한국 보훈처 - Brother Nations

Brother Nations, Korea and Turkey
A History of Turkish Soldiers’

Participation in the Korean War
Ministry of Patriots & Veterans Affairs,

Republic of Korea
A History of Turkish Soldiers’ Participation in the Korean War
Reflections on the Historical Significance of the Hellenic Armed Forces’ Participation in the Korean War
Foreword
Every human being wants to lead a happy life without war, but war is an ines-
capable reality in human history. Whether we like it or not, we are affected by war. Iron-
ically enough, we cannot think about peace without the power to preserve it.
The year 2007 marks the 57th anniversary of the Korean War. The Korean War was
a heartbreaking war which brought about fratricidal tragedies to both South and North
Koreas. It was also the most tragic war for Korean people which turned the Korean
Peninsula into ruins.
The tragedies of the Korean War have left deepest scars and wounds upon Korea
and upon the hearts of Korean people. Not only a great number of noble lives were
sacrificed during the war, but, even half a century after the war, its tragic griefs and pains
are still felt in the hearts of those families who were separated during the war.
In this war, we Korean people, together with the Allied countries, desperately
fought against the Communist aggressions, and ultimately succeeded in protecting the
Republic of Korea as well as those values and beliefs cherished by the democratic
societies. Particularly notable were those soldiers of the U.N. forces who sacrificed their
noble lives with a firm belief in the values of democracy and with an indomitable will to
defend democracy. With such a belief in their hearts, these soldiers fought for “a country
they never knew and a people they never met.”
As a member nation of the United Nations, our brother nation, Turkey, participated
in the Korean War by dispatching one brigade-size unit in October 1950. The exploits
which Turkish soldiers had demonstrated in a variety of battles at the Korean front will be
long remembered in the history of the Korean War.
Particularly notable were the splendid exploits which Turkish soldiers had achieved
at the battles of Gimryangjang (Yongin) and Nevada Outposts (northeast of Panmun-
jeom). Turkish soldiers’ success at these battles played a very crucial role in bring about
an earlier armistice agreement which suspended hostilities of the Korean War.
From the beginning of the war to the Armistice Agreement in July 1953, the
Republic of Turkey dispatched a total of fifteen thousand troops, the third largest number
of troops among the Allied countries who participated in the Korean War. Together with
Korean people, these Turkish soldiers fought against the Communist aggressions for the
freedom and peace in Korea. The Turkish soldiers’ sacrifice at the Korean War is a historic
example which graphically demonstrates a warm brotherhood between Turkey and Korea.
Out of these fifteen thousand Turkish soldiers, some three thousand soldiers were
either killed or wounded in action during the Korean War. Their valor and their noble
sacrifices will be long remembered by Korean people.
With the sacrifices of these soldiers, Korea recovered from the ruins of the war,
and has now achieved an economic miracle to become one of the world’s top 10
economic states. Despite the adverse conditions of a divided nation, Korea also has
succeeded in bringing about peace and prosperity on the one hand, and in safeguarding a
democratic society which the whole world recognizes on the other.
Now, the Republic Korea, as a responsible state in an international society, has
become one of the countries which have made important contributions to the cause of
world peace. As one country which has produced one of the United Nations Secretary
Generals, Korea is also acting as one of the central agents in the world diplomacy. Such
international activities of Korea is a solid proof that neither Turkish soldiers’ sacrifices
in the Korean War nor Turkish people’s friendship and trust toward Korean people were
never in vain.
We, the people of Korea, will never forget the sacrifices and help which the U.N.
soldiers, including Turkish warriors, had shown 57 years ago in the hard times of the
Korean War.
The publication of Brother Nations, Korea and Turkey: A History of Turkish
Soldiers’ Participation in the Korean War is, of course, one way to pay tribute to the
noble sacrifices of Turkish soldiers. Based on the blood-forged ties between Turkey and
Korea, this book is also intended to help open an much more cooperative relationship
for the future of the two nations.
In this sense, it is expected that this book will not only provide a chance for us to
renew the values of freedom, peace, and democracy, it will also help consolidate
friendship between Turkey and Korea.
The year 2007, “Year of Korea-Turkey Friendship,” marks the 50th anniversary of
diplomatic ties between Korea and Turkey. Based on the blood-forged ties between the
two countries, the future relationship between Korea and Turkey is expected to be much
closer and more cooperative.
Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to those who have spared no
efforts in publishing this book and providing help for a successful completion of this
book as well.
September, 2007
Minister of Patriots and Veterans Affairs Kim Jung-bok

The Republic of Korea
Contents
Reflections on the Historical Significance of the Turkish Armed Forces’

The ROK-Turkey Relations Before and After the Korean War

1. The Prehistoric Era: The Huns and the Han[Korean] Race 20
2. The Period of Three Kingdoms: TuChueh and Goguryeo 22
3. Three Kingdoms - Post Three Kingdoms: Turks’ Conversion to Islam and
Their Severance of Relations with Koreans 26
4. The Goryeo Era: Turks-Uigurs and Goguryeo 28
5. End of Goryeo - Early Yi Dynasty: Turks and Uigurs 31
6. The Yi Dynasty Era: Severance of Relations with Korea,
and the Glory of Osman Turk 32
7. The Period of Japanese Occupation: Unfortunate Relationship, Tatars and Koreans · 36
8. Establishment of the Republic of Korea Government,
and Reestablishment of Korea-Turkey Diplomatic Relationship 38
Instability on the Korean Peninsula just before the Korean War

1. Chaotic Domestic Politics after Independence 44
2. Soviet and Chinese Aid to North Korea’s War Preparation 49
3. South Korea’s Lack of Preparation for the War 52
North Korean Invasion and Participation of the UN Forces

1. The Surprise Attack by North Korea 56
2. UN Participation in the Korean War to Defend Peace 58
3. The Process of US Involvement in the War 61
4. Establishment of the UN Command, and the Urge to Send Ground Troops 62
The Turkish Forces’ Engagement in the Korean War and Major Battles
1. The Republic of Turkey’s Decision to Participate in the Korean War,
and Troop Formation 68
2. The Turkish Brigade’s Deployment in Korea and Its Major Battles 72
3. The 2nd Turkish Brigade Replaces the 1st Turkish Brigade 103
4. The 3rd Turkish Brigade’s Battle of Nevada Outposts (May 28 ~ 29, 1953) 105
5. Concluding Remarks on the Turkish Brigade’s Participation in the Korean War 110
Friendly Relationship between ROK and Turkey after the Korean War
1. Activities of the Turkish Brigade from the Armistice Agreement to
Its Withdrawal from Korea 114
2. The Significance of the Turkish Forces’ Participation in the Korean War 117
3. The Korean War Memorial Project after the War 120
4. Improvement and Expansion of Exchanges between Korea and Turkey 124
Prospects for the ROK-Turkey Relationship in the 21st Century
Participation and Support of the UN Forces

1. Background of UN Forces’ Participation 150
2. Major Activities of the United Nations 152
3. Medical and Material Support Activities of UN Members 199
4. The Meaning of UN Forces’ Participation in the World History 203
Appendix
Reflections on the Historical Significance of the Turkish
Armed Forces’ Participation in the Korean War
The Korean War is a heartbreaking fratricidal war between South

Korea and North Korea, and it is also an international war fought for
those who supported the ideologies of democracy and communism.
Initiated by Kim Il-sung and backed by Stalin of the Soviet Union,
the Korean War pushed Koreans to the verge of ruin. The war, however,
taught Koreans many lessons. Notable among these lessons were: the
global society eagerly desired to keep the values of freedom and peace,
and allied forces were ready to sacrifice their noble lives for these values
even in a foreign territory far away from their countries.
When the Korean War broke out, the Security Council of the United
Nations met on June 25, 1950, and called for immediate cessation of

hostilities and withdrawal of North Korean forces to the 38th Parallel.
Two days later when North Korea ignored the warning to suspend
hostilities, the UN determined to send forces to secure international
peace and security on the Korean Peninsula. As a result, sixteen nations
dispatched combat troops, with five other nations sending military
medical units in response to the UN resolution. The UN forces
sacrificed their lives to guard the universal values of democracy and
world peace. Now fifty-seven years after the war, the values of their
courage and sacrifice are getting more and more concretely testified.
The North Korean regime, having threatened peace and security on
the Korean Peninsula in 1950, now infringes upon the fundamental
human rights, causes starvation in North Korea, and faces a crisis of its
own destruction. The Soviet Union, which had supported North Korea,
had already given up its creed of communism in the 1990s mainly
because of the contradictions of its own political structures, and its old
regime has started to fall apart from within. China, recognizing the
harmful effects of the extreme communist ideology, has taken steps to
reform its economic and social systems for its own prosperity on the one
hand, and to promote the international cooperation on the other.
Since 1950 the Republic of Korea(ROK), realizing the importance
of freedom and human rights, has actively participated in all sorts of
activities to help keep international peace. The outcome of such
activities clearly demonstrates that the sixteen Allied troops who had
fought for Korea during the Korean War did not sacrifice their noble
lives for nothing. Their sacrifices served as a stepping stone for the
development of the Republic of Korea.
At this point of Korean history, we must clearly remember the
sacrifices of those soldiers from the sixteen Allied countries. Inscribed
on the Korean War Memorial in Washington D.C. is the maxim
“Freedom is not Free.” As the maxim says, the freedom we now enjoy
was not given without any cost; it was obtained with the precious
sacrifices of those who firmly stood to protect it. At the same time, we
need to look back over the conflicts of the past in detail if we want to
avoid any unnecessary sacrifices in the inescapable wars of the future.
Such an examination of the conflicts of the past is one way not to make
the same mistakes again in the future.
The UN forces jumped into the Korean War as crusaders for
freedom and peace, fighting bravely in an unfamiliar climate. Thanks to
their sacrifices, Koreans were able to defeat the communist invasion and
maintain the current state of peace on the Korean Peninsula.
After the war, Korea received a variety of aids from the UN
member countries and from all sorts of international societies as well.
With these aids, Korea could readily recover from the ruins of the war.
Since then, Korea has not only maintained political and economic
relations with those UN member nations, but it also has established
strong military relations with them. And as a result, Korea has now
become a crucial UN member nation in the international societies.
Now, the Korean War is getting more and more vague in our
memories. At this point in our history we should ponder over the
significance of the Korean War, and renew the meanings of those Allied
sacrifices, asking the following question: “Why did they sacrifice their
noble lives here in Korea?” At the same time, we should consolidate our
relationship with those Allied countries as future companions to make
the world a better place to live.
As a part of this effort, the Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs
is trying to renew the noble ideals and values of those sixteen UN Allied

countries and the five nations who provided medical support during the
Korean War. Not only the ideals and values but the ROK relations with
these countries will also be closely examined, and the results will be
published in a book. Such an effort is expected not only to ruminate the
hard times of the past and but also to help develop better relations with
these countries.
The book which will be published this year, The Participation of
the Turkish Armed Forces in the Korean War, is written so that the
people of both countries can renew the significance of the relationship
between the Republic of Korea and the Republic of Turkey. In order to
understand the full extent of both nations’ relationship, this book not
only deals with the political situations of the Korean Peninsula from the
end of World War II to the outbreak of the Korean War, it also covers the
backgrounds and activities of the UN member nations including the
Turkish Armed Forces’s participation in the Korean War and the ROK-
Turkey relationship after the war.
Such an examination is expected to
shed light on the significance of the
Turkish Armed Forces’ participation
in the Korean War. It is also expected
to renew the blood ties of both
nations and help contribute to
forming solid partnership in
international societies in the future.
Right after World War II, the
Republic of Turkey had to face the
communist threats just like Korea. At
that time Turkey was gradually
recovering from the nightmares of
World War II, but the Turkish people were also under constant pressure
from the increased threats of communist powers along the Balkan
Peninsula and the Dardanelles Straits. That is, Turkey at that time was
not in a situation to pay attention to Korea. Upon hearing the news that
Korean was in a difficult situation due to the North Korean Communist
invasion of South Korea, however, Turkey expressed its willingness to
support the United Nations’ resolutions to help Korea. In other words,
upon receipt of the UN Secretary General’s request for support, the
Turkish government decided to dispatch armed forces as far as the
internal situations of Turkey allowed its dispatch of armed forces.
During the course of the Korean War, Turkey dispatched one
brigade-size infantry unit composed of 5,455 soldiers, the cumulative
number totaling 14,936. To be more specific, the Turkish 1st Infantry
Brigade was composed of three infantry battalions, one artillery

battalion of 105mm howitzers, and one support element. Upon arrival at
Busan on October 17, 1950, the Turkish Brigade started its mission at
the Korean front.
The Turkish Brigade was first attached to the US IX Corps and
carried out its rear area security mission. One month after, however, the
Turkish troops were committed to the frontline operations. One year
after in November, 1951, the Turkish 1st Infantry Brigade was relieved
by the Turkish 2nd Infantry Brigade, and the Turkish 2nd Infantry
Brigade was again relieved by the Turkish 3rd Infantry Brigade in
August, 1952. During the course of the Korean War, the Turkish forces
were engaged in a series of bloody battles on the Korean Peninsula,
including the fierce battle for Gunwuri, the battle for Gimryangjang near
Yongin, the battle for Jangseungcheon north of Yeoncheon, and the
battel for securing Nevada Outposts northwest of Goryangpo. After the
Armistice Agreement was signed on July 27, 1953, the Turkish forces
returned home with only one infantry company left behind in Korea.
The withdrawal of the Turkish Honer Guard in July, 1971, marked the
last of the Turkish forces’ stationing at the Korean front.
Looking back over the Allied countries who participated in the
Korean War, we are obliged to show our deepest respect for the Turkish
people who willingly dispatched their troops and sacrificed their sacred
lives for the people of Korea. We also sincerely hope to maintain good
relationships with the Allied countries in the future, particularly with the
Turkish people who volunteered to help us in times of great conflicts at
their home front. Once again, we express our solemn gratitude to those
Turkish soldiers who sacrificed their noble lives far away from their
home country as crusaders for freedom and peace in Korea.
The ROK-Turkey Relations Before and After
the Korean War
The Republic of Turkey is a country with a unique blend of

