Global Journal of Mathematical Sciences: Theory and Practical.

ISSN 0974-3200 Volume 9, Number 1 (2017), pp. 31-50

© International Research Publication House
http://www.irphouse.com

Numerical Analysis of Riccati equation using

Differential Transform Method, He Laplace Maethod
and Adomain Decomposition Method

P.L. Suresh
Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Sasi Institute of Technology&
Engineering, Tadepalligudem, AP, India.

D. Piriadarshani
Department of Mathematics, Hindustan Institute of Technology & Science
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Abstract
We bring out a comparative study between Differential Transform Method
(DTM), He Laplace Method (HLM), Adomain Decomposition Method
(ADM) to solve non linear Riccati differential equation. It is shown that DTM
has an advantage over the HLM and ADM which takes very less time to solve
the non linear Riccati equation. Also DTM is more effective and powerful
technique.
Keywords: Riccati equations, Differential Transform
Method(DTM),Adomain Decomposition Method(ADM) and He Laplce
Transform Method(HLM)

INTRODUCTION AND PRELIMINARIES

The French mathematician Liouvillein 1841 provided Riccati equation was the one of
the simplest non linear first order differential equation. This paper outlines a reliable
comparison among the powerful methods that were recently developed. Differential
Transform Method (DTM) was introduced by Zhou in 1986.The main advantage of
this method is that it can be applied directly to nonlinear ordinary and partial
32 P.L. Suresh and D. Piriadarshani

differential equations without requiring linearization, discretization or perturbation

and also it is able to limit the size of computational work while still accurately
providing the series solution with fast converge rate. It has been studied and applied
during the last decades widely. He-Laplace method is an elegant combination of the
Laplace transformation, the homotopy perturbation method and He's polynomials.
The use of He's polynomials in the nonlinear term was first introduced by
Ghorbani.The proposed algorithm provides the solution in a rapid convergent series
which may lead to the solution in a closed form. The Adomain Decomposition
Method (ADM) is a semi-analytical method for solving ordinary and partial nonlinear
differential equations. The method was developed by George Adomian in the period
1970 - 1990.It was further extended to stochastic systems by using the Ito integral.The
aim of this method is towards a unified theory for the solution of partial differential
equations and has been superseded by the more general theory of the homotopy
analysis method. The crucial aspect of the method is employment of the "Adomian
polynomials" which allow for solution convergence of the nonlinear portion of the
equation, without simply linearizing the system. These polynomials mathematically
generalize to a Maclaurin series about an arbitrary external parameter, which gives the
solution method more flexibility than direct Taylor series expansion.DTM is used to
find the solution of various kinds of Riccati differential equation such solution of first
order , second order and system of Riccati equations [1], solving linear and non linear
system of ordinary differential equations[2], solving system of differential equations
[3], solution of Non-Linear Differential equations[4], Solution of Riccati equation
with variable co-efficient[5], Quadratic Riccati Differential Equation [6], on the
solutions of Nonlinear Higher Order Boundary value problems [7]. ADM has been
used to numerical analysis of Different second Order Systems [8], higher order and
system of non-linear differential equations [9], solving second order nonlinear
ordinary Differential Equations [10] and comparison study of Variational Iteration
Method (VIM) and He -Laplace Method (HLM) and so on.

METHOD 1
Differential Transform Method
th
The transformation of the k derivative of a function y(x) in one variable is defined
as follows
1 𝑑𝑘 (𝑦(𝑥))
Y (k) = 𝑘! [ 𝑑𝑥 𝑘 ]𝑥=0 (1)
and the inverse transform of Y(k) is defined as
y(x) = ∑∞ k=0 Y(k)x
k
(2)
The following are the important theorems of the one dimensional differential
transform method

Theorem 1: If y(x) = m(x) ± n(x), then Y(k) = M(k) ± N(k)

Numerical Analysis of Riccati equation using Differential Transform Method… 33

Theorem 2: If y(x) = αm(x), then Y(k) = αM(k)

dm(x)
Theorem 3: If 𝑦(x) = , then Y(k) = (K + 1)Y(k + 1)
dx

Theorem 4: If y(x) = m(x)n(x), then Y(k) = ∑kr=0 M(r)N(k − r)

1, if k = l
Theorem 5: If y(x) = x l , then Y(k) = δ(k − l) = {
0, if k ≠ l

Riccati Equation

A Differential equation of the form

yʹ + a(x)y + b(x)y 2 + c(x) = 0 (3)

where a(x), b(x) and c(x) are functions of x, is known as Riccati equation.

