G 2e = g
R
gR 2
Me = …………………… (3)
G
Where
Gravitational acceleration = g = 10 ms–2
Radius of the earth = R = 6.4 x 106 m
Gravitational constant = G = 6.673 x 10–11Nm2kg–2
Mass Me of the Earth can be determined on putting the values in equation.
(6.4 × 106 )2 × 10
Me =
6.673 ×10-11
40.96 × 1012 × 10
=
6.673 ×10-11
= 6.0 x 1012 +1 + 11
= 6.0 x 1024 kg
Thus, mass of the Earth is 6 x 1024 kg.

Q-5: How value of g varies with altitude?

Variation of g with Altitude:

Me
Since g = G …………………… (1)
R2
 Equation (1) shows that, the value of acceleration due to gravity g depends on the radius of the
Earth at its surface. The value of g is inversely proportional to the square of the radius of the Earth.
1
g ∝ 2
R
It does not remain constant. It decreases with altitude.

Altitude:
“Altitude is the height of an object of place above sea level”.

Note: The value of g is greater at sea level than at the hills.

Value of g at an Altitude:
Consider a body of mass m at an altitude h as shown in figure the distance of the body from
the centre of the Earth becomes R + h.
Therefore, using equation (1) we get,
Me
gh = G
(R + h)2
Remember that:
According to the above equation, we come to know that at a height equal to one Earth radius
above the surface of the Earth, g becomes one fourth of its value on the Earth. Similarly at a distance
of two Earths radius above the Earth’s surface, the value of g becomes one ninth of its value on the
Earth.

Q-6: What are artificial satellites? What are the uses of artificial satellite? Explain.

Satellites:
“An object that revolves around a planet is called a satellite”.

Types of Satellites:
There are two types of satellites.
i. Natural satellites
ii. Artificial satellites

i. Natural Satellites:
The moon revolves around the Earth so moon is a natural satellite of the earth.

ii. Artificial Satellite:

Scientists have sent many objects into space. Some of these objects revolve around the Earth.
These are called artificial satellites.

Uses of Artificial Satellites:

Most of the artificial satellites, orbiting around the Earth are used for communication purposes.
Artificial satellites carry instruments or passengers to perform experiments in space.

Time Taken to Complete one Revolution:

 Large number of artificial satellites has been launched in different orbits around the Earth.
They take different time to complete their one revolution around the Earth depending upon their
distance h from the earth.

Communication Satellites:
Communication satellites take 24 hours to complete their one revolution around the earth. As
earth also completes its one rotation about its axis in 24 hours, hence, these communication satellites
appear to be stationary with respect to Earth. It is due to this reason that the orbit of such a satellite is
called geostationary orbit. Dish antennas sending and receiving the signals from them have fixed
direction depending upon their location on the Earth.

Q-7: How satellite moves around earth? Derive the expression for its orbital speed.

Motion of Artificial Satellites:

A satellite requires centripetal force that keeps it to move around the Earth. The gravitational
force of attraction between the satellite and the Earth provides the necessary centripetal force.

Explanation:
Consider a satellite of mass m revolving around the Earth at an altitude h in an orbit of radius
ro with orbital velocity vo. The necessary centripetal force required is given by equation.
mv o2
Fc = …………………….. (1)
ro
This force is provided by the gravitational force of attraction between the Earth and the satellite
and is equal to the weight of the satellite. Thus,
Fc = w= mgh ……………………. (2)
Comparing (1) and (2), we get
mv o2
= mgh
ro
v o2
= gh
ro
v o2 = ghro
vo = gh ro
As ro = R+h
vo = gh (R +h) ……………………. (3)
Equation (3) gives the velocity which a satellite must possess when launched in an orbit of
radius ro = R + h around the Earth. An approximation can be made for a satellite revolving close to
the Earth such that R >> h.
R +h≈ R
And gh ≈ g
vo = gR ……………………. (4)
Where
Gravitational acceleration = g = 10 ms–2
Radius of earth = R = 6.4 x 106 m
Then equation (4) becomes
vo = 10 x 6.4 x 10 6
= 64 x (103 )2
= 8 x 103ms–1
 = 8kms–1 as k = 103
= 8 x 3600 kmh–1 as 1 h = 3600 s
–1
= 28800kmh
A satellite revolving around very close to the Earth has speed vo nearly 8kms–1 or 29000kmh–1

MINI EXERCISE

Q-1: Does an apple attract the earth towards it?