Eastern and Western civilizations. Divided by the Bosporus Strait into
the European Continent and the Asian Continent, and located on the
western tip of the Asian Continent, Turkey is often described as “a
flower of the Mediterranean,” “a bridge between the East and the
West,” or “a holy country of history.”
The ancestors of Turkish people of today, who had originally been
living in Central Asia, are considered to have migrated toward the west.
The course of Turkish westward migration was marked by the rise and
fall of sixteen monarchies, and it was not until around the 10th century

that Turkish people had settled on the Anatolian Peninsula. During the
course of crossing the Arab territory on their westward migration in the
Middle Ages, most of the Turkish people converted to the religion of
Islam, and began to use the Arabic alphabets.
Surprisingly enough, Turkish people retain up to modern times
most of those customs and nature worship which were handed down
from their ancestors, and many of these customs are quite similar to
Korean customs. For instance, both the Korean and the Turkish
languages belong to the same Ural-Altaic language family, sharing the
same rules of sentence structures, vowel harmonies, and inflectional
endings.
In terms of territorial affiliation and ethnic identity, however,
Turkish people have quite different historical background from that of
Koreans. Unlike Korean people who have maintained almost the same
ethnic and territorial identities in their national history, the history of
Turkish people is characterized by a continuous stream of westward
migration from Central Asia, so that their territorial history is one thing
and their ethnic history is another. For this reason, the history of race is
emphasized among the Turks as the central element of their national
history, and, along with this racial history, the territory in which they
are currently rooted is quite emphasized in their national history.
The history of the Turks is a typical example of homogeneous race
who had migrated through the wide areas of Asia and Europe to the
present-day Turkey. However, the territorial history of Turkish people
covers the whole of those thirteen major centers of civilization
dominated by the Mesopotamian, the Orient, the Greek and the Roman,
the early Christian, the Byzantine, and the Islamic civilizations.
Considering these characteristics, a noted historian Arnold Toynbee

praised Turkey as “the living outdoor museum of human civilization.”
The Turkish people who had once enjoyed the powers and glories
of the Ottoman Empire are quite proud of their history, and it is not so
surprising that they place a great deal of weight on the “History of
Turkey” course in their school curriculum. When they talk about their
TuChueh Era in their history text, they even elaborate on the Goguryeo
Dynasty as their friendly nation. Not only the Turkish language is quite
similar to the Korean language, but some foods, cultures, customs,
people’s sentiments, and even Mongolian spots are shared by both
Koreans and Turks.
When we think about Turkey, we usually associate the country
with Istanbul, a country of the Mediterranean Sea, and our brotherly
nation. When asked why Turkey is our brotherly nation, we usually do
not know the details of its origin. At this point, it is considered quite
appropriate to look back over the long history of Korea-Turkey
relations quite in detail.
1. The Prehistoric Era: The Huns and the Han[Korean] Race
The origin of Turkey dates back to the Turks’ first settlement in the
region northeast of Central Asia around 2,000 B.C., and the recorded
history of Turkey started from the Huns(4th to 1st century B.C.). The
Turks are recorded in the ancient Chinese history as the tribes of Huns,
while the Kingdom of Teoman Yabug established in 220 B.C. was
labelled as the Huns by the Chinese people. The Huns were composed
of a variety of tribes, but the dominant tribe among these was the Turks.
The home of the Turks was in Central Asia, and the Turks of today is

on the direct line of descendent
from the tribe which is described
as “TuChueh” in the Chinese
history. For this reason, the Turks
are translated into “TuChueh” in
Chinese characters.
In other words, the Huns are
the ancestors of the TuChueh.
A Combat Scene of the Huns’ Cavalry
The Huns are the very tribe who Soldiers (Dunhuang Mural Painting)
The Three Kingdoms and the Northern Races
Goguryeo
Wa
Baekje Shilla

not only helped transmit the civilizations of the Iron Age to China and
Korea but troubled the Chinese Emperor Jinsihwang so often that the
Emperor constructed the Great Wall of China to block the Huns’
aggressions. There is not any recorded history on the ancestors of the
Huns, and the Huns maintained sometimes cooperative relationships,
and other times enemy relationships, with China for a long time.
Around the 1st century B.C. the Huns began to decline, moved to the
west, constructed a union of small tribes, landed on the European
Continent around the end of the 4th century, and emerged as the
powerful Huns. In the academic circle, it is an established opinion that
the Huns mentioned in the Chinese history were the same Huns that
had precipitated a great migration of the European peoples.
As mentioned above, both the Korean and the Turkish languages
belong to the same Ural-Altaic language family. And just like the
Turkish people, Koreans are also originated from the Northern horse-
riding race. Taking these two facts into consideration, both ancient
Koreans and ancient Turks must have been neighbors who had once
been living on the grasses in Central Asia.
2. The Period of Three Kingdoms: TuChueh and

Goguryeo
The Turkish people of today are directly descended from the race
who is described as “the TuChueh” (6th~8th C) in the Chinese history.
When China was divided into the Wee and the Jin States after the Age
of Three Kingdoms, the TuChueh took advantage of such a state of
disorder in China, and regimented their powers. As a result, the

TuChueh came to emerge as a forceful power in the history around the
6th century. In the TuChueh Era, General Tonyuk invented alphabets of
the Sogdian language family of the Central Asia, and with these alpha-
bets the TuChueh began to record their own history. These alphabets
are the ancient Turkish language, and the evidence of their powers are
witnessed in the inscriptions on the stone monuments which are scat-
tered over the areas of the Orhon River north of Mongol, the upper
stream of the Yenisei River in the southern Siberia, and the north-
western area of Mongol.
After emerging as a forceful power in Central Asia, the TuChueh
had to face another super power in China, the Sui Dynasty. At this time
the Sui Dynasty, upon destroying the nomads in Central Asia and
unifying tribal states in China, emerged as a new super power in this
area. In order to cope with the expanding Sui Dynasty, the TuChueh
Dynasty allied itself with Goguryeo. In other words, the Turks used to
have a diplomatic relation with Koreans even from the time of the
Three Kingdoms in Korean history. During this time, the relationship
between TuChueh and Goguryeo was not merely that of friendly
nations formed by a simple diplomatic agreement; it relationship was
more like that of the tooth
and the gum, fighting
against the Sui Dynasty.
Inscribed on a stone
monument on the bank of
the Orhon River is the fact
that Goguryeo dispatched
a messenger of condolence
when King Muqan of the Portrait of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty

TuChueh Empire died in the year 572.
A picture of an envoy from Goguryeo
is also sketched on the ancient tomb
mural painting in a Central Asian
region governed by the TuChueh.
Judging from these facts, TuChueh and
Goguryeo must have had quite a close
relationship.
When Emperor Yang of the Sui
Dynasty succeeded in uniting the
whole territory of China under his
sway, he also tried to take hold of
neighbor countries in Eastern and
Central Asia in order to expand his
Soldier of the Ancient Times
(A Work of Restoration)
power of domination. Particularly
important for the Sui Dynasty was to
have a complete control of the Silk Road, but the TuChueh established
a friendly relationship with Goguryeo and posed a threat to the Sui’s
attempt to control over the Silk Road. Confronted with such an
obstacle, Emperor Yang decided to conquer Goguryeo, a weaker nation
than the TuChueh Empire, and then mobilized his armed forces in the
year 612 to attack Goguryeo. However, Emperor Yang’s army were
completely defeated at the Battle of Salsu River by General Ulchi of
Goguryeo, which eventually brought about the fall of the Sui Dynasty.
The Tang Dynasty which succeeded the Sui Dynasty was also very
much concerned about the TuChueh’s alliance with Goguryeo. When
the Tang Dynasty was at the height of its prosperity, King Taejong of
Tang mobilized all of its armed forces and attacked Goguryeo.

Map of Goguryeo’s Attack on the Yoseo Area during the Sui Dynasty
Mt. Bukhan
Ungjin
(Gongju) Seorabeol
Goguryeo was eventually overthrown and, after the fall of Goguryeo,

TuChueh was also threatened by the Tang forces. Later on, the
remnants of Goguryeo people founded the Kingdom of Balhae with the
help of the Mohe or Malgal.
Even though the TuChueh was destroyed by the Tang Dynasty, the
TuChueh was the first in the world history to unify the wide steppe
areas of Central Asia into a big empire. The TuChueh also had their
own alphabets, developing a high level of civilization.

3. Three Kingdoms - Post Three Kingdoms: Turks’
Conversion to Islam and Their Severance of Relations
with Koreans
With the fall of TuChueh, the Uigurs of the Turk family line came
to the fore in the world history. Some of the Turks who had been
fighting against China in Central Asia began to move westward
gradually. Earlier than the Turks’ westward movement, of course, the
Huns in Central Asia had migrated to the west and established the
Empire of the Huns which had quite an influence on the European
history. However, the Turks’ movement to the west brought forth a big
change in the world history. Quite naturally, the Turks’ movement to
the west brought about breaking off relations with the Korean race.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms of China

Instead of providing military assistance to the Tang Dynasty, the
Uigurs tried to have a secure hold on the Silk Road and enjoyed
reigning over the whole area of Central Asia as a super power. With an
influence from the Sogd of the Iranian family line, the Uigurs accepted
A Territorial Overview during the Parhae Era

Manichaeism as their state religion. The Sogdian alphabets had also
influenced the Uigurs to create their own Uigur alphabets.
When the Uigurs moved to the west, they came to contact a newly
established Islam civilization which began to flourish from the 7th
century in the Middle East. Around this time the whole region of
Central Asia, free from the Chinese influence, was gradually turning to
Islam, because at the Battle of Talas the Tang Dynasty had been
completely defeated by the Abbas Empire of the Islamic family line.
As nomadic tribes in Central Asia converted to Islam one after
another, the Uigurs were occupying the region west of China so that the
Islamic influence began to be felt even on the western boundaries of
China. Around this time, Chinese people used a Chinese character,
hwae(¸ﬁ), to identify every aspect of Islamic entities. For instance, they
used the word hwae-kyo(hae religion) for the religion of Islam; hwae-
in(hae person) for the believers of Islam or muslims; and hwae-
ryeok(hae calendar) for the Islamic calendar or hegira. Just like Chinese
people, we Koreans also use Korean character ‘hwae’ for Islamic
entities. The origin of such a language usage dates back to the influence
of the Uigurs.
4. The Goryeo Era: Turks-Uigurs and Goguryeo
During the Goguryeo Era, Koreans and the Uigurs had been
friendly nations only in a diplomatic sense. Toward the end of the
Goryeo Era, however, both peoples began to have direct contacts. Such
direct contacts had been possible mainly because the Mongolians
newly emerged as a big power from among the nomadic tribes in

A Map of the 11th Century Political Situations of the Northeast Asia

Central Asia, and began to control the world. As a result, the Turks and
the Uigurs actively cooperated in the Mongolian conquest of the world
from its initial stage, so that when the building of the Mongol Empire
was completed the Turks and the Uigurs were treated as the upper-class
nobilities among the so-called “color-eyed” races.
In contrast to the social standing the Turks and the Uigurs were
enjoying, Koreans were attacked by the Mongols toward the end of the
Goryeo Dynasty and fell to the state of a subject country. Since that
time on, the Mongolian customs and cultures swept into the Korean
Peninsular, and along with this influx of Mongolian civilizations a great
number of Turks and Uigurs came into Korea and exploited their
positions to enjoy power and riches in Korean society.
In Korea, the Turks and the Uigurs were named as “hwea-hwea-
in”(which means “Islamic people”) since they believed in Islam. A
Conquest of the World by the Mongol Empire

good example is the expression of “hwea-hwea abi”(which means
“Islamic father”) in the lyrics of Goryeo popular song. At that time, the
Mongols held the prince of Goryeo Kingdom as a hostage, educated
him in accordance with the Mongolian customs, had him married to a
Mongolian princess, and then sent the married couple back to Goryeo.
When the princess of the Yuan Dynasty, who was married to the
prince of Goryeo Kingdom, eventually became the Queen of King
Chungryeol of the Goryeo Kingdom, a great number of chamberlains
accompanied the queen and most of the chamberlains were from the
Turks and the Uigurs. Among these chamberlains, a Uigur named
Samga was so much fascinated by the Goryeo customs that he asked
King Chungryeol to accept him as a naturalized Goryeo citizen. King
Chungryeol accepted his request, had him marry a Goryeo woman, and
granted him a Korean family name “Duksoo Jang” as well as a new
Korean name “Jang Sunryong.”
5. End of Goryeo - Early Yi Dynasty: Turks and Uigurs
Upon the fall of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty
was newly founded in China. At this time in the Korean Peninsular, the
Yi Dynasty was also newly founded so that the new dynasty was able
to be out of the Yuan control. At this time, however, the Yi Dynasty had
to be controled by the newly founded Ming Dynasty in one way or
another.
Despite the fall of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty which supported
the Turks and the Uigurs, the Turks and the Uigurs were still living in
Korea establishing their own communities around the City of Gaeseong,

capital of Goryeo Dynasty. Since most of them were believers in Islam,
Koreans at that time called them “hwea-hwea group.” They had their
religious service at a place called “yeagung,” so that “yeagung” is the
first mosk to appear in a recorded Korean history.
According to The Chronicles of the Choseon Dynasty, these people
(“hwea-hwea group”) presented themselves at the royal court, prayed
for the prosperity of the Yi Dynasty, and recited the holy book of Islam,
the Koran. In particular, King Seajong of the Yi Dynasty liked the
Muslim practice so much that he regularized this gathering, naming
their gathering as “hwea-hwea morning session” and calling their
prayer as “hwea-hwea prayer.”
When Confucianism was firmly established as the official religion,
however, the Yi Dynasty proclaimed in 1427 an edict that the customs
and religious practices of the Turks and the Uigurs be banned in Korea.
After this edict, the Turks and the Uigurs who had settled in Korea
during the Mongol Empire came to be married to Koreans, assimilating
themselves to Korean customs and ways of life. In this way, they mixed
their blood with Koreans and came to lose their identities as Turks and
Uigurs.
6. The Yi Dynasty Era: Severance of Relations with