Method 2

He Laplace Method

Consider following nonlinear differential equation

y11 + p1 y1 + p2 y + p3 f(y) = f(x) (4)

y(0) = α, y(0) = β (5)

Where p1, p2, p3, 𝛼, 𝛽 are constants, f(y) is a nonlinear function and f(x) is the source
term.

Taking Laplace Transform, we get

L [y ʺ ] + L[p1 y ʹ ] + L [p2 y] + L[p3 f(y)] = L[f(x)]

L [y ʺ ] + p1 L[y ʹ ] + p2 L [y] + p3 L[f(y)] = L[f(x)]

𝑝 𝑝
y(x) = F(x) − L−1 ((𝑠2 +𝑝2 )L[y]) − 𝐿−1 ((𝑠2 +𝑝3 L[f(y)]) (6)
1 𝑠) 1 𝑠)

where F(x) represents the term arising from the source term and the prescribed initial
conditions.

Applying Homotopy Perturbation method

y(x) = ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑝 𝑦𝑛 (𝑥) (7)
34 P.L. Suresh and D. Piriadarshani

where the term 𝑦𝑛 are to be recursively calculated and the nonlinear term f(y) can
decomposed as
n
f(y) = ∑∞
n=0 p Hn (y) (8)

for some He’s polynomials Hn that are given by

1 𝜕𝑛
𝐻𝑛 (𝑦0 , 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , … 𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑛! 𝜕𝑝𝑛 ⌈𝑓(∑∞ 𝑖
𝑖=0 𝑝 𝑦𝑖 )⌉𝑝=0 , n = 0,1,2,3, … (9)

Substituting (7 ) and (8) in (6) , we get

𝑝2
∑∞ 𝑛 −1 ∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑝 𝑦𝑛 (𝑥) = F(x) − 𝐿 ((𝑠2 +𝑝 𝑠) L[∑𝑛=0 𝑝 𝑦𝑛 (𝑥)]) −
1
𝑝
L−1 ((𝑠2 +𝑝3 L[∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑝 𝐻𝑛 (𝑦)]) (10)
1 𝑠)

This is the coupling of the Laplace transformation and the homotopy perturbation
method using He’s polynomials.
From equation (10)

𝑝0 : 𝑦0 (𝑥) = 𝐹(𝑥)
𝑝2 𝑝3
𝑝1 :𝑦1 (𝑥) = − L-1( L[𝑝𝑜 𝑦0 (𝑥)])− L-1( L[𝑝0 𝐻0 (𝑦)])
(𝑠2 +𝑝1 𝑠) (𝑠2 +𝑝1 𝑠)

𝑝 𝑝
𝑝2 :𝑦2 (𝑥) = − L-1((𝑠2 +𝑝2 L[𝑦1 (𝑥)])− L-1((𝑠2 +𝑝3 L[𝐻1 (𝑦)])
1 𝑠) 1 𝑠)

𝑝 𝑝
𝑝3 :𝑦3 (𝑥) = − L-1((𝑠2 +𝑝2 L[𝑦2 (𝑥)])− L-1((𝑠2 +𝑝3 L[𝐻2 (𝑦)])
1 𝑠) 1 𝑠)
…

Method 3

Adomian Decomposition Method

The general form of a differential equation be

𝐹𝑦 = 𝑔 (11)
where F is the non-linear differential operator with linear and non-linear terms.

The linear term is decomposed as

F=L+R (12)

where L is an invertible operator and R is the remainder of the linear operator.