Ans: Yes apple also exerts force of attraction on earth which is equal to that force with which earth
attracts apple but direction is opposite.

Q-2: With what force an apple weighing 1N attracts the Earth?

Ans: Since earth attracts apple with a force equal to its weight i.e. 1 N. Similarly apple attracts the
earth with same force i.e. 1 N but in opposite direction.

Q-3: Does the weight of an apple increase, decrease or remain constant when taken to the
top of a mountain?
Ans: Weight of apple will decrease when it is taken to top of mountain due to less value of
gravitational acceleration.
DO YOU KNOW

Q-1: Write the values of g on the surface of celestial objects?

Ans: Value of g on the surface of a celestial object depends on its mass and its radius. The value of
g on some of the objects is given below:

Objects g(ms–2)
Sun 274.2
Mercury 3.7
Venus 8.87
Moon 1.62
Mars 3.73
Jupiter 25.94

Q-2: What is the height of geostationary satellite from the surface of earth and what is its
velocity?
Ans: The height of a geostationary satellite is about 42,300 km from the surface of the Earth. Its
velocity with respect to Earth is zero.

Q-3: What do you know about global positioning system (GPS)?

Ans: Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellites navigation system. It helps us to find the exact
position of an object anywhere on the land, on the sea or in the air. GPS consists of 24 Earth satellite.
These satellites revolve around the earth twice a day with speed of 3.87 kms–1.

Q-4: What is the time taken by Moon to complete its one revolution?
Ans: Moon is nearly 3,80,000 km away from the Earth. It completes its one revolution around the earth
in 27.3 days.
MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISE
Q-5.1: Multiple Choice Questions:
i. Earth’s gravitational force of attraction vanishes at ……………………….
a) 6400 km b) infinity
c) 42300 km d) 1000 km
 ii. Value of g increases with …………………….
a) increase in mass of the body b) increase in altitude
c) decrease in altitude d) none of these

iii. The value of g at a height one Earth’s radius above the surface of the Earth is ………….
a) 2g b) 1/2 g
c) 1/3g d) 1/4g

iv. The value of g on moon’s surface is 1.6 ms –2 . What will be the weight of 100 kg
body on the surface of the moon?
a) 100 N b) 160 N
c) 1000 N d) 1600 N

v. The altitude of geostationary orbit in which communication satellite are

launched above the surface of the Earth is ………………………….
a) 850 km b) 1000 km
c) 6400 km d) 42,300 km

vi. The orbital speed of a low orbit satellite is ……………………….

a) zero b) 8 ms–1
c) 800 ms–1 d) 8000 ms–1

CHAPTER-5 9th PHYSICS MCQS ANSWERS

i ii iii iv v vi
b c d b d d

REMAINING EXERCISE

Q-5.2: What is meant by the force of gravitation?

Ans: See notes Q-1

Q-5.3: Do you attract the Earth or the Earth attracts you? Which one is attracting with larger
force? You or Earth.
Ans: Earth and any person on earth, both attract each other with a force which is equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction. It is numerically equal to weight of person.

Q-5.4:What is field force?

Ans: Field force is defined as:
“The force which acts on an object whether the object is in contact with the source of
field or not is called field force”.

For Example:
Gravitational force of attraction is a field force because it acts due to pull of earth on an object
whether the object is in contact with the earth or not.

Q-5.5: Why earlier scientists could not guess about the gravitational force?
Ans: Idea of Gravity:
The first man who came up with the idea of gravity was Isaac Newton.
It was an evening of 1665 when he was trying to solve the mystery why planets revolve around
the Sun. Suddenly an apple fell from the tree under which he was sitting. The idea of gravity flashed
in his mind. He discovered not only the cause of falling apple but also the cause that makes the
planets to revolve around the sun and the moon around the Earth.
 On the basis of his observations, Newton concluded that the force which causes an apple to
fall on the Earth and the force which keeps the moon in its orbit are the same nature. Before this
people were not familiar even with the word gravity then how scientists could guess about the
gravitational force.

