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    Riken

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    Riken

    Riken (Japanese: 理 研 , English: /ˈrɪkɛn/;[1] stylized in


    Institute of Physical and Chemical
    all caps as RIKEN) is a national scientific research
    Research (Riken)
    institute in Japan. Founded in 1917, it now has about
    3,000 scientists on seven campuses across Japan, 理化学研究所 (理研)
    including the main site at Wakō, Saitama Prefecture,
    on the outskirts of Tokyo. Riken is a Designated
    National Research and Development Institute,[2] and
    was formerly an Independent Administrative
    Institution.

    Riken conducts research in various fields of science,


    including physics, chemistry, biology, genomics,
    medical science, engineering, high-performance
    computing and computational science, and ranging Formation 1917
    from basic research to practical applications with 485 Type Designated National
    partners worldwide.[3] It is almost entirely funded by Research and Development
    the Japanese government, with an annual budget of Institute
    ¥100 billion (US$750 million) in FY2023.[4] Headquarters Wakō, Saitama Prefecture,
    Japan
    Location 7 campuses
    Name
    Coordinates 35°46′49″N 139°36′45″E
    "Riken" is an acronym of the formal name Rikagaku Affiliations Asian Research Network (htt
    Kenkyūsho ( 理 化 学 研 究 所 ), and its full name in p://www.asianrn.org)
    Japanese is Kokuritsu Kenkyū Kaihatsu Hōjin Website www.riken.jp (https://www.rike
    Rikagaku Kenkyūsho (国立研究開発法人理化学研 n.jp/)
    究所) and in English is the Institute of Physical and
    Chemical Research.

    History
    In 1913, the well-known scientist Jokichi Takamine first proposed
    the establishment of a national science research institute in Japan.
    This task was taken on by Viscount Shibusawa Eiichi, a prominent
    businessman, and following a resolution by the Diet in 1915,
    Riken came into existence in March 1917. In its first incarnation,
    Riken was a private foundation (zaidan), funded by a combination
    of industry, the government, and the Imperial Household. It was
    located in the Komagome district of Tokyo, and its first director
    Riken in the Taishō period
    was the mathematician Baron Dairoku Kikuchi.
    In 1927, Viscount Masatoshi Ōkōchi, the third director,
    established the Riken Concern (a zaibatsu). This was a group of
    spin-off companies that used Riken's scientific achievements for
    commercial ends and returned the profits to Riken. At its peak in
    1939 the zaibatsu comprised about 121 factories and 63
    companies, including Riken Kankōshi, which is now Ricoh.

    During World War II, the Japanese army's atomic bomb program
    was conducted at Riken. In April 1945 the US bombed Riken's
    laboratories in Komagome, and in November, after the end of the
    war, Allied soldiers destroyed its two cyclotrons.

    After the war, the Allies dissolved Riken as a private foundation,


    and it was brought back to life as a company called Kagaku
    Kenkyūsho ( 科 学 研 究 所 ), or Kaken ( 科 研 ). In 1958 the Diet
    passed the Riken Law, whereby the institute returned to its A 1938 ad for Riken Vitamin A
    original name and entered its third incarnation, as a public
    corporation (特殊法人, tokushu hōjin), funded by the government.
    In 1963 it relocated to a large site in modern day Wakō then until 1970 in Saitama Prefecture, just outside
    Tokyo.

    Since the 1980s Riken has expanded dramatically. New labs, centers, and institutes have been established
    in Japan and overseas, including:

    in 1984, the Life Science Center in Tsukuba


    in 1995, the Muon Research Facility at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK
    in 1997, the Harima Institute, the Brain Science Institute in Wako, and the center at the
    Brookhaven National Laboratory in the USA
    in 1998, the Genomic Sciences Center
    in 2000, the Yokohama Institute, which now contains four centers for research in the life
    sciences
    in 2002, the Kobe Institute, which contains the Center for Developmental Biology
    In October 2003, Riken's status changed again, to Independent Administrative Institution. As such, Riken
    is still publicly funded, and it is periodically evaluated by the government, but it has a higher degree of
    autonomy than before. Riken is regarded as the flagship research institute in Japan and conducts basic
    and applied experimental research in a wide range of science and technology fields including physics,
    chemistry, medical science, biology and engineering.

    Riken was the subject of international attention in 2014 after the Stimulus-triggered acquisition of
    pluripotency cell (also known as STAP) publication, investigation, retraction, and suicide of Yoshiki
    Sasai, the principal investigator.

    Organizational structure
    The main divisions of Riken are listed here. Purely administrative divisions are omitted.