For convenience, L is taken as the highest order derivative. Therefore the equation
Numerical Analysis of Riccati equation using Differential Transform Method… 35

may be written as

Ly + Ry + Ny = g (13)

Where Ny corresponds to the non-linear terms. Solving Ly from (13) we have

Ly = g − Ry − Ny
As L is invertible,

L−1 [L(y)] = L−1 g − L−1 (Rg) − L−1 (Ny) (14)

If L is a second order operator, then 𝐿−1 is a twofold integration operator

L−1 = ∬(. )dt1 dt 2

and
𝐿−1 [L(y)] = y(t) − y(0) − tyʹ(0)
Then equation (14)
𝑦(x) = y(0) + ty’(0) + L−1 (g) − L−1 (Ry) − L−1 (Ny) (15)

Therefore, y can be presented as a series

y(x) = ∑∝n=0 yn (16)

with y0 identified as y(t 0 ) + ty ʹ (0) + L−1 (g) and yn (n > 0) is to be determined.

The non-linear term N(y) will be decomposed by the infinite series of Adomian
polynomials

N(y) = ∑∞
n=0 An (17)

where 𝐴𝑛 ’s are obtained by writing

𝜇(𝜆) = ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝜆 𝑦𝑛 (18)

[𝜇(𝜆)] = ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝜆 𝐴𝑛 (19)

Here 𝜆 is a parameter.

From (18) and (19), we have

1 𝑑𝑛
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑛! 𝑑𝜆𝑛 [N(∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝜆 𝑦𝑛 )] | (20)
𝜆=0

Now substituting (16) and (17) in (15), we have

∞ ∞ ∞
−1 −1
∑ yn == y0 − L [R (∑ yn )] − L (∑ An )
n=0 n=0 n=0
36 P.L. Suresh and D. Piriadarshani

Consequently we can write

𝑦0 = 𝑦(𝑡0 ) + 𝑡𝑦 ʹ (𝑡0 ) + 𝐿−1 (𝑔)

𝑦1 = −𝐿−1 𝑅(𝑦0 ) − 𝐿−1 (𝐴0 )

……………………………

𝑦𝑛+1 = −𝐿−1 𝑅(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝐿−1 (𝐴𝑛 ) (21)

Consider the first order Riccati differential equation with constants coefficients where
a, b, c are non negative

Example 1: y1 +y+2y2+3 = 0 withy (0) = 1 (22)

i.e a =1, b = 2, c = 3

Case (i)

Apply Differential Transform Method to equation (22),

(K + 1)Y (K + 1) + Y (K) + 2 ∑ 𝑌(𝑟)𝑌(𝐾 − 𝑟) + 3𝛿(𝑘 − 0) = 0

𝑟=0
𝑘 = 0, 𝑌 (1) + 𝑌 (0) + 2𝑌 (0) 𝑌 (0) + 3 = 0

𝑌 (1) = − 6

𝐾 = 1,2𝑌 (2) + 𝑌 (1) + 2.2𝑌 (0) 𝑌(1) = 0

𝑌 (2) = 15

𝐾 = 2, 𝑌(3) + 𝑌(2) + 2(2𝑌(0)𝑌(2) + 𝑌(1)𝑌(1) = 0

𝑌 (3) = −49
3

𝐾 = 3, 4𝑌(4) + 𝑌(3) + 2 ∑ 𝑌(𝑟)𝑌(𝐾 − 𝑟) = 0

𝑟=0

605
𝑌(4) =
4

.
.
.
Solution of (22) is given by y(x) =Y(0)x0+Y(1)x1+Y(2)x2+Y(3)x3+Y(4)x4. . .
Numerical Analysis of Riccati equation using Differential Transform Method… 37

605 4
y(x) = 1 − 6x + 15x 2 − 49x 3 + x +. ..
4

Which converges to the exact solution by Taylor’s series about x = 0 is

y(x) = 1 − 6x + 15x 2 − 49x 3 +. . .