Q-5.6: How can you say that gravitational force is a field force?
Ans: The force which acts on an objects whether the object is in contact with the source of field or
not. Gravitational force of attraction is a field force because it acts due to pull of earth on an object
whether the object is in contact with the earth or not. Velocity of body decreases when it goes up due
to pull of earth even the body is not in contact with earth.

Q-5.7: Explain, what is meant by gravitational field strength?

Ans: See notes Q-3

Q-5.8: Why law of gravitation is important to us?

Ans: Newton’s law of gravitation is important to us because it explains the fact of
i. Motion of earth around sun.
ii. Motion of moon around earth.
iii. Existence of objects on earth surface due to earth’s pull.
iv. Weight of object on earth.

Q-5.9: Explain the law of gravitation?

Ans: See notes Q-2

Q-5.10: How the mass of earth can be determined?

Ans: See notes Q-4

Q-5.11: Can you determine the mass of our moon? If yes then what you need to know?
Ans: Yes we can find the mass of moon by using law of gravitation. We required
Gravitational acceleration on Moon=gm= 1.62ms–2
Radius of the Moon = Rm = 1740 km = 1.74 x 103 x 103 m = 1.74 x 106 m
Gravitational constant = G = 6.673 x 10–11 Nm2kg–2
Mass of Moon = Mm= ?
gm R2m
Now Mm =
G
1.62 x (1.74 x 106 )2
Mm =
6.673 x 10-11
1.62 x 3.027 x 1012
=
6.673 x 10-11
= 0.735 x 1012 + 11
= 7.35 x 1012 + 11 – 1
Mm = 7.35 x 1022 kg
Q-5.12: Why does the value of g vary from place to place?
M
Ans: Since g = G 2e …………………… (1)
R
Equation (1) shows that, the value of acceleration due to gravity g depends on the radius of the
Earth at its surface. The value of g is inversely proportional to the square of the radius of the Earth.
1
g ∝ 2
R
 It does not remain constant. It decreases with altitude.
Q-5.13: Explain how the value of g varies with altitude?
Ans: See notes Q-5
Q-5.14: What are artificial satellites?
Ans: See notesQ-6

Q-5.15: How Newton’s law of gravitation helps in understanding the motion of satellite?
Ans: See notes Q-7
Q-5.16: On what factors the orbital speed of satellite depends?
Ans: Orbital speed of satellite depends on two factors.
i. Gravitational acceleration
ii. Distance from the center of the earth.

Q-5.17: Why communication satellites are stationed at geostationary orbit?

Ans: See notes Q-6

FORMULAE USE IN NUMERICALS

G m1 m2
1. F =
d2
2
gR
2. Me =
G
G Me
3. g =
R2
G Me
4. gh = 2
(R + h)
5. vo = √gh (R + h)

EXAMPLES

Example 5.1: Two lead spheres each of mass 1000 kg are kept with their centers 1 m apart.
Find the gravitational force with which they attract each other.
Sol: Here
Mass of 1st sphere = m1 = 1000 kg
nd
Mass of 2 sphere = m2 = 1000 kg
Distance between spheres = d =1m
Gravitational constant = G = 6.673 x 10–11 Nm2kg–2
Gravitational force =F =?
Now by Newton’s law of gravitation
G m1 m2
F =
d2
–11
6.673 × 10 × 1000 x 1000
=
12
–11 +3 + 3
= 6.673 × 10
F = 6.673 × 10–5 N

Example 5.2: Calculate the value of g, the acceleration due to gravity at an altitude 1000 km.
the mass of the Earth is 6.0 × 1024 kg. The radius of the Earth is 6400 km.
Sol: Here
Radius of Earth = R = 6400 km = 6.4 x 103 x 103 m = 6.4 x 106 m
Height of satellite = h = 1000 km = 1 x 103 x 103 m = 1 x 106 m
 Mass of Earth = Me = 6.0 × 1024 kg
Gravitational constant = G = 6.673 x 10–11 Nm2kg–2
Gravitational acceleration = gh=?
GMe
As gh = 2
(R+h)
6.673 x10-11 × 6.0 x 1024
= 2
(6.4 x 106 + 1 x 106 )
40.04 x 10-11 + 24
= 2
(6.4 + 1) x 1012
40.04 x10-11 + 24 - 12
= 2
(7.4)
40.04 x 10
=
54.76
gh = 7.3 ms–2