Korea, and the Glory of Osman Turk
The Confucianism at the time of the Yi Dynasty strictly rejected

any influx of cultures and civilizations other than those of China.
Accordingly, excepting the earlier years of the Yi Dynasty the exchange
of cultures and civilizations between Koreas and the Turks was com-

pletely cut off during most of the Yi Dynasty period.
The Turks had once constructed a great empire in Central Asia,
sometimes reigning over the Chinese territory and sometimes bothering
China with aggressions. At the time of the Yi Dynasty, the glories that
the Turks had so far enjoyed were gone, and the Turks went back to the
steppe area in Central Asia, established a small-scale city state, and led
a nomadic life. In this way, the Turks seemed to have been forgotten in
the world history. To look at the influence they had in human civili-
zation, however, the Turks did not disappear from the stage of world
Political Situations of the Northeast Asia during the

Early Years of the Yi Dynasty

history. By this time, their theater of activities had already been moved
to the west. The Turks who had accepted Islam on a large scale took part
in the great project of constructing the Islamic world. At their initial
stage of participation, they made inroads into the Islamic world as mer-
cenary soldiers.
Very soon, however, the Turks transformed themselves into a
forceful ruling power. The Turks not only constructed the Seljuk Turk
Empire and the Ottoman Turk Empire, they also founded such empires
as the Harazmsha Empire which incited Genghis Khan to conquest the
world, the Ghaznavid Empire which upheld the Persian literature up to
the rank of world literature, the Mamluk Empire of Egypt which was
the only state to repel successfully Mongol aggressions, and the Timur
Empire which flooded with blood Central Asia, India, Middle East, and
Europe. In this way, the Turks had been the supporters as well as guard-
ians of the Islamic world.
Particularly notable were the Seljuk Turk Empire and the Ottoman
Turk Empire. The Seljuk Empire occupied Israel and blocked the
Christian pilgrimage to the Holy Land, which eventually led to the
Holy War, the Crusades. The Ottoman Empire advanced up to the
European Continent, and extinguished the Byzantine Empire which was
the Eastern Roman Empire. In other words, extinguishing the Byzan-
tine Empire meant putting an end to the Roman history. Besides, the
reign of the Ottoman Turk Empire covered a vast area from Europe and
Africa to Asia, so that Europeans were always in great fear of the Otto-
man Empire.
Osman I, who was from a noble family of the Seljuk Turk Empire,
was the leader of the Ottoman Turks and established his own power
around the area of Burusa to attack the Byzantine Empire. By attacking

the Byzantine Empire, Osman I laid the groundwork for a great empire,
and eventually in 1453 he succeeded in occupying Constantinople, the
capital of the Byzantine Empire, and extinguished the Byzantine Em-
pire. After this, he consolidated the Ottoman Empire, ruling over three
continents as one of the world’s most powerful empires in human his-
tory.
One of the basic tenets of the Ottoman Empire was to accept a
variety of religions and cultures into a unified empire. Until today, a
great number of Jewish Turks are still living in Constantinople, and
they are owners of such giant businesses as Wakou, Allarco, Propilco.
The Hurryet, one of the biggest Turkey daily newspapers in Turkey.
The Ottoman Empire had a long history from the year 1299 to
1924, the years of its foundation and downfall being quite similar to
those of the Yi Dynasty of Korea. Ever since the Ottoman Empire was
defeated in a war with Austria, the energies that had so far upheld the
glories of the Empire began to grow weaker. Since then on, the re-
sources of the Empire were exhausted by some 200 years of persistent
European attacks. Following years of decline, the Ottoman Empire
entered World War I through the Ottoman-German Alliance in 1914,
and was ultimately defeated. This defeat marked the fall of the great
Ottoman Empire.
In other words, during the Yi Dynasty of Korea the Turks who had
once been our neighbors as well as blood relations moved far away
from Korea to Europe, building a great empires and ruling over a great-
er part of the world. For this reason, the Turks and Koreans had to be
estranged from each other during the Yi Dynasty.

7. The Period of Japanese Occupation: Unfortunate
Relationship, Tatars and Koreans
After the First World War, Turkey was in a state of imminent

national crisis. At such a crisis Atatürk Pasha(which means “farther of
Turks,” whose real name was Mustafa Kemal) launched the Turkish
War of Independence from 1918 to 1923. With this war, he recovered
much of the Anatolian Peninsula and in 1923 officially founded the
Republic of Turkey, thus ending 623 years rule of the Ottoman Empire.
Because of Turkey’s entanglements in the Western powers,
however, the relationship between Turks and Koreans had once been
aggravated. The Turks, who had remained in Central Asia, formed a
small-scale city state and led a peaceful nomadic life. Just like we
Koreans who fell into the Japanese rule, Turks also came to be ruled by
Russia since the 18th century. The Russian oppressions upon them
were so cruel that the Turks had formed a friendly relationship with
Japan. In other words, Turks and Japanese people had formed a pecu-
liar form of relationship to cope with the Western world powers.
A very close diplomatic relationship was established between the
Ottoman Empire and Japan during the Meiji period of Japanese history.
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, the Ottoman Empire had
dispatched Osman fleet to form a united front against the Russian attack.
Around this time, Abdullah Sid Abrahim was dispatched to Choseon as
a confidential agent around the year 1909, observed the social and
political situations of Korea under Japanese rule, and reported in detail
what he had observed in Korea. In this report which was published in a
book form, one can notice a variety of aspects such as the realities of
Japanese oppressive rules, the incompetencies of Choseon officials, and

a variety of Choseon
cultures.
When the Russo-
Japanese War ended with
Japan’s victory, the
Ottoman Empire paid
more attention to Japan.
When the Bolshevik
Revolution occurred in
A scene right after the Naval Battle of Incheon.
Russia in 1917, some of (Russian warships are on fire and foreign warships
are rescuing wounded soldiers.)
the Turk-Tatar people felt
quite uneasy and migrated
to the Korean Peninsular with the Japa-nese support.
The Turk-Tatar people who migrated to Korea were mainly
engaged in small scale trades, tailor shops, or dry goods stores. Under
protection of the Governor-General Office in Choseon, and with their
own stable income as well, these Turk-Tatar people enjoyed quite a
high level of social standing in Korea and formed their own social
communities.
Particularly notable were the Turk-Tatar people who settled in
Uljiro and Sogongdong areas in Seoul. With their skill of tailoring
which they had learned from the West, they transformed these areas to
a mecca for tailor business up to the time well after the Korean
liberation from the Japanese rule. They also had their own schools and
mosques in their communities, and they even had their own cemetery
near the City of Seoul. After the Korean liberation, however, the Turk-
Tatar people who had so far enjoyed Japanese supports had to face cold
glares from Koreans on the one hand, and felt quite uncomfortable

about international situations on the other. For these reasons, some of
them went back to Turkey and others to Australia or Canada.
The First World War not only sapped the national strength of both
Turkey and Russia, it also diplomatically isolated them from inter-
national societies. For this reason, they established a friendly relation-
ship, and in 1925 concluded a nonaggression treaty between the two
countries. The Turks who had established the Republic of Turkey in
1923 made an extensive and drastic reform under the leadership of
Mustafa Kemal Pasha, and at the same time they also set about the
work of modernization. When World War II broke out, Turkey took the
neutralist line and watched the development of world situations.
Toward the end of the war, however, Russia came to break the nonag-
gression treaty so that they had to fight against each other. (The ancient
histories between Korea and Turkey are excerpts from the writings of
Doctor Shin Yangsup.)
8. Establishment of the Republic of Korea

Government, and Reestablishment of Korea-Turkey
Diplomatic Relationship
When the Second World War was over, the United States of
America became hostile to Russia which had once been a member state
of the Allied Nations. Under such a circumstance, the United States
took into consideration the importance of Turkey’s geopolitical
situation, and began to support the Republic of Turkey. When the
whole of the Balkan Peninsula, excepting Greece, was communized
after World War II, the United States tried to block the communist

expansion in this area. For this purpose, the United States proclaimed
the Truman Doctrine in March 1947 and initiated the so-called
Marshall Plan with a specific purpose to combat the communist
expansion on the one hand, and, on the other, to aid European countries
which were in ruins after the war. Under these circumstances, Turkey
began to receive quite a large amount of military and economic
assistance from the United States of America.
On the part of the Republic of Turkey, they had a good reason to
take an anti-communist policy line. Historically, there were a lot of
conflicts between the Ottoman Turk Empire and Russia. Besides,
Central Asia which had once been a homeland of their ancestors was
not only under the rule of the Soviet Union, but their fellow Turks
currently living in the region were also suffering a great deal of
difficulties because of the Soviet rule. For these reasons, the Republic
of Turkey, adopting an anti-communist line, willingly approved the
newly established Korean government in 1949 when the Republic of
Korea government was officially established in 1948.
When North Korea was communized, South Korea took an anti-
communist line just like the Republic of Turkey. When attacked from
North Korea with a support from the Soviet Union, however, South
Korea had to confront a national crisis. Under such a circumstance, the
Republic of Turkey willingly accepted the United Nation’s resolution to
participate in the Korean War. In other words, Turkey’s participation in
the Korean War renewed the military relationship between the two
nations which had been stopped ever since the ancient Goguryeo-
TuChueh military relationship. In such a renewed state of military
relationship between the two countries, the Republic of Turkey
recruited volunteer soldiers to dispatch 5,000 troops to Korea when the

Korean War broke out.
Upon hearing the news that a war broke out in their “Brotherly
Nation,” 15,000 Turkish young men volunteered to participate in the
Korean War. The number of volunteers were well over the number of
troops the Government of Turkey had originally planned to recruit.
When the dispatch of troops was somewhat delayed, highschool
students in Turkey demonstrated against their government’s delaying of
troop dispatch to Korea, protesting “Why Not Send Troops to Our
Brotherly Nation?” With such an enthusiasm, the Republic of Turkey
came to participate in the Korean War.

Instability on the Korean Peninsula just
before the Korean War
1. Chaotic Domestic Politics after Independence
The Korean War broke out against the background of the division
of Korea into North and South, and the division of Korea was a byproduct
created in the process of reforming the world order on the one hand, and
the Cold War confrontation between US and USSR after World War II on
the other. The origin of the Korean War, however, can be traced back to
the Japanese colonization.
Chosun, which had functioned as an united nation for a long time,
was forced to be a colony of the Japanese super power in the late 19th
century. After Japan took over Chosun, Korean people established the

Establishment of the Government of the Republic of Korea(August 15th, 1948)
overseas Provisional Government, organized a corps of Independence
Fighters, and devoted to all sorts of anti-Japanese arms activities. In this
way, Korea was able to gain independence, but not without help from
allied forces.
In the process of fighting for freedom, Korea was divided. To be
more specific, communism came to be involved in the process of fighting
for Korean independence, and communists divided the fighters into two
camps–those who supported communism and those who opposed it. In
1945 Korean people were excited about their independence, but behind
the joys of the independence were lurking the unreconcilable ideological
differences created by communism. These ideological differences
ultimately led to the Korean War.
Though the US and the Soviet Union did not recognize the
Provisional Korean Government, they agreed upon the matter of granting
independence to Korean people in due time. This agreement put a damper
on the Korean people’s joy of
independence, and it served as
a seedbed for the tragedy of
Korean people.
When the US demanded
unconditional surrender from
Japan, it was agreed between
the US and the USSR that the
Soviets would take care of
disarming Japanese soldiers to
the north of the 38th Parallel,
while the US would take care
Cairo Conference of the southern part of the 38th

Parallel. In this way, Korea was physically separated with the Soviets
appointing Kim Il-sung and his communist party to lead the nation in the
North.
In December, 1945, at a conference in Moscow, the US and the
USSR decided to grant independence to Korea after a five-year-
trusteeship, and set up a review committee to consider the establishment
of the Provisional Government.
Growing internal frictions, however, severly hurt South Korea to
the point where it was unable to support its population. Nationalists
opposed the trusteeship, but communists approved it. Those following the
Soviet orders caused the country to fall into a state of chaos when the left-
wing gained power in the North and the right-wing in the South.
To make matters worse, in the South the abuse of the monetary
system during the last years of Japanese occupation caused severe
inflation on the one hand, and, on the other, most of the factories stopped
production of goods needed in everyday life because all Japanese
engineers went back to Japan. Besides, South Korea produced only eight
percent of the total electricity produced in Korea, so that South Korea had
to rely heavily on the North for the supply of electricity. In this
circumstance, when opposition of the trusteeship grew stronger in the
South, the North stopped supplying electricity to the South to put pressure
on the issue of trusteeship. As a result, the South had to suffer severe
hardship of electric power shortage. Moreover, after the independence a
host of people poured into South Korea from abroad and from North
Korea, so that the population of the South grew very rapidly. This in turn
led to food shortage and placed extreme economic pressure on the South.
During this period of time, the Soviet Union made Kim Il-sung
communize the North, and went on to make plans to communize the
Instability on the Korean Peninsula Just before the Korean War