Case (ii)

Applying He Laplace Method to equation (22), we get

1 3 1 2
y(x) = L−1 [ ] − L−1 ⌈ 2 ⌉ − L−1 [ L(y)] − L−1 [ L(y 2 )]
S S S S

1 2
y(x) = 1 − 3x − L−1 [ L(yn)] − L−1 [ L(Hn (y)
S S

p0 : y0 (x) = 1 − 3x

1 2
𝑝1 : 𝑦1 (𝑥) = −𝐿−1 ⌈ 𝐿(𝑦0 )⌉ − 𝐿−1 ⌈ 𝐿(𝐻0 (𝑥)⌉
𝑠 𝑠
1 2
𝑝 : 𝑦1 (𝑥) = −𝐿 ⌈ 𝐿(1 − 3𝑥)⌉ − 𝐿−1 ⌈ 𝐿(1 − 3𝑥)2 ⌉
1 −1
𝑠 𝑠
15
𝑝1 : 𝑦1 (𝑥) = −3x+ 2 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 3

1 2
𝑝2 :𝑦2 (𝑥) = −𝐿−1 ⌈𝑠 𝐿(𝑦1 )⌉ − 𝐿−1 ⌈𝑠 𝐿(𝐻1 (𝑥)⌉

1 15 2
𝑝2 :𝑦2 (𝑥) = −𝐿−1 ⌈𝑠 𝐿(−3x + 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 3 )⌉ − 𝐿−1 ⌈𝑠 𝐿(2𝑦0 𝑦1 )⌉
2

1 15 2
𝑝2 :𝑦2 (𝑥)= -𝐿−1 ⌈𝑠 𝐿(−3x + 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 3 )⌉-𝐿−1 ⌈𝑠 𝐿(2𝑦0 𝑦1 )⌉
2

15 39 72
𝑝2 :𝑦2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 − 27𝑥 4 + 𝑥5
2 2 2
.
.
.
Solution is y(x) = y0+y1+y2+…
27 3
y(x) = 1 − 6x + 15x 2 − x +⋯
2
Case (iii)

Applying Adomain Decomposition Method to equation (22), we get

38 P.L. Suresh and D. Piriadarshani

𝐿−1 (𝑦1 ) = 𝐿−1 (−3) − 𝐿−1 (𝑦) − 𝐿−1 (2𝑦 2 )

y(x) = y(0) − 3x − L−1 (R(yn )) − 2L−1 (N(yn ))

𝑦0 = 1 − 3x

y1 = −L−1 (R(y0 ) − 2L−1 (N(y0 ) where N(y0 ) = y02

y1 = −𝐿−1(1 − 3𝑥) − 2𝐿−1 (1 − 6𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 )

𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥3
y1 = −[𝑥 − 3 2 ]-2[𝑥 − 6 +9 3]
2

𝑥2
𝑦1 = −3x + 15 2
− 6𝑥 3

𝑦2 = −𝐿−1 (𝑅(𝑦1 ) − 2𝐿−1 (𝑁(𝑦1 )) where N(𝑦1 ) = 2y0 y1

𝑥2
𝑦2 = −𝐿−1 (-3x+15 − 6𝑥 3 )−2𝐿−1 (−6𝑥 + 33𝑥 2 − 57𝑥 3 + 36𝑥 4 )
2

𝑥2 𝑥3 3 57 36
𝑦2 = 3 − 5 + 𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2 − 22𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 5
2 2 2 2 5

Solution is y(x) = ∑∝n=0 yn

y(x) = 𝑦0 + 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + ⋯

𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥3 3 57
y(x) =1-3x+( -3x+15 − 6𝑥 3 ) +( 3 −5 + 2 𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2 − 22𝑥 3 + 𝑥4 −
2 2 2 2
36
𝑥5) + ⋯
5

61
y(x) = 1- 6x+15𝑥 2 − 𝑥3 + ⋯
2
Numerical Analysis of Riccati equation using Differential Transform Method… 39

Consider the first order Riccati differential equation with constants coefficients where
a, b, c are negative

Example 2: y1 − y − y2 − 2 = 0 with y(0) = 1 (23)

i. e a = −1, b = −1 and c = −2
Case (i)