    Headquarters (mostly in Wako)


    Wako Branch
    Center for Emergent Matter Science (research on
    new materials for reduced power consumption)
    Center for Sustainable Resource Science (research
    toward a sustainable society)
    Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science (site
    of the Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory, a heavy-
    ion accelerator complex)
    Center for Brain Science Main Research Building in Wako
    Center for Advanced Photonics (research on
    photonics including terahertz radiation)
    Research Cluster for Innovation
    Cluster for Pioneering Research (chief scientists)
    Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical
    Sciences Program
    Tokyo Branch
    Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (research
    on artificial intelligence)
    Advanced Institute for
    Tsukuba Branch
    Computational Science in Kobe
    BioResource Research Center
    Harima Institute
    Riken SPring-8 Center (site of the SPring-8 synchrotron and the SACLA x-ray free
    electron laser)
    Yokohama Branch (site of the Yokohama Nuclear magnetic resonance facility)
    Center for Sustainable Resource Science
    Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (research toward personalized medicine)
    Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (also based in Kobe and Osaka) [5]
    Program for Drug Discovery and Medical Technology Platform
    Structural Biology Laboratory
    Sugiyama Laboratory
    Kobe Branch
    Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (developmental biology and nuclear
    medicine medical imaging techniques)
    Center for Computational Science (R-CCS, home of the Fugaku super computer and
    now decommissioned K computer)

    Achievements
    Two Riken scientists have won the Nobel prize for physics: Hideki Yukawa in 1949 and
    Shin'ichirō Tomonaga in 1965.
    The SPring-8 (Super Photon Ring 8GeV) facility in Harima is one of the largest and most
    powerful third-generation synchrotron radiation facility.[6]
    In July 2004 a team at Riken created element 113 (now named nihonium, after Nihon =
    Japan). On April 2, 2005 the same team successfully created it for the second time, and a
    third event was seen in 2012. The discovery was officially recognized by the International
    Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the International Union of Pure and
    Applied Physics (IUPAP) in December 2015.[7][8]
    The Riken Super Combined Cluster is one of the world's fastest supercomputers. In January
    2006, Riken set up the Next-Generation Supercomputer R&D Center, with the purpose of
    designing and building the fastest supercomputer in the world, and in June 2006, it
    announced the completion of a one-petaFLOPS computer system designed specially for
    molecular dynamics simulation. Currently a new system, the K computer is being installed
    at Riken and despite it being still not finished, it topped the LINPACK benchmark with the
    performance of 8.162 petaFLOPS, or 8.162 quadrillion calculations per second, with a
    computing efficiency ratio of 93.0%, making it the fastest supercomputer in the world at the
    time.[9][10][11][12] The complete project entered service in November 2012.[13]

    List of presidents
    Dairoku Kikuchi (1917)
    Kōi Furuichi (1917–1921)
    Masatoshi Ōkōchi (1921–1946)
    Yoshio Nishina (1946–1951)
    Kiichi Sakatani (1951–1952)
    Takeshi Murayama (1952–1956)
    Masanori Satō (1956–1958)
    Haruo Nagaoka (1958–1966)
    Shirō Akahori (1966–1970)
    Toshio Hoshino (1970–1975)
    Shinji Fukui (1975–1980)
    Tatsuoki Miyajima (1980–1988)
    Minoru Oda (1988–1993)
    Akito Arima (1993–1998)
    Shunichi Kobayashi (1998–2003)
    Ryōji Noyori (2003 – 31 March 2015)
    Hiroshi Matsumoto (1 April 2015 – 31 March 2022)[14]
    Makoto Gonokami (1 April 2022–present)[15]

    Notable scientists and affiliated people


    Kotaro Honda, inventor of KS steel
    Kikunae Ikeda, discoverer of monosodium glutamate and the umami flavor
    Dairoku Kikuchi, mathematician and the first Director of Riken
    Seishi Kikuchi, physicist, known for his explanation of the Kikuchi lines
    Hiroaki Kitano systems biologist involved in RoboCup, AIBO etc.[16]
    Chika Kuroda, chemist, known for research on natural dyes, and one of the first three
    women to receive a bachelor's degree in Japan
    Daniel Loss, physicist, known for proposing the Loss–DiVincenzo quantum computer
    Kōsuke Morita, physicist, leader of team that discovered element 113, now named nihonium
    after Japan
    Hantaro Nagaoka, postulator of the Saturnian model of the atom
    Ukichiro Nakaya, physicist and essayist
    Yoshio Nishina, leading atomic physicist who worked with Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg and
    Dirac
    Ryōji Noyori, past President, and winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2001
    Masatoshi Ōkōchi, physicist and the third Director of Riken
    Yoshiki Sasai, developmental biologist who grew an optic cup from stem cells
    Umetaro Suzuki, discoverer of vitamin B1
    Toshio Takamine, specialist in spectroscopy, author of The "Near Infra-Red Spectra of
    Helium and Mercury" and "Absorption of Ha Line" and "The structure of mercury lines
    examined by an echelon grating and a Lummer-Gehrcke plate"
    Masayo Takahashi, pioneer in the clinical application of iPS Cell (induced Pluripotent Stem
    Cell) technology on macular degeneration
    Masatoshi Takeichi, discoverer of the cadherin family of cell-cell adhesion molecules and
    head of the Riken Center for Developmental Biology
    Ume Tange (jp), researcher on vitamins, and one of first three women to receive a
    bachelor's degree in Japan
    Torahiko Terada, physicist and essayist
    Yoshinori Tokura, pioneer of strongly-correlated electron systems in Japan
    Shin'ichirō Tomonaga, winner of the 1965 Nobel physics prize for his work on quantum
    electrodynamics
    Susumu Tonegawa, head of the Brain Science Institute and winner of the 1987 Nobel Prize
    for Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the mechanism of antibody diversity
    Michiyo Tsujimura, biochemist, known for isolating components of green tea
    Tadashi Watanabe, head of Riken's Next-Generation Supercomputer R&D Center
    Toshiko Yuasa, Japan's first female physicist, who specialized in nuclear physics
    Hideki Yukawa, physicist who won the 1949 Nobel prize for his prediction of the pion
    Hidetoshi Katori, physicist who invented the magic wavelength technique enabling the
    realization of ultra high precision optical lattice atomic clocks