South by means of subversions.
This expansionist strategy of the
Soviet Union clashed with the
blockade policy of the US, and
intensified the Cold War confron-
tation between the US and the
USSR. Such an intensified
confrontation led not to an
establishment of a unified
Provisional Government for
Kim Il-sung and Soviet officers
Korea but to an irrecoverable rift
between North and South.
Eventually, the US offered to hold a meeting between the four
countries concerned, but the Soviet rejected the offer. So the US took the
matter to the UN to find a solution. The UN placed the Korean matter on
the agenda as a subject for discussion. Finally, the UN decided on ‘the
provisions of independence procedure for Korea’ presented by the UN
political committee, and this decision enabled Korea to establish an
independent government in Korea.
In accordance with the UN decision, UN Temporary Commission
on Korea(UNTCOK) was established with V.K.K. Menon of India
appointed as chairman. However, the Soviet Union blocked members of
UNTCOK to enter North Korea. Then, the UN decided to hold an election
in South Korea where a free election was possible. As a result, the South
held a general election on May 10, 1948, and five days later the Republic
of Korea was born on August 15. The UN then officially declared South
Korea as a legitimate nation to the world.
North Korea also followed suit by passing the constitution of the

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea through the Council of
Democratic People’s Commission on May 1, 1948. The North did not
take immediate actions to establish a nation for strategic reasons, and
waited for a proper time to take actions. On September 9, 1948, North
Korea also took actions to establish a nation of its own. As a result, there
came to be two independent governments in Korea, and this state of
governments aggravated the division of Korea. Eventually, such a tragic
division, coupled with the implications of the Cold War confrontation, led
to the Korean War.
After the removal of the US and the USSR military forces from the
Korean Peninsula, the UN tried to reunify the two Koreas by sending UN
Commission composed of members from such countries as Australia, the
Republic of China, the Republic of El Salvador, France, India, the
Philippines, Turkey, etc. The US Commission in Korea kept an eye on the
38th Parallel until the Korean War broke out, and then pointed out the fact
that the UN decisions were not faithfully carried out in Korea. Particularly,
they were afraid that the current situations in Korea would lead to a
military confrontation between North and South, posing a serious threat to
the security of the Korean Peninsula,
2. Soviet and Chinese Aid to North Korea’s War

Preparation
In 1949 a year and a half before the invasion of the South, Kim Il-
sung had already expressed his idea of invading South Korea to Stalin,
and the Soviet also supported the North with 4,000 troops, not including
military advisories.

The details concerning the war were talked over in the Moscow
conference between Kim and Stalin in March 1949. On the fifth of the
same month, Kim Il-sung, accompanied by Park Hun-young, visited
Moscow to talk about financial support and the increase of the military
power. At this conference they talked about many issues concerning
politics, economy, cultures, and particularly about military affairs. The
matter of invading the South was also discussed.
Kim Il-sung asked Stalin’s opinion on Kim’s scheme of unifying
Korean Peninsula by force, and Stalin stated in his answer to this question
that it would be impossible to make a preemptive attack without gaining a
certain degree of superiority over the South Korean military forces.
The outcome of Kim and Stalin’s conference ended up with
borrowing forty million dollars from the Soviet Union which would be
needed to buy weapons. Later, they received 15,000 rifles, 139 artillery
pieces, 87 T-34 Tanks, 94 aircraft, and other military supplies. When the
war drew close at hand, they received the support of 200 aircraft and 250
tanks, which were far more advanced than those of the South.
After that, the North reached
an agreement with China to invade
the South and on April 28, 1949,
Kim Il-sung visited China and met
important figures such as Gao
Gang, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai and
even Mao Tse-Tung. They talked
about the war and the matter of
committing the Chinese forces to
North Korea.
Celebration of the Establishment of
North Korean Army As a result, North Korea was

able to strengthen its military forces, and Kim Il-sung, encouraged by such
a military reinforcement, decided to launch his first attack. When the US
troops withdrew from the South, the 38th Parallel became meaningless. In
the military confrontation on the 38th Parallel, the North proved itself
superior. What’s more, North Korea declared that since South Korea
refused to accept the North’s peace treaty on the battle line, they had no
alternative but to invade.
In October 1949, when the Communist party won the civil war in
China, Kim Il-sung reasoned that it was a prime time to convince China
and the Soviet Union to liberate South Korea. He sent message to Stalin
that the people of the South trusted him, asking for Stalin’s military
support. Kim also told Stalin that he could not fall asleep at night because
he was too much preoccupied with the unification of Korea.
Kim Il-sung secretly visited Moscow in early April 1950 to discuss
such important topics with Stalin as plans for unification of Korea, the
economic prospects of North Korea, and the problems of the communist
party. At this conference, Stalin said that the international community
tended towards supporting them and would approve of Kim’s plan to
invade South Korea. He also suggested the matter of invading the South
be discussed with China. So, Kim Il-sung visited Mao Tse-Tung on May
13 and discussed invasion of the South with Mao. He returned to North
Korea on May 16, 1950.
Later, the North Korea’s Chief of the General Staff, Kang Kun, and
the new Soviet military advisor, General Vasilevsky, mapped out the
detailed plans for the invasion. They devised a three-step plan to be
carried out over three months. The agreement was delivered to Stalin
through ambassador Shtykov on June 16, 1950, and the launching of the
invasion was set for June 25, 1950. Right before the war, Soviet military

Plan of North Korea to Attack South Korea
advisors checked on the state of North Korea’s preparation for the attack,
and then they stayed back in the rear to conceal any traces of the Soviet
Union’s involvement in the invasion.
3. South Korea’s Lack of Preparation for the War
Around the time the Korean War broke out, the South Korean

government was preoccupied with outlawing communism and eliminating
red guerrillas and the leftists who stood in the way of establishing a stable
society. At that time, however, South Korea went through a severe
economic difficulties in spite of US support. This economic difficulty was
an important element of the instability of the South Korean society.
South Korea’s military forces also required military aids from the
US, but the request for military aids was refused. This caused a severe gap
in the military strength between North and South. What was worse for
South Korea, on January 12, 1950, the US announced in the Acheson
speech that South Korea and Taiwan were no longer included in
America’s Pacific defense line. Upon hearing the announcement, South
Kore came to have doubts on America’s will to help defend Korea’s
security.
Under such a security environment, the South Korean armed forces
on the front line had to be prepared for possible North’s military
provocations along the 38th Parallel, and the forces in the rear had to be
mobilized to root out communist guerrillas. What was worse, inside the
Korean armed forces there were communist infiltrators, so that these
infiltrators also had to be eliminated. Ultimately, the South Korean Army
was in dire straits because of the triple difficulties mentioned above.
Besides, the South Korean troops were numerically inferior to those of the
North. For these reasons, the safety of the country and national defence
were in a seriously risky state.
In the first National Assembly election held on May 30, 1950,
however, 90% of the populations went to the polls. Though the ruling
party won only 25% of the votes, they accepted the results of the election,
showing that democracy was taking roots in South Korea.

North Korean Invasion and Participation of
the UN Forces
1. The Surprise Attack by North Korea
At dawn, on June 25, 1950, North Korean armed forces advanced

southward under cover of foggy valleys and mountains. T-34 tanks led the
way with the North’s artillery fires and missile fires along the 38th
Parallel. The serenity of the dawn along the waist line of the Korean
Peninsula was greatly disturbed by the roaring sounds and flashes from
these fires.
The Korean War began in this way. The news was spread abroad
through diplomatic channels or correspondents, and the world’s attention
was drawn to the Korean Peninsula.

When the state of peace that had
been unstably maintained in the Korean
Peninsula was broken in a moment by
the North Korea’s invasion, US
Ambassador to Korea, John J. Muccio,
reported the fact to the US government. President Rhee Seung-man also
judged that South Korea could not counter North’s invasion on its own
forces, so that he ordered the South Korean Ambassador to the US, Jang
Myun, to request support from the US.
On that very same day, the Korean National Assembly also
requested the US President and US Congress that they would provide
effective and timely support for South Korea. The UN Commission in
Korea also announced that North Korea should halt military actions,
retreat back to the 38th Parallel, and seek a peaceful solution. At the same
time, the UN General Assembly urged the North to stop its attack on June
26, 1950.
Worldwide Newspaper Reporting on the Outbreak of Korean War

& North Korean Army Marching to Seoul
2. UN Participation in the Korean War to Defend Peace
(1) Activities of the UN Commission in Korea
After World War II, the global society recognized the need to create
a safety device for world peace. As a result, on October 24, 1945, 51
nations formed the United Nations.
After independence from the Japanese hold, the divided Korea was
not able to realize its dream of unification mainly because of the US’ and
USSR’s differences in opinion on the methods of unification. In other
words, the political situations of the Korean Peninsula came to a standstill.
At this time, the UN intervened, and organized in May 1948 the United
Nations Temporary Commission on Korea(UNTCOK) to monitor the
election process. Then the UN recognized South Korea as the only legal
government, and went on to oversee the activities to maintain peace on the
Korean Peninsula.
Taiwan, Australia, El Salvador, France, India, the Philippines, and
Turkey were active members of the UN Commission in Korea. Because
of the interests and efforts of these member countries, the UN was able to
respond quite readily to the North Korea’s attack on South Korea.
When the UN resolution to send
troops to Korea was made, each country
decided to join the war with each nation’s
security risks in mind. Most of the UN
member nations reasoned that the North
Korea’s provocation could pose threat to
their own nations in one way or another if it
UN Security Council was left unchecked. The UN’s ultimate

cause for the participation in the war, however, was ‘to protect freedom
and world peace.’ And the UN’s decision to participate in the Korean War
can be interpreted as putting into action the UN principle that the UN
would take actions en mass to check any illegal military actions that
would threaten freedom and world peace.
(2) UN Resolution to Stop North Korea’s Invasion
The UN Security Council called an emergency session at 4:00 a.m.,

on June 26, 1950(local time). They urged the North to stop the invasion
and move back to the 38th Parallel.
UN General-Secretary Trygve H. Lie, quoting the report made by
the UN Commission in Korean, stated that the UN should take proper
actions in order to secure the peace and safety of Korea. The US
representative to the UN proposed that the Korean representative attend
the UN Security Council, so that Ambassador Jang Myun was able to
appeal at the Security Council for South Korea.
Later, the United Kingdom slightly revised the US proposal to help
Korea and put the revised proposal to a vote. It was passed with 9 in favor,
0 opposed, 1 abstention. At that time, the UN Security Council was
composed of five permanent members(US, USSR, England, France, the
Republic of China) who held veto powers and eleven non-permanent
members. When the Korean resolution was introduced, the Soviet Union
was absent so that the UN could pass the resolution without the Soviet
Union’s veto. The UN resolution to help Korea marked the first official
act to stop illegal aggressions for the peace of the world, and in the case of
the Korean War the main objective of the UN resolution was to stop the
North’s aggression and to push them back north of the 38th Parallel.

(3) UN Resolution to Provide Military Support for Korea
Despite the June 26 resolution, North Korea continued their

invasion. So, the UN Commission in Korea asked the UN to take
additional measures for South Korea. Under such a circumstance, the US
decided to present a proposal to the UN Security Council. Contained in
the proposal were the request to allow naval and air support for Korea and
an appeal to provide UN member nations’ assistance to Korea.
In accordance with the US proposal to the UN, the UN Security
Council was called on June 28, 1950. At this council, the US
representative Warren R. Austin explained in detail the current situations
in Korea and the major actions the
US had taken so far. After eight
hours of conference, the resolution
was passed with 7 in favor, 1
opposed, 2 abstention. At this
time, the Soviet also did not attend
the meeting.
Conference on the UN Security Council The main point of the
resolution of June 28 was to
secure the military support of the UN to drive back the North Koreans.
This was the first collective security measure taken after the establishment
of the UN, which sanctioned military actions against those nations that
disturb world peace. As the UN forces joined the Korean troops, the war
turned to be no longer a war between South Korea and North Korea, but a
war between North Korea and the UN.

3. The Process of US Involvement in the War
(1) Decision to Provide Naval and Air Support
Before the UN resolution to send troops

to Korea was passed, the US President Truman
opened a National Security Council with his
top-level military leaders to make a
counterattack plan against the North, and
immediately prepared to send troops to Korea.
At this meeting, Truman mentioned that
North Korea’s invasion of the South was
somewhat like the beginning of World War II,
US Forces Landing on Busan
and that if the North’s provocation were left
unchecked another world war could break out which would break down
the founding principles of the UN. For this reason, the US decided to
approve military actions for Korea. In accordance with this decision, the
Far East Command headquarters was ordered to mobilize the non-
combatant Navy and Air Force troops to provide transport support on June
26, and the next day Brigadier General John H. Church and his crew were
dispatched to South Korea to look at the situations.
(2) The US’ Decision to Send Ground Troops
On June 27, 1950, despite a series of military actions taken so far,

the situation in Korea grew rapidly worse. General MacArthur reported
that Seoul would soon be fallen into the enemy’s control. The ROK
government also asked for emergency military support from the US. Upon

receiving MacArthur’s report and the
ROK government’s request, the US
called the National Security Council
again to take proper actions.
During this meeting, the US
decided to ignore the measures of
General MacArthur Visiting Korea
limited operation of the Far-East
Naval and Air Forces in order to make these Naval and Air Forces help
fight North Korean armed forces. The US also decided to provide full
support to the ROK armed forces. Besides these decisions, President
Truman also announced publicly that he ordered the Far-East Naval and
Air Forces to provide full support for the ROK troops because North
Korea had failed to respond to UN warnings.
As a part of this measure, General MacArthur himself had an on-the-
spot look at the front line along the 38th Parallel. Based on his observation,
he then made a proposal to send ground troops to Korea, which was
approved soon after. He ordered the US 8th Army commander to send the
24th Division which was stationed at that time in Kyushu, Japan, and the
advance party, Task Force Smith, arrived in Busan on July 1. When Task
Force Smith left for Daejeon and the main-force units of the division arrived
later on, the US ground forces’ operation set to work on a full scale.
4. Establishment of the UN Command, and the Urge to

Send Ground Troops
(1) Eastablishment of the UN Command
While the ROK troops were defending the front line against North

Korea in July 1950, the US Army, Navy, and Air Forces joined the war.
Soon after this followed the British Navy, Australian naval and air forces,
and the New Zealand naval forces. As more and more nations were
prepared to take part in the Korean War, the matter of command and
control of the US forces loomed as an important issue.
The solution was found on July 3, 1950, when the UN Secretary
General Lie proposed that the US, who had the heaviest burden in terms of
military support, should take the command of the UN forces. At last, on
July 7, 1950, the UN Security Council passed the proposal for “the
establishment of the UN Command” which was originally proposed by
England and France and prepared by the US. The purpose of the UN
Command, of course, was to maintain unity in the military activities of the
UN member nations.
The main contents of UN Command agreement can be summed as
follows: The authorities of the UN Security Council to take military
actions against the North’s provocations will be delegated to the President
of the United States, and the military forces from the UN member nations
will be under the unified command of the US forces.