Applying Differential Transform Method to equation (23), we have

(K + 1)Y(K + 1) − Y(K) − ∑𝑘𝑟=0 𝑌(𝑟)𝑌(𝐾 − 𝑟) − 2𝛿(𝑘 − 0) = 0

40 P.L. Suresh and D. Piriadarshani

K = 0, Y(1) − Y(0) − Y(0)Y(0) − 2 = 0

Y(1) = 4

K = 1, 2Y(2) − Y(1) − 2Y(0)Y(1) = 0

Y(2) = 6

K = 2, 3Y(3) – Y(2) − 2Y(0)Y(2) − Y(1) − Y(1) = 0

34
Y(3) =
3
.
.
.
The solution of (23) is 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑌(0)𝑥0 + 𝑌(1)𝑥1 + 𝑌(2)𝑥 2 + 𝑌(3)𝑥 3 +. ..
34 3
𝑦(𝑥) = 1 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 +. . .
3

which converges to the exact solution by Taylor’s series about x = 0 is

34 3
𝑦(𝑥) = 1 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 +. . .
3

Case (ii)

Applying He Laplace Method to the equation (23), we get

L[y ʹ (x)] − L[y(x)] − L[y 2 ] − L[2] = 0

2
sL[y] − y(0) − L[y] − 𝐿[𝑦 2 ] − =0
𝑠
1 2 1 1
y(x) = 𝐿−1 [ + 2 + L[y] + 𝐿[𝑦 2 ]]
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
1 1
y(x) = 1 + 2x + 𝐿−1 ( L[y]) + 𝐿−1 ( 𝐿[𝑦 2 ])
𝑠 𝑠

y0 = 1 + 2x

1 1
𝑦1 =𝐿−1 (𝑠 L[𝑦0 ]) + 𝐿−1 (𝑠 𝐿[𝐻0 (𝑦)])
Numerical Analysis of Riccati equation using Differential Transform Method… 41

1 1
𝑦1 = 𝐿−1 (𝑠 L[1 + 2x]) + 𝐿−1 (𝑠 𝐿[1 + 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥])

1 1 2 1 1 2 1
𝑦1 = 𝐿−1 (𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 )) + 𝐿−1 (𝑠 (𝑠 + 4. 𝑠3 + 4. 𝑠2 ))

4
𝑦1 = 2x+3𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 3

1 1
𝑦2 = 𝐿−1 ( L[𝑦1 ]) + 𝐿−1 ( 𝐿[𝐻1 (𝑦)])
𝑠 𝑠
1 4 1 44 16
𝑦2 = 𝐿−1 (𝑠 L [2x + 3𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 3 ]) + 𝐿−1 (𝑠 𝐿 [4𝑥 + 14𝑥 2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥 4 ])
3 3

17 16
𝑦2 = 3x 2 + 3 x 3 + 4x 4 + 15 x 5
.
.
.
16
The solution is given by y(x)=1+4x+6𝒙𝟐 +7x 3 + 4x 4 + 15 x 5 +…

Case (iii)

Apply Adomain Decomposition Method to equation (23), we have

L−1 (y1 ) = L−1 (2) + L−1 (y) + L−1 (y 2 )

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑦(0) + 2𝑥 + 𝐿−1 (𝑅(𝑦0 ) + 𝐿−1 (𝑁(𝑦0))

𝑦0 = 1 + 2𝑥

y1 = 𝐿−1 [𝑅(𝑦0 ])] + 𝐿−1 [N(𝑦0 )]

y1 = 𝐿−1 [1 + 2x] + 𝐿−1 [1 + 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥]

4x3
y1 =2x+3x 2 + 3

4x3 44 3 16 3
y2 = L−1 [2x + 3x 2 + ] + L−1 [4x + 14x 2 + x + x ]
3 3 3

17 16
y2 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 4 + 15 𝑥 5
3
.
.
.
42 P.L. Suresh and D. Piriadarshani

16
The solution is y(x) =1+4x+6x 2 + 7x 3 + 4x 4 + 15 x 5 +…

Consider the first order Riccati equation with constant coefficients where a<0 and
b>0, c>0

Example 3: y1 − y + 2y 2 + 1 = 0 with y(0) = 1 (24)

Numerical Analysis of Riccati equation using Differential Transform Method… 43

i.e a = −1, b = 2, c = 1
Case (i)

