ESTABLISHING+VALIDITY+OF+REAL-LIFE+ARGUMENTS+(FINAL)

Review: “GUESS ME” Activity
→ ↔
^ ~P V
1
NOT P
~P
NEGATION
Example: 𝜋 is not an irrational number.
2
P IF AND ONLY IF Q
P↔Q
BICONDITIONAL
I passed General Mathematics if
Example:
and only if my grade is at least 75.
3
P AND Q
P^Q
CONJUNCTION
Example: A rectangle
has two pairs of congruent
sides and four right angles.
4
P OR Q
PVQ
DISJUNCTION
Example: 2 is either an even or a prime number.
5
IF P, THEN Q…
P→Q
CONDITIONAL
Example: If
an angle measures less than 90
degrees, then it is a right angle.
a.What have you noticed about the pictures?
b.Why are there unresolved arguments/conflicts?
c.How is conflict usually resolved?
d.As a Marist student, why is it important to assess

real-life arguments?
ESTABLISHING VALIDITY AND FALSITY
OF REAL-LIFE ARGUMENTS
Prepared by: Eden G. Aniversario, MSc
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, I can:
a)illustrate properly the different types of tautologies and
fallacies through recitation;
b)determine correctly the validity of categorical syllogisms
through Validate Me Activity;
c)establish accurately the validity and falsity of real-life
arguments using logical propositions, syllogisms, and
fallacies through group activity; and
d)appreciate the importance of knowing what is valid,
right, truth and just through promoting eco-justice.
Validate Me Activity
Direction: For each argument try to determine whether or not it is valid and why.
A.
1. If Jane has a cat, then Jane has a pet.
2. Jane has a cat.
3. Therefore, Jane has a pet.
B.
1. If Jane has a cat, then Jane has a pet.
2. Jane has a pet.
3. Therefore, Jane has a cat.
C.
All scholars are honor students.
Alden is not a scholar.
Therefore, Alden is not an honor student.
◦ A.
1. If P then Q C.
1. All P are Q
2. P 2. not P
3. Therefore, Q 3. Therefore, not P
Valid (Modus Ponens) Invalid
This argument form is commonly mistaken as
B. being valid. Notice that even if the premises are
1. If P then Q true, the conclusion could still be false: Alden
could have an honor even if he is not a scholar.
2. Q
3. Therefore, P
Invalid
This argument form is commonly mistaken as being
valid. Notice that even if the premises are true, the conclusion
could still be false: Jane could have a dog.
Tautology
A tautology in math (and logic) is a compound

statement (premise and conclusion) that always
produces truth. No matter what the individual
parts are, the result is a true statement;
a tautology is always true.
Illustrate Tautology -Truth Tables and Logical Equivalence
A compound proposition is a tautology if all the values in its truth table
column are true.
Example:
(p V q) V ¬p is a tautology
SIMPLE
IMPLICATIONS
1. Modus Ponens
- the process of affirming the antecedent.
-It is a valid logical form. Given the
statement "If P, then Q", if P is true, then Q
is true.
In symbols,
1. P → 𝐐
2. P
3. Q
Example:
If Jason is promoted, then Philip is transferred. P→𝑸

Jason is promoted. P
Therefore, Philip is transferred. ∴ Q
The argument above has the Modus Ponens form and

therefore is Valid.
2. Modus Tollens
-the process of denying the consequent.
-It is a valid logical form. Given the
statement "If P, then Q", if Q is false, then B
is false.
In symbols,
1. P → 𝐐
2. ~Q
3. ~P
Example:
If Karl's work are histories, then they are novels. P → 𝑸

Karl's work are not novels. ~Q
Therefore, they are not histories. ∴ ~P
The argument above has the Modus Tollens form and

therefore is Valid.
3. Disjunctive Syllogism/
Denial of a Disjunct
-is a valid logical form. Given the statement
"P or Q", if P is not true, then Q is true.
In symbols,
1. P v Q
2. ~P
3. Q
Example:
There will be either rain or sunshine. PvQ