    See also
    Riken integrated database of mammals

    References
    1. "Introduction to RIKEN (2019)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210606131048/https://www.y
    outube.com/watch?v=wXNV06vvuEU). Riken. Archived from the original (https://www.youtu
    be.com/watch?v=wXNV06vvuEU) on 2021-06-06. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
    2. "MEXT" (http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/kokurituken/gijiroku/attach/__icsFiles/afieldfil
    e/2016/07/15/1373910_01.pdf) (PDF).
    3. "Partnerships | RIKEN" (https://www.riken.jp/en/collab/research/). www.riken.jp. Retrieved
    2020-11-16.
    4. "人員・予算 | 理化学研究所" (https://www.riken.jp/about/data/). www.riken.jp. Retrieved
    2024-02-17.
    5. Organisational changes are underway in 2018 with some laboratories joining the Center for
    Integrative Medical Sciences
    6. Futura-Sciences. "Record : un laser X avec une longueur d'onde de 1,2 angström" (http://w
    ww.futura-sciences.com/magazines/matiere/infos/actu/d/physique-record-laser-x-longueur-o
    nde-12-angstrom-30893/). Futura-Sciences. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
    7. "Search for element 113 concluded at last" (http://www.sciencecodex.com/search_for_elem
    ent_113_concluded_at_last-99063). www.sciencecodex.com. 26 September 2012.
    Retrieved 2016-04-05.
    8. "Discovery Of Element 113 By RIKEN Scientists Completes 7th Row Of Periodic Table" (htt
    p://www.techtimes.com/articles/121084/20160105/discovery-of-element-113-by-riken-scienti
    sts-completes-7th-row-of-periodic-table.htm). Tech Times. 2016-01-05. Retrieved
    2016-04-05.
    9. "Japanese 'K' Computer Is Ranked Most Powerful" (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/te
    chnology/20computer.html). The New York Times. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
    10. "Japan Reclaims Top Ranking on Latest TOP500 List of World's Supercomputers" (https://w
    eb.archive.org/web/20110623022119/http://www.top500.org/lists/2011/06/press-release),
    top500.org, archived from the original (http://www.top500.org/lists/2011/06/press-release) on
    June 23, 2011, retrieved June 20, 2011
    11. "K computer, SPARC64 VIIIfx 2.0GHz, Tofu interconnect" (https://web.archive.org/web/2011
    0623022140/http://www.top500.org/system/10810), top500.org, archived from the original (h
    ttp://www.top500.org/system/10810) on June 23, 2011, retrieved June 20, 2011
    12. "Supercomputer "K computer" Takes First Place in World" (https://web.archive.org/web/2012
    0311072813/http://www.riken.go.jp/engn/r-world/info/release/press/2011/110620/index.htm
    l). RIKEN. Archived from the original (http://www.riken.go.jp/engn/r-world/info/release/press/
    2011/110620/index.html) on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
    13. "With 16 petaflops and 1.6M cores, DOE supercomputer is world's fastest" (https://arstechni
    ca.com/information-technology/2012/06/with-16-petaflops-and-1-6m-cores-doe-supercompu
    ter-is-worlds-fastest/). Ars Technica. 18 June 2012. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
    14. Hiroshi Matsumoto takes helm at Riken (http://www.riken.jp/en/pr/topics/2015/20150401_2/),
    retrieved 7 April 2015
    15. "Makoto Gonokami takes office as President of RIKEN" (https://www.riken.jp/en/news_pubs/
    news/2022/20220401_1/index.html) (Press release). RIKEN. 1 April 2022. Retrieved
    2022-08-18.
    16. Kitano, H.; Asada, M.; Kuniyoshi, Y.; Noda, I.; Osawa, E. (1997). "Robo Cup". Proceedings
    of the first international conference on Autonomous agents - AGENTS '97. p. 340.
    doi:10.1145/267658.267738 (https://doi.org/10.1145%2F267658.267738).
    ISBN 0897918770. S2CID 2557966 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2557966).

    External links
    Official website (https://www.riken.jp/) (in English and Japanese)
    Riken Research (https://web.archive.org/web/20100312024746/http://www.rikenresearch.rik
    en.jp/) (in English and Japanese) – A resource for up-to-date information on key
    achievements of Riken researchers.

    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riken&oldid=1231612516"

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