Applying Differential Transform Method to equation (24)

(𝑘 + 1)𝑌(𝑘 + 1) − 𝑌(𝑘) + 2 ∑𝑘𝑟=0 𝑌(𝑟)𝑌(𝐾 − 𝑟) – 𝛿(𝑘 − 0) = 𝟎

k = 0, 𝑌(1) − 𝑌(0) + 2𝑌(0)𝑌(0) + 1 = 0

Y(1) = −2
1

k = 1, 2Y(2) − Y(1) + 2 ∑ Y(r)Y(k − r)

r=0
𝑌(2) = 3

k = 2, 3Y(3) − Y(2) + 2 ∑2r=0 Y(r)Y(k − r) = 0

17
𝑌(3) =
3
.
.
.
The solution of (23) is 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑌(0)𝑥0 + 𝑌(1)𝑥1 + 𝑌(2)𝑥 2 + 𝑌(3)𝑥 3 +. ..

17 3
𝑦(𝑥) = 1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 +. ..
3
Which is converges to the exact solution given by Taylor’s about x =0 is given by

17 3
𝑦(𝑥) = 1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 +. ..
3

Case (ii)

Applying He Laplace Method to equation (24), we have

L[y1 ] − L[y] + 2L[y 2 ] + L[1] = 0

1
sL[y(x)] − y(0) − L[y] + L[y 2 ] + =0
s
1 1 1 2
y(x) = L−1 [ ] − L−1 [ 2 ] + L−1 [ L(y)] − L−1 [ L(y 2 )]
s s s s
44 P.L. Suresh and D. Piriadarshani

1 2
y(x) = 1 − x + L−1 [[ L(yn )] − L−1 [ L(Hn (y))]
s s

p0 ∶ y0 = 1 − x

1 2
p1 ∶ y1 = L−1 [[ L(y0 )] − L−1 [ L(H0 (y))]
s s

1 2
y1 = L−1 [[ L(1 − x)] − L−1 [ L(1 + x 2 − 2x)]
s s

1 1 2 4 4
y1 = L−1 [[ 2
− 3 ] − L−1 [ 2 + 4 − 3 ]
s s s s s
3x2 2x3
y1 = −x + −
2 3

1 2
p2 ∶ y2 = L−1 [[ L(y1 )] − L−1 [ L(H1 (y))]
s s

1 3x 2 2x 3 2 13 3 4 4
y1 = L−1 [[ L (−x + − )] − L−1 [ L (−2x + 5x 2 − x + x )]
s 2 3 s 3 3

3x2 17x3 8
y2 = − + 2x 4 + 15 x 5
2 6

and so on.

The solution is given by y(x) = y0 + y1 + y2 + ⋯

7
y(x) = 1 − 2x + 3x 2 − x 3 + ⋯
2

Case (iii)

Applying Adomain Decomposition Method to equation (24), we have

L−1 [y1 ] = L−1 [−1] + L−1 [y] − L−1 [2y 2 ]

y(x) = y(0) − x + L−1 [R(yn )] − 2L−1 [N(yn )]

y0 = 1 − x
Numerical Analysis of Riccati equation using Differential Transform Method… 45

𝑦1 = L−1 [R(y0 )] − 2L−1 [N(y0 )]

𝑦1 = L−1 [1 − x] − 2L−1 [1 + x 2 − 2x]

2
𝑦1 = −𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
3

𝑦2 = L−1 [R(y1 )] − 2L−1 [N(y1 )]

2 x 3 4x 4
y2 = L−1 [−x + x 2 − x 3 ] − 2L−1 [−2x + 3x 2 − + ]
3 3 3

x2 x3 x4 2 3
x 4 8x 5
y2 = [− + − + 2x − 2x + − ]
2 3 6 6 15

3𝑥 2 5𝑥 3
𝑦2 = +
2 3
and so on.