PROBLEMS
Problem 5.1: F i n d t h e g r a v i t a t i o n a l f o r c e o f a t t r a c t i o n b e t w e e n t w o s p h e r e s
each of mass 1000 kg. The distance be tw een the centers of the spheres is
0.5 m.
Sol: Here Mass of 1st sphere = m1 = 1000 kg
nd
Mass of 2 sphere = m2 = 1000 kg
Distance between spheres = d = 0.5 m
Gravitational constant = G = 6.673 x 10–11 Nm2kg–2
Gravitational force =F =?
Now by Newton’s law of gravitation
G m1 m2
F =
d2
–11
6.673 × 10 × 1000 x 1000
= 2
(0.5)

–11
6.673 × 10 × 1000 x 1000
=
0.25
= 26.7 × 10–11 +3 + 3
= 26.7 × 10–5
F = 2.67 × 10–4 N
Problem 5.2: The gravitational force between two identical lead spheres kept at 1 m apart is
0.006673 N. Find their masses.
Sol: Here
Gravitational force =F = 0.006673 N
Distance between spheres = d =1m
Gravitational constant = G = 6.673 x 10–11 Nm2kg–2
Mass of lead spheres = m1 = m2 = m = ?
Now by Newton’s law of gravitation
G m1 m2
F =
d2
As given m1 = m2 = m (say)
 Gmm
Then F =
d2
Gm2
F =
d2
2 Fd2
m =
G
2
Fd
m = √G

2
0.006673 x (1)
= √ –11
6.673 x 10

–3
6.673 x 10
= √ –11
6.673 x 10

= √1 x 10–3 + 11
= √1 x 108
= 1 × 104
m = 10,000 kg
Thus Mass of lead spheres = m1 = m2 = m = 10,000 kg

Problem 5.3: Find the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Mars. The mass of Mars
is 6.42 x 1023 kg and its radius is 3370 km.
Sol: Here
Mass of Mars = Mm = 6.42 × 1023 kg
Radius of Mars = Rm = 3370 km = 3.37 x 103 x 103 m = 3.37 x 106 m
Gravitational constant = G = 6.673 x 10–11 Nm2kg–2
Gravitational acceleration = gm =?
on the surface of Mars
GMm
As gm =
R2m
6.673 x 10-11 × 6.42 x 1023
= 2
(3.37 x 106 )
42.84 x 10-11 + 23
=
11.357 x 1012
= 3.77 x 10–11 + 23 – 12
= 3.77 x 100
= 3.77 x 1
gm = 3.77 ms–2

Problem 5.4: The acceleration due gravity on the surface of moon is 1.62 ms –2. The radius of
Moon is 1740 km. Find the mass of moon.
Sol: Here
Gravitational acceleration on Moon=gm= 1.62ms–2
Radius of the Moon = Rm = 1740 km = 1.74 x 103 x 103 m = 1.74 x 106 m
Gravitational constant = G = 6.673 x 10–11 Nm2kg–2
Mass of Moon = Mm= ?
gm R2m
Now Mm =
G
1.62 x (1.74 x 106 )2
Mm =
6.673 x 10-11
 1.62 x 3.027 x 1012
=
6.673 x 10-11
= 0.735 x 1012 + 11
= 7.35 x 1012 + 11 – 1
Mm = 7.35 x 1022 kg

Problem 5.5: Calculate the value of g at the height of 3600 km above the surface
of the earth.
Sol: Here
Height =h = 3600 km = 3.6 x 103 x 103 m = 3.6 x 106 m
Radius of Earth = R = 6.4 x 106 m
Mass of Earth = Me = 6.0 × 1024 kg
Gravitational constant = G = 6.673 x 10–11 Nm2kg–2
Gravitational acceleration = gh=?
GMe
As gh = 2
(R+h)
6.673 x10-11 × 6.0 x 1024
= 2
(6.4 x 106 + 3.6 x 106 )
40.04 x 10-11 + 24
= 2
(6.4 + 3.6) x 1012