After signing the agreement, the UN Secretary General delivered
the UN Command flag to the US Ambassador to Korea. US General
MacArthur was appointed as the first Commander of the UNC, and at the
same time he was also given the following guideline–all operations of the
US would fall under the authority of the UN Security Council.
In accordance with this guideline, General MacArthur ordered
Lieutenant General Walker to take charge of the ground troops in Korea.
Upon receiving this command, Lieutenant General Walker came from
Japan to Daegu, established the command post there, and began to
command not only US ground troops but also UN ground troops.
In spite of the establishment of the UN Command, however, by
July 1950 many nations did not send ground troops, providing only air
and naval support. The difficulty of transport and the slow process of
decision making seemed to account for the delayed support of the UN
member nations’ ground forces.
(2) The Request for UN Ground Troops
The UN Command, established by the approval of many of the UN

member nations, took direct responsibility of ROK. However, the US took
the initiative in commanding the UN forces, because in actuality the US
determined not only the size of troops but also combat capabilities.
When other countries wanted to participate in the war, they had to
obtain approvals from both the US Department of State and the UN
Secretary General Lie. At the initial stage of the war, the US Secretary of
State hoped that, as more and more nations would join the war, the Korean
War would be not so much a war between the the US and the USSR, but
rather a war between democracy and communism.

The UNC Commander
General MacArthur presented a
sort of guideline to each
member nation: if the partici-
pating member nation wants to
make a realistic contribution to
the war, each member nation
should send at least 1,000 men,
or a battalion, plus they should
carry sixty days’ rations in a
state of full equipment, plus
each home country should take
charge of continued logistic
support. The UN assumed that Serving UN Flag to General MacArthur
this guideline was somewhat
unrealistic, but it wanted more nations to join the UN forces and fight for
Korea.
The US National Security Council insisted that other Asian nations
(such as the Philippines, Thailand, India, Pakistan) should participate in
the war, stating that such a participation would convey important political
meanings to other Asian nations who were craving for peace and freedom.
Most of the UN member nations agreed that North Korea had
threatened world peace. However, their reactions to the UN decision to
retaliate against North Korea differed. Some did support the united action
of the UN, but others refused to give any indications of military support.
Other countries also wanted to send troops but the number of troops was
too small to be accepted by the UN Command.

The Turkish Forces’ Engagement in the
Korean War and Major Battles
1. The Republic of Turkey’s Decision to Participate in

the Korean War, and Troop Formation
Just before the end of Wold War II on February 22, 1945, the
Republic of Turkey declared war against Germany. With this
declaration, Turkey joined the Allied Forces and adopted its pro-
Western foreign policy. At the outbreak of the Korean War, the United
Nations Security Council adopted on June 28, 1950 a resolution
recommending that the U. N. member nations furnish assistance to the
Republic of Korea in order to repel the communist attack and restore
peace and security in Korea. In the middle of July the same year, the

A Map Showing the Location of Korea and Turkey
UN Secretary General requested Turkey to send troops to Korea. By

willingly accepting the UN Secretary General’s request, the Republic of
Turkey came to participate in the Korean War.
Considering the urgency of the Korean War, the Government of
Turkey called an emergency meeting of the Cabinet on July 18, 1950.
Included in this meeting were top-level armed forces personnel, and at
this meeting they decided to send a brigade size armed forces to Korea.
On July 25, 1950, the government’s decision was unanimously
approved by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Upon this
approval, on August 3, 1950 the Turkish Army immediately began the
work of dispatch troop formation which was tentatively named “the
Turkish Dispatch Brigade to Korea.” The Turkish Brigade was mainly
composed of soldiers either from the 241st Regiment, 28th Infantry
Division stationed at Ayas (17 kilometers west of Ankara), or soldiers
from the 2nd Artillery Battalion (Battalion Commander, LT Colonel
Tashin Kurtay), 2nd Cavalry Brigade. And the shortages in dispatch
troops were supplemented with recruits. In addition, recruited from the
4th Military District, Turkish VIII Corps, were such supporting
elements as engineering, transportation, ordnance, communications,
and medical units. With these supporting units, the Turkish Brigade
came to have enough combat capabilities to conduct independent
operations of its own. On September 10, 1950, Brigadier General
Tashin Yazici, who was commander of the 2nd Armored Brigade at that
time, was assigned to the Brigade Commander, and LT Colonel
Selahattin Tokay was assigned to the Brigade Chief of Staff.
Table of Organization of the 1st Turkish Brigade

After the troop formation,
“the 1st Turkish Brigade” had
completed a short period of
military training by September
13, 1950, and the brigade
assembled at Etimesqut on
September 14. At that time, the
number of the brigade troops
totaled 5,090. Upon completion
of the final inspection at
Etimesqut on September 19,
Turkish troops moved by train
and on September 20 arrived at
Iskendrun, a port city on the The 1st Turkish Brigade landed on the
Port of Busan
Mediterranean Sea.
Upon completion of a brief send-off ceremony at the port of
Iskendrun, each echelon of the Turkish troops boarded the American
troopship and set sail for Korea in accordance with its own
transportation schedule. The first echelon (1,882 men) boarded the
troopship General Mcrae on September 25, the second echelon (2,461
men) General W. Haan on 26th, and the third echelon (740 men)
Private Johnson on 29th, respectively. While they were on their voyage
to Korea, Turkish soldiers had a military education on tactics and
handling American weapons from the U.S. Army instructors. After the
long 21-day voyage, the advance party of the 1st Turkish Brigade
arrived in Busan on October 17, 1950.
2. The Turkish Brigade’s Deployment in Korea and Its
Major Battles
(1) Adjustment to the Korean Front and Commitment to

Counterguerrilla Warfare (September 20 ~ November 20,
1950)
Upon arrival at the port of Busan in October 1950, the 1st Turkish
Brigade directly moved to the UN Reception Center near Daegu. Here,
the brigade was attached to the U.S. 25th Infantry Division, IX Corps
of the Eighth U.S. Army reserve. The mission assigned to the Turkish
Brigade was to protect the Daejeon-Daegu main supply route. To be
more specific, the U.S. IX Corps at that time was scheduled to be
committed to the front early November 1950. In the meantime, the U.S.
IX Corps wanted the Turkish Brigade to have a period of adjustment in
Korea. For this purpose, the U.S. IX Corps assigned the Turkish
Brigade a temporary mission to protect the Daejeon-Daegu main
supply route.
While executing the security mission, the Turkish Brigade went
through the U.S. made weapons training and a live fire exercise in
order to get ready for the actual fighting at the front. A group of five
U.S. liaison officers, who had accompanied the brigade from Turkey,
helped issue new equipment to the Turkish soldiers and contributed a
lot to training the soldiers on the methods of handling the equipment.
On October 25, 1950, the advance of the U.N. Forces was blocked
by the Chinese intervention. Then, on November 2 Lt. Gen. Walton H.
Walker, Eighth U.S. Army Commander, ordered the IX Corps to
advance to the front. At that time, the IX Corps was deployed south of

the Han River to protect the lines of communications. In accordance
with General Walker’s order, the Turkish Brigade, attached to the U.S.
IX Corps, was also scheduled to move to the Gunuri area situated 80
kilometers north of Pyongyang by November 12, 1950.
By this time, however, the North Korean troops’ line of retreat was
blocked on their march to the North, so that they conducted guerrilla
operations around the areas of Icheon, Pyonggang, Cheolweon,
Yeoncheon, Gaeseong, and Keumseong. As the North Korean troops
intensified their guerrilla operations, the tensions of the rear area grew
tight. At this point, the Eighth U.S. Army Commander committed part
of the IX Corps (which was scheduled to move to Gunuri) to these
areas to conduct a counterguerrilla warfare against the North Korean
troops. On November 10, 1950, the Eighth U.S. Army Commander
ordered the U.S. 25th Infantry Division to fight the counterguerrilla
warfare, with the Turkish Brigade attached to the division. Upon receipt
of this order, the advance party of the Turkish Brigade left Daegu on
November 12, and established the brigade command post as soon as
they got to Jangdan. From November 13 to 16, the whole of the
brigade’s main body moved to the Jangdan area by train, transporting
one or two trainloads of troops every day.
Upon arrival at Jangdan, the U.S. 25th Infantry Division
Commander assigned the Turkish Brigade the security mission to
protect the 50 kilometers of the Munsan-Gaeseong-Sibyeonri main
supply road on the one hand, and the mission to wipe out the enemy
guerrilla forces around the area on the other. From November 16 to 20,
1950, the brigade carried out the assigned security mission to protect
the supply route and the mission to wipe out the enemy guerrilla forces.
However, the enemy guerrilla activities around this area were quite
negligible, so that the
brigade was not engaged
in any serious conflict.
During this period,
the Turkish Brigade was
supplied with two L-18
light airplanes, and these
planes enabled the
Turkish soldiers came to be well acquainted with Turkish troops to carry
Korean boy scouts upon their arrival in Korea.
out independently the
mission of observation and reconnaissance. On the day of the brigade’s
arrival at Jangdan, however, two Turkish soldiers were killed—one by
the enemy stray bullet on his post of duty, and another by the overturn
of the transport vehicle.
(2) The Battle of Gunuri and the Withdrawal from

Pyeongyang (November 26 ~ December 1, 1950)
Carried out between November 26 and December 1, 1950, the

battle of Gunuri was the first battle that the 1st Turkish Brigade fought
against the enemy ever since its arrival in Korea. To be more specific, it
was a battle fought against the Chinese 112nd, 113rd, and 114th
Divisions, 38th Army. At this battle, the Turkish Brigade had to face
the Chinese “human-wave” assaults. Without any combat support from
other units, the brigade was engaged in hand-to-hand fighting at this
battle for its survival, so that the Turkish troops had to fight desperate
bloody battles. For instance, the Turkish troops were engaged in a
series of bitter battles against Chinese forces such as the battle of

Waweonri from November 26 to the evening of November 28, the
battle of Sinribri from the evening of November 28 to the afternoon the
next day, the battle on the Bongori-Gunuri road from the evening of
November 29 to the dawn of the next day, and the battle on the Gunuri-
Pyeongyang retreat route from the morning of November 30 to
December 1, 1950.
1) The Waweonri Battle
Located 80 kilometers north of Pyeongyang on the Cheongcheon

River, Gunuri was a place of strategic importance. With the rough
Myohyang Mountain Ranges on the east, Gunuri was situated on the
plains at the mouth of the Cheongcheon River which flowed from
Hweacheon to Anju.
After the counterguerrilla warfare in the Jangdan area, the Turkish
Brigade moved north on November 22, 1950, and assembled at a place
2.5 kilometers south of Gunuri on November 26. Assembled at a place
near Gunuri, the Turkish Brigade was ordered to defend the Gunuri-
Deokcheon route. With a mission to protect the right flank of the U.S.
IX Corps, the ROK II Corps was taking charge of the Gunuri-
Deokcheon route, but the enemy force repulsed the ROK II Corps
troops along the Gunuri-Deokcheon route. Between Gunuri and
Deokcheon, there was only one road running east and west across the
mountain areas of more than 1,000 meters high. Narrow and winding,
the road ran about 60 kilometers. Particularly, a section of 20-kilometer
road between Waweonri and Alilryeong and Yongdeokri was very
narrow and ran through rough mountains and high cliffs, so that it was
very difficult for vehicles to turn back or pass by each other on this
road.
Upon receipt of the order to advance toward Gunuri, the Turkish
Brigade moved toward Waweonri on November 26, with Task Force
Dora leading at the front under the command of Deputy Brigade
Commander Dora. Totally unaware of the combat situations in the
Deokcheon area, the brigade spent the night at Waweonri and headed
toward Alilryreong the nest day. Just about the time the lead element of
the Turkish Brigade was crossing the Alilryeong Pass, the brigade
received an order from Maj. Gen. John B. Coulter, U.S. IX Corps
Commander, to stop its advance to Deokcheon, cross the Alilryeong
Pass, and establish a defensive line near the Yongdeokri area. At that
time, the brigade’s advance to the Deokcheon area was behind the
schedule, so that only the 1st Battalion had crossed the Alilryeong Pass,
with the rest of the brigade troops still not arriving at the top of the
Pass. In the case of the 2nd Battalion, the unit troops got lost on the
way and were wandering on the western slope of the Alilryeong Pass.
Under these circumstances, Brigadier General Tashin Yazici, 1st
Turkish Brigade Commander, estimated that he was facing three
difficulties. The first difficulty was to assemble the whole of the
dispersed Turkish troops at the designated time at the designated place,
that is, at Yongdeokri over the Alilryeong Pass. The second difficulty
was to retreat to the rear by crossing over the Alilryeong in case of the
enemy assault. The last one lay in the artillery units’ difficulty to take
up positions in the rough mountainous terrain. Taking these three
difficulties into consideration, the commander judged that it would be
best to establish a defensive line along the western slope of the
Alilryeong Pass. For this reason, the Turkish Brigade stopped its
advance to the Deokcheon area and retreated back to the Waweonri
area.