5x2
The solution is given by y(x) = 1 − 2x + + x3 + ⋯
2
46 P.L. Suresh and D. Piriadarshani

Consider the first order Riccati equation with constant coefficients where a >0, b <0, c
=0

Example 4: yʹ + y – y 2 = 0 with y(0) = 2 (25)

i. e a = 1, b = −1, c = 0
Case (i)

Applying Differential Transform Method to equation (25), we get

(k + 1)Y(k + 1) + Y(k) − ∑kr=0 Y(r)Y(K − r) = 0

k = 0, 𝑌(1) + 𝑌(0) – 𝑌(0)𝑌(0) = 0

Y(1) = 2

k = 1, 2 Y(2) + Y(1) – 2Y(0)Y(1) = 0

Y(2) = 3

k = 2, 3Y(3) + Y(2) − 2Y(0)Y(2) − Y(1)Y(1) = 0

13
Y(3) =
3
Numerical Analysis of Riccati equation using Differential Transform Method… 47

.
.
.

The solution is given by y(x) = Y(0)x 0 + Y(1)x1 + Y(2)x 2 + Y(3)x 3 +. ..

13 3
y(x) = 2 + 2x + 3𝑥 2 + x +. ..
3

Which converges to the exact solution by Taylor’s series about x = 0 is

13 3
y(x) = 2 + 2x + 3𝑥 2 + x +. . .
3
Case (ii)

Now apply He Laplace Method to equation (25), we get

L[y ʹ ] + L[y] − L[y 2 ] = 0

sL[y(x)] − y(0) = − L[y] + L[y 2 ]

2 1 1
L[y(x)] = − L[y] + L[y 2 ]
s s s
2 1 1
y(x) = L−1 [ s − s L[y] + s L[y 2 ]]

2
y0 = L−1 [ ]
s

y0 = 2

1 1
y1 = −L−1 [ L(y0 ) + L[H0 (y)]]
s s
1 1
𝑦1 = −𝐿−1 [ L (2)+ 𝐿(4)]
𝑠 𝑠

y1 = −2x + 4x

y1 = 2x
1 1
y2 = −L−1 [ s L(y1 )+s L(H1 (y)]

1 1
y2 = −L−1 [ s L (2x)+𝑠 𝐿(8𝑥)]
48 P.L. Suresh and D. Piriadarshani

y2 = 3x 2

1 1
y3 = −L−1 [ L(y2 ) + L(H1 (y))]
s s
1 1
𝑦3 = −𝐿−1 [𝑠 L(3𝑥 2 )+𝑠 𝐿(16𝑥 2 )]

7
𝑦3 = 3 𝑥 3
.
.
.
7
The solution is y(x) = 2+2x +3x2+ 3 𝑥 3 +. . .

Case (iii)

Apply Adomain Decomposition Method to equation (25), we get

𝑦0 = 2

𝑦1 = −𝐿−1 [𝑅(𝑦0 )] + 𝐿−1 [𝑁(𝑦0 )

𝑦1 = −𝐿−1 [2] + 𝐿−1 [4]

𝑦1 = −2𝑥 + 4𝑥

𝑦1 = 2𝑥

𝑦2 = −𝐿−1 [𝑅(𝑦1 )] + 𝐿−1 [𝑁(𝑦1 )]

𝑦2 = −𝐿−1 [2𝑥] + 𝐿−1 [8𝑥]

𝑦2 = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2

𝑦2 = 3𝑥 2

𝑦3 = −𝐿−1 [𝑅(𝑦2 )] + 𝐿−1 [𝑁(𝑦2 )]

𝑦3 = −𝐿−1 [3𝑥 2 ] + 𝐿−1 [16𝑥 2 ]

16
𝑦3 =−𝑥 3 + 𝑥3
3
Numerical Analysis of Riccati equation using Differential Transform Method… 49

13 3
𝑦3 = 𝑥
3
.
.
.
13
The solution is y(x) =2+2x+3𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 3 + ⋯

CONCLUSION
In this paper, we compared the solution of Riccati equation by DTM, HLM, ADM.
The result of DTM and Exact solution are in strong agreement with each other. DTM
is reliable and powerful technique. We believe that the efficiency of DTM gives it
much wider suitability which needs to be excavated further.
50 P.L. Suresh and D. Piriadarshani

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