It will not rain. ~P
Therefore, there will be sunshine. ∴Q
The argument above has the Disjunctive Syllogism

form and therefore is Valid.
EXCERCISE: Translate the following argument into symbolic form
and determine whether the following arguments are valid or
invalid.
1. If her argument is good, then all her premises are true. P→Q
But it's not the case that all her premises are true. ~Q
Therefore, her argument is not good. ∴ ~P
The argument above has the Modus Tollens form and

therefore it is Valid.
2. If it rains, then your car is wet. P→ Q
It rains. P
Therefore, your car is wet. ∴Q
The argument above has the Modus Ponens

form and therefore it is Valid.
Contradiction
The opposite of a tautology is
a contradiction, which is "always false".
Illustrate Contradiction- Truth Tables and Logical Equivalence
Example:
Show that (¬q Л p) Л (q V¬p) is a logical contradiction.
An argument is valid if the
conclusion is true whenever
all the premises are
assumed to be true. An
argument is invalid if it is
not a valid argument.
If its truth value is true, the argument is described as valid;

otherwise, it is a fallacy.
12
Fallacy
◦ The term "fallacy" does not mean
false statement.
◦ It means faulty/invalid reasoning.
◦ Fallacies occur when you use an
illogical argument.
◦ Using emotion the wrong way can
create what is known as a fallacy.
Some fallacies are popular beliefs, some are often persuasive,
some are unintentionally created, and some are intentionally
created for deception.
SYLLOGISMS
A syllogism is a deductive argument in which a
conclusion is inferred from two premises.
A syllogism can be classified into two, namely, the

categorical and hypothetical syllogisms. For the
meantime, our competency focuses on categorical
syllogism.
What is Truth?
◦A syllogism can present faulty premises. The conclusion to
any faulty premise is automatically invalid, like this example:
All animals have four legs.

A snake is an animal.
All snakes have four legs.
Determine the Validity of Categorical Syllogism:
Determine the Validity of Categorical Syllogism:
GROUP ACTIVITY
Direction: Determine the major and minor premise,
conclusion and validity of categorical syllogisms.
1. All animals are mortal.

All dogs are animals.
therefore, all dogs are mortal.
-Valid Syllogism
2. Plants need sunlight.
The picture on the wall is a plant.
Therefore, the picture on the wall needs sunlight.
-Invalid Syllogism
EVALUATION
Which of the following statements are fallacies?
1. All minimum wage earners seek to go to abroad and all

Filipinos seek to go abroad.
Therefore, all Filipinos are minimum wage earners.
Answer: Invalid. This statement is a Fallacy.
2. If a person has tuberculosis, then he is severely ill.

Juan has tuberculosis.
Therefore, he is severely ill.
Answer: Valid. This statement is not a Fallacy.
Determine whether the following
arguments are valid or invalid:
1. No politicians are poets.
Some legal counsels are politicians.
Therefore, some legal counsels are not poets.
-Valid
2. All dancers are vegetarians.
No dentists are dancers.
Therefore, no dentists are vegetarians.
-Invalid
What is the importance of logic?
◦Why is logic so important? The answer is that logic

helps us better understand good arguments—it helps
us differentiate between good and bad reasons to
believe something. We should want to have well-
justified beliefs. We want to know what we should
believe.
Synthesis
What is the importance of

knowing the validity and
falsity in real-life arguments?
Thank You! ☺

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Review: “GUESS ME” Activity

b.Why are there unresolved arguments/conflicts?

c.How is conflict usually resolved?

d.As a Marist student, why is it important to assess

A tautology in math (and logic) is a compound

If Jason is promoted, then Philip is transferred. P→𝑸

The argument above has the Modus Ponens form and

If Karl's work are histories, then they are novels. P → 𝑸

The argument above has the Modus Tollens form and

There will be either rain or sunshine. PvQ

The argument above has the Disjunctive Syllogism

The argument above has the Modus Tollens form and

The argument above has the Modus Ponens

If its truth value is true, the argument is described as valid;

A syllogism can be classified into two, namely, the

All animals have four legs.

1. All animals are mortal.

1. All minimum wage earners seek to go to abroad and all

2. If a person has tuberculosis, then he is severely ill.

◦Why is logic so important? The answer is that logic

What is the importance of

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