After about ten hours of forced march, the Turkish units retreated
back to Waweonri and were taking a rest along the road south of
Seongbulgol Bridge. About this time, however, the Chinese troops
made a surprise attack on the Engineer and the Reconnaissance
Platoons which were retreating at the rear of the brigade. Because of
this attack, the Engineer Platoon leader Lt. Muzaffer and the
Communications Platoon leader Lt. Tahir Un were killed in action. and
Capt. Loenzo, U.S. Army military advisor to the Turkish Brigade, fell
into enemy hands.
At this point, the Turkish Brigade Commander Tashin Yazici
ordered the combat readiness of the 3rd Battalion, directing the 2nd
Battalion to strengthen the security of the brigade’s right flank. Upon
receipt of a combat readiness report from the 3rd Battalion, the Brigade
Commander immediately ordered the 11th Company, 3rd Battalion, to
go into action to the rescue of the reconnaissance unit which was
attacked by the enemy. Upon receipt of the order from the Brigade
Commander, the 11th Company immediately dashed to the spot south
of Seongbulgol Bridge, but at this point the company advance was
blocked by the enemy.
Around this time, the Chinese troops attacked the right and the left
flanks of the 1st Turkish Brigade from two directions—one along the
road and another through the mountain areas. To counter these enemy
attacks, the brigade had the 2nd Battalion occupy Hills 400 and 450 to
block the enemy attack on the left flank of the brigade, and had the 3rd
Battalion occupy Seongbul Bridge and Hill 446 to block the enemy
attacks on the front as well as on the right of the brigade. After repeated
engagements with the enemy, the 2nd and 3rd Battalions succeeded in
occupying the objectives. With this success, the 2nd and 3rd Battalions
of the Turkish Brigade were able to establish quite a strong defense
line, while the 1st Battalion was making preparations against the enemy
attack at Seokgancheom 1 kilometer southwest of Waweonri.
At 1400 hours on November 28, 1950, however, the Chinese
troops launched a massive attack on the defense sector of the 2nd
Battalion. Particularly when the battalion size enemy concentrated its
attack on the gap in the boundary area between the 2nd and 3rd
<Operational Map 1> The Battle of Waweonri (Nov. 26~28, 1950)

Battalions, part of the brigade’s defensive positions began to crumble.
With both wire and radio communications broken down, the Deputy
Brigade Commander, Colonel Dora, went directly to the brigade
headquarters situated 2 kilometers in the rear area, reported the current
situations, and requested the Brigade Commander to have the battalions
retreat to an area favorable for defense.
At the request of Colonel Dora, the Turkish Brigade Commander
Brig. Gen. Tashin Yazici made an estimate of the current situation.
Judging from the magnitude of the enemy assault, at least two divisions
of Chinese troops seemed to be involved in the assault. There was also
a possibility that part of the enemy forces had already penetrated into
the rear in order to interdict the retreat of the Turkish troops. In
addition, the current defensive positions in a narrow valley which was
encircled with rough mountains seemed to be inappropriate for carrying
out the brigade’s primary mission to defend the exposed right flank of
the U.S. XI Corps. Taking these circumstances into consideration, the
Turkish Brigade Commander accepted Colonel Dora’s request, and
made up his mind to
retreat. The Brigade
Commander decided to
establish the next defense
line at Sinribri located 5
kilometers to the rear, and
issued a retreat order to
the rear at 1500 hours on
the November 28.
The observation plane of the Turkish Brigade Air
According to the retreat Unit which was founded on November 11, 1950 at
order, the frontline unit Daegu
which suffered heaviest casualties was the first to retreat, and then
followed the next unit. While retreating to Sinribri, each unit was also
supposed to maintain contact with the enemy. In the meantime, the
education and training company which had remained in the Gunuri area
took up the position north of the brigade, and provided covering fire for
the retreating troops.
2) The Battle of Sinribri
On their way to Sinribri, Turkish soldiers had to fight a desperate

battle in the bitter cold wave of 20 degrees below zero. In such a
circumstance, the Turks took up defensive positions at Sinribri, but the
conditions were getting worse. There were not any friendly forces
around them, nor were there any supporting units. They suffered
solitude, hunger, and bitter cold. In addition, they had experienced in
their first battle that the enemy surprise raid was always followed by an
incessant attack in waves. Because of this battle experience, they were
seized with fear about enemy attacks in waves which followed after the
surprise raid. In such a state of panic, the Turks spent the whole day
and night of November 28, and they came to see the 29th of November
come around. At this time, the U.S. IX Corps Headquarters at
Pyeongyang ordered that the 1st Turkish Brigade be attached to the
U.S. 2nd Infantry Division by 2400 hours of November 28, 1950.
However, the brigade did not get any order from the U.S. IX Corps
Headquarters, not did the brigade get any specific assignment from the
U.S. 2nd Infantry Division Commander. What is worse, they could not
contact the division because all the means of communication were in a
broken state.
The Turkish Brigade established a defensive position about 2

kilometers in length along the road near Sinribri. At zero hours on
November 29, the Chinese troops launched a surprise attack on both
sides of the brigade defense sector. Along with this attack, the enemy
troops infiltrated into the brigade defensive positions, dressed as
civilian refugees. The major targets of the enemy strike were the
vehicle and ammunition depots at Sinribri, and the military units
deployed in the rear area of Sinribri such as the artillery battalion, the
mortar company, and the 3rd Battalion. The enemy assault was so
overwhelming that the brigade defensive positions were instantly
engulfed into flames. The soldiers who were in their sleeping bags
either in the tents or under the vehicles woke up in dismay, got on the
nearest vehicles with no time to get any directions or orders from
above, and began to retreat to the Bongori area individually and
without any order. Even the artillery vehicles for hauling howitzers or
the mortar vehicles were all packed with soldiers like the bean sprouts
in a bean sprouting jar, and these vehicles hurriedly competed to get out
of the area. Of course, the howitzers and mortars were abandoned. In a
night as dark as pitch, the soldiers who didn’t get on any vehicle on
their way to the Bongori area were desperately trying to take those
vehicles passing nearby, but some soldiers were hit or run over by the
vehicles so that, to make the matters worse, the accident caused a lot of
confusion.
It was one hour after the Chinese assault that the Turkish Brigade
headquarters at a school building in Bongori was notified of the retreats
of those Turkish units stationed in the Sinribri area. By the time the
brigade headquarters was notified of the retreat, the road in front of the
headquarters was in utter confusion with a mixture of retreating
vehicles and soldiers, while the hazy sounds of gunfire was still heard
from the far distance in the Sinribri area. The Brigade Commander tried
to contact the frontline units by wire or by radio in order to get some
information on the 1st and 2nd Battalions left behind on the front, but
there was no answer.
By the time the Turkish units at Sinribri were making a disorderly
retreat due to the Chinese surprise attack, the 2nd and 3rd Turkish
Battalions which were deployed at the front east of Sinribri were also,
raided by the Chinese troops, engaged in a fierce battle with the enemy.
In such a messy circumstance, the Turkish Brigade Commander
planned to assemble as many soldiers as possible, establishing
defensive positions east of Bongori. Then, he decided to take the next
step of military action as soon as the 2nd and 3rd Battalions were
reached. In the meantime, the Brigade Commander took a variety of
immediate measures to tackle the messy situation. He committed the
military police platoon to restore order in the Turkish Brigade, and had
all the soldiers on board the vehicle get down from it. He assembled the
retreating troops and organized a unit of 150 soldiers into one company.
Then, he kept on committing these companies to the hills east of the
brigade. He also dispatched a group of officers in order to make the
troops heading toward Gunuri return to the present position. By this
time, the Brigade Commander’s request for support which he had made
to the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division was also accepted, so that the 3rd
Battalion of the U.S. 38th Regiment, reinforced with one tank platoon,
advanced up to the area north of Bongori and established a defensive
position in that area.
Once the order in the Turkish Brigade was restored, the Brigade
Commander had the ammunitions and provisions at the Gunuri area
transported to the Bongori area. At the same time, he kept on trying to

contact the frontline battalions by wire or by radio. However, the
frontline units could not be reached either by wire or by radio. At that
time, the 1st and 2nd Battalions in the frontline area came under a wave
of Chinese attacks, so that they were engaged even in hand-to-hand
fighting with the enemy troops. It was a desperate life-and-death battle.
In such a battle, when one of the Turkish units was enveloped by the
enemy troops, the commander of the unit rushed into the enemy at the
front of his troops with his bayonet fixed, and then his troops ran after
him toward the enemy camp. In this way, they secured their route of
retreat. In other words, the Turks distinguished themselves with
<Operational Map 2> The Battle of Sinribri (Nov. 28~29, 1950)
demonstrating their brave
fighting spirit of the horse-
riding people which had been
lying hidden deep in their
hearts.
It was in the afternoon of
November 29 that the
frontline elements that had
Night patrols of the 10th Turkish Company,
departing the “Jatgol” position near Gimhwa. secured the retreat route by
hand-to-hand combat could
barely complete retreating to the Bongori area where the brigade
headquarters was stationed. At the battle of Sinribri, the Turkish
Brigade had to fight a hand-to-hand fight for 24 hours straight through
against the Chinese troops which had penetrated on a large scale into
the right flanking area of the Eighth U.S. Army sector. Having blocked
the enemy attack for 24 hours with hand-to-hand fighting, the Turks
succeeded in penetrating the enemy envelopment, and accomplished
their retreat. However, they had to suffer heavy casualties. At this
battle, the 1st Battalion suffered a total of 41 casualties, including 16
killed, 16 wounded, and 8 missing. The casualties for the 2nd Battalion
were confirmed to be 18 wounded, but as for the casualties for other
units there is not any way to count them since no other record was left
behind.
3) The Bongori-Gunuri Withdrawal
Just a couple of minutes after the frontline units at Sinribri had

completed assembling at Bongori, the lead unit of the Chinese pursuit
elements arrived at the position north of the village where the 3rd

Battalion, U.S. 38th Regiment, and the 1st Turkish Brigade were
stationed. In addition, a regiment-size Chinese force also penetrated
deep into the Allied zone from both sides of the Bongori-Gunuri road.
When the U.S. battalion in charge of the northern sector was
enveloped by the enemy troops around 1700 hours on November 29,
1950, the battalion just came down the mountain and retreated without
any notice to the Turkish Brigade. The enemy machinegun fires from
the northern hills where the U.S. battalion should have defended
threatened the Turkish Brigade headquarters. At the same time, the
crackling sounds of enemy rifle fires were also heard from the road
which was linked to Gunuri.
Very soon, however, the Turkish Brigade Commander noticed that
a series of vehicles packed with U.S. soldiers were moving toward
Gunuri. Then, he made a judgment that it would be almost impossible
for the Turkish Brigade to defend the current position without any
support from other units. With this judgment, he issued orders to his
subordinate battalion commanders to retreat to the rear. The 2nd and
3rd battalions departed first, and then followed the 1st battalion with
the U.S. tank platoon.
Starting from 900 meters west of Bonori, the 4 kilometers of the
retreat route ran along the winding and narrow hilly road. After the
Turkish Brigade Artillery Battalion and part of the Turkish Brigade
troops passed through this retreat route, the Turkish Brigade infantry
troops were about to take this route. Just about this moment, the
infantry troops came under the enemy machinegun and artillery fires.
Faced with such a surprise attack, the Turkish troops broke up into
separate groups, each group being smaller than a company size unit.
Some of these groups retreated through rough mountain terrain around
the road, but other groups just broke through the enemy forces with
hand-to-hand fighting. When the advance of the brigade’s lead
elements came to be delayed, the 1st battalion troops who were
following in the rear with the U.S. tank platoon were also attacked by
the enemy. Because of this attack, they took up a hill and had to fight
against the enemy, not advancing any further.
Under such a circumstance, around midnight on November 29 the
U.S. military advisor succeeded in reaching by radio the U.S. artillery
battalion at Gunuri and requested fire support. Heavily supported by
fire from the U.S. artillery units and the U.N. air forces, the Turkish
troops could secure their route of retreat. The Turkish troops assembled
at the outskirts southwest of Gunuri between 0400 and 0500 hours on
November 30, 1950, and here they joined the 38th Regiment, U.S. 2nd
The Turkish soldiers are awarded the orders of military merits from Lt. Gen.
Walker after the battle of Gunuri.

