ls ---> used to list files and dirs
ls -l --> list files and dirs with long format
touch test1 ---> used to create empty file
ls -lt ---> recently created files will be displayed at begining
ls -lrt --> recently created files will be displayed at the end
pwd ---> present working directory
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----
mkdir dirname ----> create dir
cd dirname ----> change directory
cd dir/dir2/
cd .. --> used to come out of directory
cd ../../.. --->
mkdir -p temp1/temp2/temp3 ---> create complete directory structure
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cat filename ---> used to check content of a file
===================================================================================
=====
vi is used to edit file
vi filename
esc --> i ---> insert
esc --> :wq! ---> save content of a file (write and quit )
esc ---> :q! --> quit without saving content
how do replace aprticular string or word in a file?
esc :%s/current-string/new-string/g
esc :%s/linux/windows/g
-------------------------------------------------------
Need to replace only in 4th line
esc:4s/linux/windows/g
---------------------------------------------------------
need to replace from 2nd to 4th line
esc:2,4s/linux/windows/g
-----------------------------------------------------------------
how do you replace from 2nd line to end of a file
esc:2,$s/linux/windows/g
----------------------------------------------------------------
how do set line numbers
esc : set nu --> set line numbers
esc : set nonu ---> remove line number
--------------------------------------------------
need to move cursor to particular line
esc :line_number
esc : 4 ---> cursor will move to 4th line
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
delete particular line in vi
esc press dd
---------------------------------------------------------------------
===================================================================================
=======
cp is used to copy file
cp file1 file2 ----> file1 will be copied to file2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
cp test1 temp1/temp2/temp3/
----------------------------------------------------------------------
copy dir to another dir
cp -r dir1 dir2
----------------------------------------------------------------------
cp test1 file1 test3 temp ---> copy multiple files or dirs to another dir
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how do rename file or dir?
mv file1 file2
--------------------------------------------------------
mv file1 dir2
-------------------------------------------------------
mv file1 file2 file3 dir1 ---> move multiple files to directory
install tree command
sudo yum install tree
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
rwxr-xr--
7 5 4
chmod is used to change permission of a file or dir
chmod 777 filename
---------------------------------------------------------------------
chmod -R 777 dir
all subdirectories and files permission will be changed to 777
---------------------------------------------------------
u--> user, g--> group and o--> others
chmod u+rwx filename
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----
chown --> used change ownership of a file or a dir
chmod newowner filename
---------------------------------------------
if new onwer belongs to different group
chmod newonwer:groupname filename
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-
df -h . ----> used to check disk size
. indicates present disk
-------------------------------------------------------------
du -sh filename (disk usage)
used to check size of a file
du -sh * ---> all files and dirs size in present directory
-------------------------------------------------------------------
echo "hi how r u" is used to print
echo -e "hi\nhow r u"
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
> (redirect)
used to store output of a command to file
ls -lrt > log
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>> (append)
used to attach output of a command to end of a file
echo "this is linux class" >> log
===============================================================
===============================================================
wc filename
lines words chars filename
wc -l log ---> number of lines
wc -w log ---> words
wc -c log --> chars
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
"head" is used to display 1st portion of a file
head -3 filename ---> 1st 3 lines
head -12 filename ---> 1st 12 lines of a file
head filename ---> 10 lines by default
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
tail is used to display last portion of a file
tail -3 filename --> last 3 lines
tail -5 filename ----> last 5 lines
tail filename -----> last 10lines by default
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| (pipe) is used to give output of one command as input to next command
ls -lrt | wc -l
------------------------------------------------------------
head -4 log | tail -1 --> display 4th line
---------------------------------------------------------------
how do you display 99th line of a file
head -99 file | tail -1
--------------------------------------------------
display 4th to 7th line
head -7 file | tail -3
---------------------------------------------------------------------
count number of words in 99th line of a file
head -99 log | tail -1 | wc -w
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
display 2nd last line of a file
tail -2 log | head -1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
grep --> pattern search
used to search string in file
grep "pattern" filename
grep -w "string" filename ----> search only specified word
grep -i "Linux" test_1 ---> i --> case insensitive
how do you search multiple pattern?
grep -e "linux" -e "windows" test_1
or
egrep
how do you list filenames if files have particular word or string
grep -R -l "linux" *
how do you prnt lines which don't have specified pattern
grep -v "linux" test_1
list lines if starts with particular pattern
grep "^pattern" filename
grep "s$" test_1 ---> list lines ends with particular pattern
get command to print lines which start with "M" and ends with "s"
grep -c "linux" test_1 ---> count number lines which have specified pattern
========================================================
how do you replace string in a file?
sed --> used to replace string in a file
sed 's/linux/unix/g' filename
sed -i 's/linux/unix/g' test_1
sed '4s/linux/unix/g' ---> replace string in 4th line only
sed '2,6s/linux/unix/g' ---> from 2nd to 6th line
sed '$s/linux/unix/g' ---> replace string only in the last line
delete particular line
sed '4d' test_1 --> delete 4th line of a file
sed '$d' test_1 --> delete last line
sed '2,6 d' test_1 --> delete 2nd to 6th line
sed '1d;3d' test_1
how do you print particular line?
sed -n '3p' test_1 ---> print 3rd line
sed -n '$p' test_1 ---> print last line
sed -n '2,6p' test_1 ---> print 2nd to 6th line
sed -n '2p;6p' test_1 ---> print 2nd to 6th line
-----------------------------------------------------------------
cut --> used to cut file colounwise
cut -d " " -f1 data --> 1st coloumn
cut -d " " f1,3 data ---> 1st and 3rd coloumn
cut -d " " f3-6 data ---> 3rd to 6th column
--------------------------------------------------------
awk is used to cut file rowwise and coloumn wise but we use awk command to cut file
coloumn wise
awk -F " " '{print $1}' data ----> 1st coloumn
$1 ---> 1st coloumn
$2 --> 2nd coloumn
$NF ---> last coloumn
$(NF-1) --> 2nd last coloumn
awk -F " " '{print $NF}' data ---> last coloumn
awk -F " " '{print $(NF-1)}' data --> 2nd last coloumn
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--
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--
find ---> used to find location of a file
find . -iname "filename"
i --> case insensitive
list files which are modified 3months back
find . -type f -mtime +90
find . -type d -mtime +90
find . -mtime +90 -->both files and dirs
list files which are modified within 3months
find . -type d -mtime -90
find files which are modified with in 50mins
find . -type f -mmin -50
find files which modified 50mins ago
find . -type f -mmin +50
find files which have 777 permission
find . -type f -perm 777
find all empty files
find . -type f -empty
-----commnad to list all non empty files-----
find . -maxdepth 1 -iname "test1"
maxdepth is used to retrict automatic recursive
maxdepth 1 ---> 1st level dir
maxdepth 2 ---> 2nd level dir
-------------------------------------------------------------
delete all files which are modified 3 months ago
find . -tyep f -mtime +90 | xargs rm -rf
xargs is used to pass output of one command to next command as arguements
Assigment:
1. command to list files if their size is more than 1MB
2. use -exec option in find command to delete files
