St.

Mary’s College of Baliuag

Baliuag, Bulacan
SY 2021-2022

ISO 9001:2015 Certified

PAASCU Level III Accredited

Subject: Science Grade Level: 8 Quarter: First

Module Number: 1 Topic: Force and Motion

I. INTRODUCTION
Force and motion are vital to all matter in the universe. What is force? How is it connected
to motion? Force may be defined as a push or pull. It influences objects that are at rest or in
motion. Motion, on the other hand, is the change in position of an object. From shooting a
basketball, to picking up a book, to dropping a pencil, force and motion are always at play.

Objects move in foreseeable ways, and this is explained by the universally accepted
principles of force and motion developed by great physicists. One of the great minds that
contributed to this is Sir Isaac Newton with his Laws of Motion.

This Module 1 will help you understand the relationship between force and motion and its
importance in your daily lives.

II. THIS MODULE WAS MADE FOR YOU TO:

1. investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of
the object to the amount of change in the object’s motion (acceleration)
2. Infer that when a body exerts a force on another, an equal amount of force is
exerted back on it
3. solve problems involving second law of motion

III. DISCUSSION
A. Presentation of the Lesson
Have you experienced playing a
tug of war? _________________
Who usually wins?
__________________________
Who loses?
__________________________
What do you think is the reason
behind their winning?
___________________________
Figure 1. Students playing tug-of-war
___________________________
1. Force is very much evident in playing the tug of war. When a team of people win a tug of
war, they win by pulling with a greater force than the losing team. So, what is force? Force
is the push or pull of an object. Forces can produce changes in motion.

When do we say that there’s a change in motion?

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There’s a change in motion when:

• an object in motion stops,

• an object at rest starts to move,
• an object in motion changes speed and,
• an object in motion changes direction.

2. When an object has changed its position, net force is present. Net force is capable of
changing the state in motion of an object. It is the sum of all forces acting on a body. Study
the pictures below

In this picture, the net force

acting on an object is the combination of
all the individual forces acting on it.

Figure 2. Forces acting on the same direction

(https://dr282zn36sxxg.cloudfront.net/datastreams/f-
d%3Add127629b26ee1c97bf8c84c0e9a8f79dc5038949cc1b18209054f5
d%2BIMAGE_THUMB_POSTCARD_TINY%2BIMAGE_THUMB_POSTCARD_ What about here?
TINY.1 )

The boys in the picture are about to kick

the soccer ball in opposite directions.

What will be the net force on the ball?

_______________________________

In which direction will the ball move?

_______________________________

The net force on the ball will be 50 N to

Figure 3. Forces acting on the different directions the left (125 N – 75 N = 50 N), so the
(https://dr282zn36sxxg.cloudfront.net/datastreams/f-
d%3A2815b63ba26fe33581a5c4473582540987e9c62d35efda2ef01284c ball will move to the left.
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3. However, a change in motion may not necessarily follow when a force is applied. There
may be forces acting on an object, but its capability to change its state of motion may be
balanced or canceled by another force or forces.

Figure 4. Same number of forces acting on the different directions

(https://scienceforcesport.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/1/4/13142529/4055859.jpg?439)

4. When two forces are equal, and they act in opposite directions the net force is zero These
forces are called balanced forces. On the other hand, a nonzero net force is called
unbalanced forces. An unbalanced force produces acceleration.

Figure 5. Unbalanced Forces

(https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zttfyrd/revision/3)

5. If balanced forces are acting on a car, the car will stay still. However, if unbalanced forces
are present the car will move. Forces can speed up or slow down a moving object. It
produces an acceleration.

6. Acceleration is the change in velocity of a moving object per unit of time. When a force
is exerted to an object that is already in motion, it can change its velocity, meaning the
object in motion may speed up, slow down, or change direction. This can be expressed
mathematically as:
Whereas,
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 a = acceleration
𝑎= vf = final velocity
𝑡 vi = initial velocity
t = time
 Let us try solving a problem regarding acceleration.
1. Stephen pushed a 3.5-kg papaya from rest with a final velocity of 0.30 m/s in 2 s.
Determine the acceleration of the papaya.
GIVEN: Initial velocity = 0 m/s (from rest)
Final velocity = 0.30 m/s
Time = 2 s (time)

FIND: acceleration
FORMULA: 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑎=
𝑡

SOLUTION: 𝑚 𝑚
0.30 𝑠 − 0 𝑠
𝑎=
2𝑠

ANSWER
WITH UNIT:
a = 0.15 m/s2

In solving problems, always follow GFFSA which stands for:

• G – Given,
• F – Find,
• F – Formula to be used,
• S – Solution and,
• A – answer with unit

7. Final and initial velocities are measured in meters per second (m/s), and time is
measured in seconds (s). Therefore, acceleration is measured in units of meters per
second squared (m/s2).