Infantry Division. At that time, the U.S. 38th Regiment was left behind
with a double mission to defend the eastern sector of Gunuri and to
cover the retreat of the Turkish Brigade, while other units of U.S. 2nd
Infantry Division had already retreated to the rear. In accordance with
the 2nd Division Commander’s order which was transmitted to the
Turkish Brigade Commander through the U.S. 38th Regiment
Commander, the Turkis troops, together with the 38th Regiment,
retreated to the division assembly area 15 kilometers in the rear area. In
the course of retreat from Bongori to Gunuri, the 2nd Turkish Battalion
shared the U.S. vehicles and succeeded in retreating to the Anju area.
Other troops of the Turkish Brigade dispersed and retreated to the
assembly area. Only remnant troops of the 1st and 3rd battalions were
left behind.
4) The Gunuri-Pyeongyang Withdrawal
At dawn on November 30, 1950, the 2nd Battalion, U.S. 9th

Regiment, departed the division assembly area in order to open up the
Gunuri-Suncheon main supply route, part of which had been blocked
by the Chinese attack. The Turkish troops, upon completion of making
preparations for movement, were waiting at the division assembly area
with the U.S. 38th Regiment. The 38th Regiment was scheduled to
depart as a main lead element of the division when the main supply
route was reopened.
The 2nd Battalion, U.S. 2nd Infantry Division, advanced to a point
1.2 kilometers short of the blocked road. At this point, however, they
was attacked by enemy troops, so that they could not advance any
further.
In such a circumstance, the U.S. 2nd Division Commander
immediately dispatched the 9th U.S. Regiment, the 3rd ROK Regiment,
and the Turkish Brigade, but could not succeed in securing the retreat
route. At that time, when the Turkish Brigade Commander Brigadier
General Tashin Yazici, made sure that the retreat route was blocked, he
turned back at the entrance of the narrow passage with his staff
members, and then headed toward Pyeongyang via Anju. The Turkish
Brigade Commander judged that on his way to Pyeongyang he might
encounter either Turkish vehicles or U.S. vehicles. Then, he thought, he
could go back to the road block with these vehicles to the rescue of the
Turkish soldiers, and safely retreat to the Anju area. But the Brigade
Commander’s judgment did not bring any result. As mentioned above,
the Turkish Regiment Commander, Colonel Dora, had already retreated
to the south with part of the brigade troops during the Bongori-Gunuri
retreat operation. The Brigade Commander himself had also went away
toward Pyeongyang, proclaiming to secure support for his troops. With
no other high ranking officers left in the area, only a U.S. colonel
officer temporarily took command of the Turkish troops who were left
behind at the road block.
Now, the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division Commander, judging that
there should be no more delay in military actions, ordered the move-
ment of the division’s main force. The enemy, which had secured the
ridge lines running along on both sides of the road, increased the
number of mortar fires from one to four, and concentrated some forty
mortar shells at one point at a time. In addition, the enemy concen-
trated, or poured like torrential rains, its machinegun fires on the slowly
retreating column of the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division.
In spite of heavy enemy fires, the Turkish Brigade and the U.S 2nd
Infantry Division troops were passing through a valley, the valley being

surrounded with rough hills on both sides. At this time, the Chinese
forces concentrated indiscriminate strikes from both sides of the hills
on the Turkish and the U.S. troops. The Chinese forces launched the so-
called “whipping attack” on friendly troops. Under such an attack, both
Turkish and the U.S. troops were in utter confusion. The combat at this
valley was characterized by every individual soldier’s bloody and
desperate struggle to survive at any cost. There was not any organized
chain of command. When a soldier on a tank, shot dead by the enemy
fire, fell off the tank, the next tank following it just passed by. When
they saw the wounded Turkish soldiers in a deadly situation, they just
had to pass by because there was no room left on the vehicle to hold the
wounded soldiers. As for the Turkish troops, they barely succeeded in
getting out of the hellish valley. The Turkish Brigade suffered a great
number of casualties and Captain Ahmet Tuncer, a substitute for the 1st
Battalion Commander, was killed in action.
The group of Turkish troops, who had been heading toward
Pyeongyang via Anju along with the Turkish Brigade Commander,
arrived at Pyeongyang on November 30, 1950. When the Brigade
Commander got to Pyeongyang, he found that the Turkish troops, who
had dispersed and retreated from Bongori on an individual basis, were
assembling at Pyeongyang one by one. The Turkish Artillery Battalion
also had already been deployed in an area south of Daedong Bridge.
The Turkish Field Support Unit was stationed in Pyeongyang in order
to house those Turkish soldiers who were moving south from the road
block on the Gunuri-Suncheon main route toward the Suncheon area.
After looking around these Turkish troops, the Brigade Commander
went to the Headquarters, U.S. XI Corps, in Pyeongyang and made a
visit to the Corps Commander Gen. John B. Coulter. Here, the Corps
Commander appreciated the exploits of the Turkish troops, saying that
because of their exploits the main force of the XI Corps could suc-
cessfully retreat. Then, the Corps Commander added that one Turkish
colonel officer went away toward Seoul along with hundreds of
soldiers against the Corps Commander’s efforts to hold him back. The
troops heading toward Seoul were no other than those of the Turkish
unit which Colonel Dora commanded. Upon hearing this news from the
U.S. IX Corps Commander, the Turkish Brigade Commander reached
Colonel by radio, and ordered him back to the Turkish Brigade along
with the unit’s personnel and equipment.
On December 1, 1950, Colonel Dora’s troops and those Turkish
troops who retreated from the road block returned to the Turkish
Brigade. On the same day, the Turkish Brigade and the U.S. 2nd
Infantry Division were ordered to move to Gaeseong for troop main-
tenance.
With this order of movement to Gaeseong, seven days of the
nightmarish battle of Gunuri came to a close. At this battle, the Turkish
Brigade suffered a 15 percent casualty rate and lost 70 percent of its
organic equipment including 105mm howitzers. At this battle, however,
the Turkish Brigade succeeded in blocking the Chinese troops with
hand-to-hand fighting. Bigger than a division-size force, the Chinese
troops moved to the rear of the Gyeongui axis. The main objective of
the Chinese force was to block the Eighth U.S Army main force which
was supposed to retreat along this axis. In other words, the Turkish
Brigade’s success in blocking the Chinese troops contributed a lot to
securing the U.N. forces’ battle lines.
After the battle of Gunuri, the 1st Turkish Brigade arrived at
Gaeseong on December 5, 1950, and on December 17 got to Sosa 18

kilometers west of
Seoul. Here at Sosa, the
brigade remedied the
brigade’s deficiencies
in the command and
control system which
were exposed at the
battle of Gunuri and
during its withdrawal
from Pyeongyang. At
the same time, the The Turkish Brigade Commander, Brig. Gen. Tahsin
Yazici, is showing a Turkish student’s writing in blood
brigade reorganized
which was delivered from his home country.
itself including the
brigade headquarters. Particularly important in this reorganizations was
the 241st Infantry Regiment. Reassigning Colonel Dora as the
Regiment Commander, the Turkish Brigade Commander reorganized
the 241st regiment, as before, into three infantry battalions and one
mortar company. With this reorganization, regiment commanders came
to take charge of operations, while the brigade commander was taking
charge of logistics and supply support. In addition, the deputy company
commandership was abolished, and the company master sergeant took
the concurrent role of the company supply sergeant. The education and
training company was also reorganized into the replacement company,
and the battalion communications platoon was newly established. Four
medical orderlies were also newly added to each company.
Upon completion of the unit reorganization, on December 10 the
Turkish Brigade was attached to the U.S. 25th Infantry Division which
was at that time defending the Imjin River west of Munsan, so that the
brigade departed for the Gimpo Peninsula on December 14. The
Turkish Brigade was engaged in defending this area until January 4,
1951. After this assignment, the brigade moved to Cheonan via the
Suweon-Osan route. Here at Cheonan, the brigade, together with the
U.S. 25th Infantry Division, was ordered into corps reserve.
(3) The Battles of Gimryangjang and Hill 151 (January 25 ~

27, 1951)
The Battles of Gimryangjang and Hill 151 were engagements the

1st Turkish Brigade fought against the 447th Regiment, 149th Division
of Chinese 50th Army, and 448th Regiment, 150th Division of Chinese
50th Army. So far, the U.N. forces had to retreat to the rear due to the
Chinese massive “human wave” assaults. After the United Nations
forces managed to block the Chinese New Year’s Eve attacks quite
successfully, however, the U.N. forces’ fight against the enemy changed
from the current reconnaissance operations to deliberate counterattacks
starting from January 15, 1951. For this purpose, Lt. Gen. Methew B.
Ridgeway, Eighth U.S. Army Commander, ordered to probe the exact
location and the scale of the Chinese defensive line. After this, he
ordered the U.N. forces to launch a massive offensive action against the
Chinese troops for double purposes—to get rid of the enemy’s pressure
on the U.N. forces’ mideast defense sector on the one hand, and to
boost the morale of the depressed U.N. troops on the other.
In accordance with the Eighth U.S. Army Commander’s order of
attack, the U.S. 25th Infantry initiated Operation WOLFHOUND
starting from January 15, 1951. At the same time, Operation
THUNDERBOLT was also initiated on the same day. In Operation

THUNDERBOLT, each of the corps commanders, with troops larger
than one reinforced division size unit, was ordered to maintain a close
contact with his friendly units, and launch a counterattack successively
against the enemy forces.
Operation THUNDERBOLT was designed to discover enemy
dispositions and intentions with a show of force. The operation had the
additional objective of dislodging any enemy forces south of the Han
River. Engaged in this operations were the U.S. I and IX Corps, but the
units were ordered to avoid becoming heavily engaged. To accomplish
this, each corps would commit only a single U.S. division and one
ROK regiment. The day when Operation THUNDERBOLT was
initiated was also the same day when the U.N. forces converted the
retreat operations, which were forced by the Chinese massive attacks,
into a deliberate counterattack.
The Eighth U.S. Army Commander established five phase lines at
the front sector of each corps, the width between phase lines being 8
kilometers. The purpose of these phase lines was to maintain contact
between unit forces on the one hand, and to secure safe advance of the
attacking troops on the other. Besides, the authority to permit troops to
cross the phase lines was delegated to the corps commander. In order to
provide fire support to the fullest extent, the U.S. Fifth Air Force was
ordered to provide close air support for two days starting from January
25. Bombardments from cruisers and two destroyers of the U.S. 95th
Mobile Fleet, which was stationed at sea off Incheon, were also
arranged for this operation.
In order to advance to the final objective, the Han River, the
attacking forces of each corps occupied the line of departure which
extended from the West coast to the Osan-Yeoju area. Located in the
forward area of the defense line, the area along the line of departure had
already been cleared through Operation WOLFHOUND.
On January 25, 1950, the 35th Regiment, 25th Infantry Division,
U.S. I Corps, occupied the front left area between Roads 1 and 39, and
the Turkish Brigade, attached to the U.S. 25th Infantry Division,
occupied Road 55 in the front right area. Upon occupying these areas,
the 35th Regiment and the Turkish Brigade started attacks against the
enemy. In the early stage of the attack, the enemy opposition was light
because the areas had already been cleared through Operation
WOLFHOUND, so that they easily succeeded in occupying the first
phase line of Operation THUNDERBOLT. According to the testimony
of the prisoners of war, at that time two divisions, Chinese 50 Army,
were positioned 48 kilometers in the forward area, and the enemy’s
forward positions were located just 3 to 8 kilometers north from the
present site. The enemy position coincided with the second phase line
of Operation THUNDERBOLT, which ran along Road 20 from
Suweon to the Han estuary north of Yeoju. When the U.S. I Corps
launched its attack along the second phase line, the enemy resistance
began increasingly to be stiffened. As a result, the Turkish Brigade in
the front right area had to fight a fierce battle against the Chinese troops
near Singal.
The 1st Turkish Brigade, attached to the U.S. 25th Infantry
Division, launched an attack against the Chinese troops on January 25,
1950. The major objectives of the Turkish attack were occupying
Gimryangjang (currently, Yongin) located 20 kilometers east of
Suweon, and Hill 151 located 8 kilometers north of Gimryangjang.
The Turkish Brigade had to cover a wide front of 12 kilometers
along the Anseong-Songjeon line. The Brigade Commander ordered

<Operational Map 3> The Battles for Gimryangjang and Hill 151(Jan. 24~27, 1951)
the 2nd Battalion to attack Gamryangjang, and the 1st and 3rd
Battalions to attack Hill 151. At that time, the Chinese troops, having
established quite a strong defensive position along this line, were also
waiting for the U.N. forces’ attack.
At the battle of Gamryangjang, a very bloody battle between the
Turkish and the Chinese troops dragged on for quite a long time. At this
battle, the Turkish troops attempted to break through the fixed battle
line and the Chinese force, with an order to defend the current position
at any cost, stiffened its resistance quite strongly against its enemy.
Aided by the close air support of U.S. Air Forces, the Turkish troops
dashed into the center of the city, fought a fierce hand-to-hand battle,
and succeeded in capturing Gamryangjang before the sunset of January
26, 1950.
On January 25, 1950, the 1st and 3rd Turkish Battalions occupied
the intermediate object, Hill 185, and then directed toward the final
objective, Hill 151. On January 26, when they were about to pass by
the Gomaeri area, they were welcomed by the residents who failed to
flee away. With this welcoming cheers, they approached Hill 151, but
they had to encounter unexpected stiff resistance from the enemy. At
this time, the lead element of the attack force, 3rd Battalion,
remembered the ignoble dishonor which had been inflicted upon their
Islamic ethics at the battle of Ugunri by their willful retreat to the rear
area without any order from above. In order to restore this dishonor, the
Turks bravely attacked through torrential showers of enemy fires.
According to the information identified later after the battle was over,
the enemy had constructed a very strong fortification which would
stand even the strongest U.N. force’s direct artillery gunfires, and every
entrenchment was emplaced with enemy machine guns. Besides, every

all-round defense position
was also emplaced with
mortars.
On January 26, 1950,
the Turks, with the
friendly artillery fire
support, assaulted the
enemy shouting their God
The Turkish troops attacking Mt. Suri for three
“Allah,” captured the hill, consecutive days, supported by M-4 tanks, D
Company, U.S. 89th Tank Battalion, which was
and repelled the Chinese attached to the Turkish Brigade.
troops. With the success
in this battle, the 3rd Turkish Battalion came to restore the dishonor of
the Gunuri Battle.
At the battles of Gimryangjang and Hill 151, the Turks
distinguished themselves with their bravery to the extent that one
Turkish soldier repelled every forty enemy soldiers in their hand-to-
hand fighting. As a result, “the Turk’s true valor” came to be known
widely to the world. In the three-day battle, the identified Chinese
casualties counted a total of 474 killed—77 killed at the battle of
Gimryangjang, and 397 killed at the battle of Hill 151. Most of the
enemy troops killed in action had broken jaws struck by the butt ends,
and deep scars stabbed by bayonets.
The battles of Gimryangjang and Hill 151 served as an occasion to
identify the hand-to-hand battle with the Turkish troops, and their
braveries shown at these battles were valued as a paragon of soldierly
actions among other U.N. forces. The member countries of the United
Nations who participated in the Koran War praised highly of the
Turkish soldiers’ braveries, saying that they were “Turkish soldiers’
exploits which would be remembered long in human history.” The
thirty minutes of the victorious Turkish soldiers’ hand-to-hand fighting
situations at the battle of Hill 151 was reported quite vividly to the
world over by a U.P.I. correspondent. For their exploits shown in these
battles, the Turkish Brigade was awarded the US Presidential Unit
Citation on July 6, 1951, and the Korean Presidential Unit Citations in
September 1952.
(4) The Battle of Jangseungcheon (April 22 ~ 23, 1951)
The battle of Jangseungcheon was an engagement the 1st Turkish