40.04 x10-11 + 24 - 12
= 2
(10)
40.04 x 10
=
100
gh = 4ms–2

Problem 5.6: Find the value of g due to the Earth at geostationary satellite. The
radius of the geostationary orbit is 48700 km.
Sol: Here
Radius + Height =R+h = 48700 km = 4.87 x 107 m
Mass of Earth = Me = 6.0 × 1024 kg
Gravitational constant = G = 6.673 x 10–11 Nm2kg–2
Gravitational acceleration = gh=?
GMe
As gh = 2
(R+h)
6.673 x10-11 × 6.0 x 1024
= 2
(4.87 x 107 )
40.04 x 10-11 + 24
=
23.71 x 1014
= 1.7 x 10–11 + 24 –14
= 1.7 x 10–1
gh = 0.17 ms–2

Problem 5.7: The value of g is 4.0 ms –2at a distance 0f 10000 km from the center of Earth.
Find the mass of the Earth.
Sol: Here
Distance from center of Earth = R + h= 10000 km = 104 x 103 m = 107 m
Gravitational constant = G = 6.673 x 10–11 Nm2kg–2
Gravitational acceleration = gh =4.0 ms–2
Mass of Earth = Me = ?
 GMe
As gh = 2
(R+h)
ge (R + h)2
Me =
G
4.0 x (107 )2
=
6.673 x 10-11
= 0.599 x 1014+ 11
= 0.6 x 1025
Me = 6 x 1024 kg

Problem 5.8: At what altitude the value of g would become one fourth than on the surface of
the Earth?
Sol: Here
1 1
Gravitational acceleration = gh =4 g = 4x 10 = 2.5 ms–2
Gravitational constant =G = 6.673 x 10–11 Nm2kg–2
Mass of Earth = Me = 6 x 1024kg
Radius of Earth =R = 6.4 x 106m
Altitude or height =h = ?
As
GMe
gh = 2
(R+h)

GMe
(R + h)2 =
gh

GMe
R+h =√ gh

GMe
h = √ gh
– R

-11 24
6.673 x 10 × 6.0 x 10
= √ 2.5
– 6.4 x 106

= √16.0152 x 10
-11 + 24
– 6.4 x 106
13
= √16.0152 x 10 – 6.4 x 106
12
= √160.152 x 10 – 6.4 x 106
= 12.66 x 106– 6.4 x 106
= (12.66– 6.4) x 106
= 6.3 x 106m
h = R(app)
So the altitude from the surface of Earth is equal to one Earth radius.

Problem 5.9: A polar satellite is launched at 850 km above Earth. Find its orbital speed.
Sol: Here
Height of satellite = h = 850 km = 0.85 x 103 x 103 m= 0.85 x 106 m
Gravitational constant = G = 6.673 x 10–11 Nm2kg–2
Mass of Earth = Me = 6 x 1024kg
Radius of Earth = R = 6.4 x 106 m
Orbital speed = vo = ?
As vo = √gh (R + h)
 GMe
Where gh = 2
(R+h)

GMe
So vo = √ 2 (R + h)
(R+h)

GM
vo = √ R+he

-11 24
6.673 x10 × 6.0 x 10
= √ 6 6
6.4 x 10 + 0.85 x 10

-11 + 24
40.038 x 10
=√ 6
(6.4 + 0.85) 10

-11 + 24 - 6
40.038 x 10
=√ 7.25
7
=√5.522 x 10
6
=√55.22 x 10
= 7.4 x 103ms–1
vo = 7.4 kms–1

Problem 5.10: A c o mmu ni c a ti o n s a t e l l i te i s l a unc he d a t 4 2 0 0 0 k m a b o ve E a rt h .

Fi n d i ts orb i ta l s pe e d.

Sol: Here
Height of satellite = h = 42000 km = 42 x 103 x 103 m= 42 x 106 m
Gravitational constant =G = 6.673 x 10–11 Nm2kg–2
Mass of Earth = Me = 6 x 1024kg
Radius of Earth =R = 6.4 x 106 m
Orbital speed = vo = ?
As vo = √gh (R + h)
GMe
Where gh = 2
(R+h)

GMe
So vo = √ 2 (R + h)
(R+h)

GM
vo = √ R+he

-11 24
√ 6.673 x10 × 6.0 x 10
= 6 6
6.4 x 10 + 42 x 10

-11 + 24
40.038 x 10
=√ 6
(6.4 + 42) 10

-11 + 24 - 6
40.038 x 10
=√ 48.4
7
=√0.8272 x 10
6
=√8.272 x 10
= 2.88x 103ms–1