8. Acceleration is directly proportional to the net force. If the force is doubled, then the
acceleration is doubled. However, acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of
the object. It means that the more mass an object has, the more force you’ll need to
accelerate it. The relationship between force and acceleration is often expressed like this:

𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

Think about pushing an empty box and pushing a refrigerator. If you apply the same
amount of force to both, the empty box will zoom off, but the refrigerator won’t move. A
larger mass will accelerate less if the same amount of force is applied.

Now that you know how to find the acceleration of a moving object, you can rearrange the
same formula to find the force.

force = mass x acceleration

9. Sir Isaac Newton figured out force, so the unit that measures it is named after him. The
unit for force is newton (N). Mass is measured in kilograms (kg) and acceleration has a
unit of meters per second squared (m/s2)

Let us try solving a problem regarding force and acceleration. Remember to include
GFFSA.
1. What force must act on a 50-kg mass to give it an acceleration of 0.30 m/s2?

GIVEN: Mass = 50-kg

Acceleration = 0.30 m/s2
FIND: Force

FORMULA:
F = ma
SOLUTION: F = (50-kg)(0.30m/s2)
ANSWER
F = 15 N
WITH UNIT:

2. An object with a mass of 20.0-kg has a force of 5.0 N applied to it. What is the resulting
acceleration of the object?

GIVEN: Mass = 20.0-kg

Force = 5.0 N
FIND: acceleration
FORMULA: 𝐹
𝑎=
𝑚

SOLUTION: (5.0𝑁)
𝑎=
(20.0 𝑘𝑔)
ANSWER
WITH UNIT:
a = 0.25 m/s2

10. Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal
and opposite force on the first. This is Isaac Newton’s third law of motion, also known as
Law of Interaction.

The statement means that in every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on
the two interacting objects. Remember that forces always come in pairs. Now, what are
some examples of the third law of motion?
• For a fish to go forward it uses its fins to push water backward.
• A bird can fly with the use of its wings. As a bird flies, its wings push air
downwards, while the air will push the bird upwards. *
*Take note that, the direction of the force on the air (downwards)
is opposite the direction of the force on the bird (upwards).
B. TRY YOUR NEW SKILLS
I. Problem Solving:
A hunter shoots a 2 kg arrow accelerating it at 15m/s2. How much force does this require?

II. Share your thoughts! Read the situation below and explain your answer briefly.
Suppose you are a volleyball player and it’s your
turn to serve. How will you pass the ball to the other side
of the court? (Relate your answer to the force you are
going to exert, mass of the object, and the resulting
acceleration.)
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_________________________________________
_________________________________________
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C. LESSON LINKS
1. In this module, you have seen the impact of force and how it makes things move.
According to Richard Evans, “Your direction is more important than your speed.” As
young as you are right now, where are you heading towards to? What goals have you
set?
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2. In response to your answer in the previous question, do you agree with the verse “Show
me the way I should go, for to You I entrust my life.” – Psalm 143:8
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 3. As an Ignacian-Marian, how can you apply the concept of acceleration in accomplishing
your tasks? (Remember: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the
force applied)
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
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4. Seatbelts and airbags are designed to protect drivers and passengers from accidents.
However, there are instances that the passenger/driver are not wearing seatbelt, or the
airbag didn’t work. What will you, as God’s stewards, do if you see people involved in
accidents? Why?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

IV. REMEMBER
• Forces can be a push or pull. Motion is the change in position of an object. Force
and motion are always connected with each other.
• Net force is the sum of all forces acting on an object. It is capable of changing the
state of motion of an object.
• Balanced forces are equal forces that act on an object in opposite directions. If an
object has balanced forces, it has net force of zero, thus; the object will be at rest.
• Unbalanced forces have a nonzero net force; thus, it produces acceleration.
• Acceleration is the change in velocity of an object per unit of time. It is directly
proportional to the force acting on it and inversely proportional to the mass.
• Force is measured by the unit of N or newtons.