Brigade fought in the front area of Jangseungcheon 5 kilometers
northeast of Yeoncheon against the 179th Division, Chinese 47th Army,
from April 22 to 23, 1951. After the battle of Gamryangjang, the
Turkish Brigade, still attached to the U.S. 25th Infantry Division,
participated in the counteroffensive operations of the U.N. forces which
were conducted in the Ansan-Yangsuri-Twoegaeweon-Pocheon area.
By the early April of 1951, the brigade advanced to the so-called Line
KANSAS north of 38th Parallel Line along the Imjin River-Jeongok-
Hwacheon Reservoir-Yangyang area.
The U.N. forces’ advance to Line KANSAS meant the recovery of
the prewar boundary and securing strategically important terrains
advantageous to defense. Upon securing Line KANSAS, the U.N.
forces established strong defensive positions along this line in order to
impose armistice upon the enemy. The U.S. I Corps, to which the
Turkish Brigade was attached, established defensive positions in the
western part of the country along the Imjin River-Hantan River line.
While the U.N. forces were occupied with strengthening defensive

positions, the Communist forces were also establishing their own
defensive positions north of the 38th Parallel. At the same time, the
enemy forces were concentrating personnel and material in the strate-
gically important area of the country—the so-called Iron Triangle of
Pyonggang, Cheolweon, and Gimhwa area. However, the depth along
the enemy defensive line was not so deep enough, and the enemy forces
did not establish defensive positions in the rear area. Judging from
these facts, the enemy forces were more likely to attack than they were
to defend.
Based on such a judgment, Lt. Gen. James A. Van Fleet, Eighth
U.S. Army Commander, established Line WYOMING along the
Yeoncheon-Godaesan-Wasuri-Hwacheon Reservoir area. The purpose
of Line WYOMING was to deepen the strategic depth of Line
KANSAS in the central part of the country on the one hand, and to
control the Cheolweon-Gimhwa area for blocking the enemy’s offen-
sive on the other. According to the Eighth U.S. Army Commander’s
plan, the U.S. I and IX Corps were supposed to seize Line WYOMING.
As part of this operation, the 1st Turkish Brigade opened its attack
on April 5, 1951 for the purpose to seize Line WYOMING, and
advanced to the area near Jangseungcheon by April 21. However, the
Turkish troops encountered stiff resistance of the Chinese forces on
April 22, so that the Turks could not advance any further. They estab-
lished hasty defensive positions in the hilly area south of Daegwangri.
The day of April 22, 1951, was the date when the so-called
Chinese “Spring Offensive” began, the fifth offensive the Chinese
forces made ever since its involvement in the Korean War. The Chinese
Spring Offensive was an offensive in which the greatest number of
Chinese troops were mobilized, and it was also the last offensive they
made during the Korean War. From April 22, 1951, the Chinese forces,
committing 36 divisions of main effort to the area west of Hwacheon,
launched assaults against the U.N. forces all across the front.
Faced with the Chinese Spring Offensive, the U.N. forces planned
to take advantage of superior artillery and air fire powers and superior
mobility as well, exacting a maximum amount of damages upon the
<Operational Map 4> The Battle of Jangseungcheon (April 22 ~ 23, 1951)

enemy, and withdrawing successively along the preplanned phase lines.
Starting from 1900 hours on April 22, the Chinese troops
concentrated a preassault bombardment for 40 minutes at the Jang-
seungcheon area south of Daekwangri, where the Turkish Brigade was
deployed. Because of this bombardment, the brigade’s artillery
positions and communications facilities were badly mauled, but the
Turks managed to block the main defense line with hand-to-hand
fighting against the 179th Division, Chinese 60th Army, which came
into the camp of the Turkish Brigade. Along with the frontal attack, the
enemy troops tried their standard enveloping operation, committing one
regiment size of troops to the boundary area between the Philippine
forces on the left and the 24th Regiment of U.S. 25th Infantry on the
right. Around midnight the Turkish Brigade was ordered to retreat to
the position on Line KAMSAS south of the Hantan River, but the
strategically important Namihyeon area on the retreat route had already
been blocked by the Chinese troops. As a result, the Turkish troops
suffered heavy loss in their course of withdrawal.
At the battle of Jangseungcheon, the Turkish Brigade suffered
quite a heavy casualties, including 66 killed, 35 wounded, and 105
missing. For the Chinese troops, however, it is estimated that they
suffered about 3,000 casualties in their battle against the U.S. 25th
Infantry Division to which the Turkish Brigade was attached. In spite of
a great deal of dangers in blocking the retreat route, the Turkish troops
succeeded in delaying enemy forces on the main defense line with
hand-to-hand fighting. Such a delaying action helped friendly forces on
the right to retreat successively and safely.
After this battle, the Turkish Brigade was engaged in battles in
such areas as Mt. Suri, Twoegyaeweon, Mt. Bulam, Pocheon, and
Gimhwa up to July
19, 1951. After this,
the brigade moved
to the Naegokri area
near Twoegaeweon
northeast of Seoul.
So far, the brigade
had been engaged
in a mobile warfare
The Turkish mechanized strike force rushed into Udan
and Sangsuri in the Iron Triangle. by joining such
major actions as the
Northward Drive, the January 4th Retreat, the Counteroffensive, the
Chinese Spring Offensive, and the 2nd Counteroffensive. After its
deployment in the Naegokri area, however, the brigade came to be
engaged in a sort of positional warfare which was a reenactment of the
World War II trench warfare.
By the time the battle was converted into a positional warfare on
July 18, 1951, the 1st Turkish Brigade had so far suffered a great deal
of casualties, including 423 killed, 1,118 wounded, and 293 missing.
The total strength of the Turkish Brigade counted 4,687, including
4,472 Turkish soldiers, 17 U.S. advisors, 50 Korean interpreters, and
148 laborers.
During this period of time, the Turkish Brigade captured 38 North
Korean POWs and 308 Chinese POWs. It is also estimated that the
brigade had inflicted more than ten thousand casualties on the enemy.
Besides, during this period the Turks captured a large amount of
weapons and equipment including two 105mm howitzers, three 75mm
howitzers, 26 machine guns, and 158 rifles.

3. The 2nd Turkish Brigade Replaces the 1st Turkish
Brigade
While the Turkish troops were engaged in unit training and

maintenance at Naegokri near Twoegaeweon, the 2nd Turkish Brigade
had replaced the 1st Turkish Brigade which had so far gone through
fierce battles at the front. On July 2, 1951, the first echelon of the 2nd
Turkish Brigade arrived at Incheon, while the first echelon of the 1st
Turkish Brigade departed Incheon for home on July 15. On September
13, the second echelon of the 2nd Turkish Brigade arrived at Incheon.
Meanwhile, the 2nd Turkish Brigade had a joint service period with the
1st Brigade for its adaption to the Korean front. Upon the completion of
the joint service, Brig. Gen. Namc Arguc assumed command of the
Turkish Brigade from Brig. Gen. Tashin Yazici on November 16, 1951.
On November 18, 1951, the third echelon of the 2nd Turkish Brigade
arrived at Incheon.
Affected by the armistice talks, the front line situations at that time
lapsed into a complete lull. During this period, fighting for South and
North just tapered off to patrol clashes or small scale battles for
outposts. Excepting these conflicts, both sides were engaged in building
strong defensive positions with trenches, barbed wires, mines, and
hidden fire networks. These defensive positions were so strong that
both sides could not think about penetrating enemy camps without
suffering a great loss.
During this period of time, the Turkish Brigade was also engaged
in reconnaissance patrol and constructing defensive positions. Upon
completion of the defense mission on the Western Front, the brigade
moved to the Central Eastern Front on February 23, 1952, and took up
positions from the right of
Danjang Ridge to the left of
Gachilbong. At this defense
line, the 2nd Turkish
Brigade was engaged in
battles for outposts until the
brigade was relieved by the
3rd Turkish Brigade in July
The Turkish scouts deliver mortar fires at the
1951. Particularly, the battle
enemy in a no man’s land 2 kilometers northwest
of Cheolweon. of Outpost Sandbag Castle
was a very bloody one, and
at this battle the Deputy Brigade Commander, Colonel Nuri Panmir,
was killed in action.
The Turkish troops were not only very brave at the battle front, but
they also demonstrated the virtue of benevolence with a rifle in one
hand and with a token of love in another hand. To be more specific,
they took care of a great number of orphans at Suweon.
After the fierce battles at the front from 1951 to 1952, a great
number of refugees were assembling at the accommodation facilities
near Suweon. At this time, the Medical Company of the Turkish
Brigade was stationed at Suweon. Among the refugees, there were a
great number of child orphans aged 4 to 5 years who lost their parents,
and these orphans were so hungry that they were crying on the street.
Noticing these orphans, the Turks at first took one or two orphans to
their camp, and provided them with food and shelter. As time passed,
the number of orphans began to increase, so that the camp itself
became quite a huge accommodation facility for the orphans. The
Turks installed lodgings for the orphans with their tents, and provided

the orphans with the foods transported by trucks from the front.
In 1952, the 2nd Turkish Brigade Commander, Brig. Gen. Namc
Arguc, established Ankara Orphanage at Suweon, and had the Turkish
take care of the war orphans housed in this facility. In 1955 Ankara
Orphanage was expanded to Ankara Institution by the 5th Turkish
Brigade Commander Mete Yurduakul, and it continued taking care of
orphans up to the time of the Turkish troops’ withdrawal in 1960.
4. The 3rd Turkish Brigade’s Battle of Nevada Outposts

(May 28 ~ 29, 1953)
The Battle of Nevada Outposts was an engagement the 3rd Turkish

Brigade fought at Gorangpo near Gaeseong against the 358th and 360th
Regiments, Chinese 120th Infantry Division, just before the armistice
from May 28 to 29, 1953.
The 3rd Turkish Brigade, under Brig. Gen. Sirri Acar’s command,
took over the 2nd Brigade’s mission on August 20, 1952, and con-
tinuedly carried out its combat missions under operational control of
the U.S 25th Infantry Division. When the U.S 25th Infantry Division
was relieved by the U.S. 1st Marine Division on May 2, 1953, the
Turkish Brigade moved to the Girangpo area.
When the truce talks were in a state of deadlock because of the
issue of exchange of prisoners in early 1953, the front line units kept an
eye on the results of the truce negotiations, with the war lapsing into a
state of lull. In the meantime, both sides of the belligerents were
occupied at strengthening those battle lines reestablished by the fierce
hill fights which continued up to the end of 1952. At the same time,
both sides were trying to find a new strategy for securing favorable
defense lines as well as favorable terms for concluding the war.
During this period of time, the Communist forces were reinforced
to a great extent. A total of 1,8000,000 Communist troops were
deployed along the front line, including 1,350,000 Chinese troops and
450,000 North Korean troops. Their fire powers were also greatly
reinforced, and their fighting positions were strengthened. They also
had enough war materials in store. If they had a mind to attack, the
Communist forces had enough capabilities to launch a massive
offensive.
The Communist forces wanted to publicize to the world the fact
that with their final offensive they secured the maximum amount of
territory without provoking the U.N. forces’ retaliation, and that in this
sense they won “a final victory.” The Communist forces also worked
out a strategic plan to strike a grave blow at the Korean Armed Forces
for the specific purpose to calm down both the Korean Government’s
insistence on northward drive and the Korean people’s anti-armistice
movement.
In accordance with this strategic plan, the Chinese forces selected
the Geumseong Bulge north of Hwacheon and concentrated their attack
on this area. At this time, the ROK II Corps was in charge of this area.
Before this attack, the Chinese forces launched assaults on the outposts
across the entire front. Their assaults on the outposts were either a
preparatory assault for the main attack or a feint attack (or movement)
for the support of the main attack. At the Western Front where the
Turkish Brigade was deployed, the Chinese 19th Army launched its
attacks, so that there were also desperate battles for outposts across the
front.

<Operational Map 5> The Battle of Nevada Outposts
The 3rd Turkish Brigade took over its area of operational
responsibility from the 7th Marine Regiment, U.S. 1st Marine Division.
In this area of responsibility were seven important outposts, including
Ava, Carson, Elko, Vegas, Berlin, and East Berlin. Among these
outposts, the three outposts (Vegas-Reno-Carson) which were named
after the cities in the State of Nevada in the United States were very
important for the U.N. forces, because they provided key vantage
points from which one could observe far into the enemy’s rear area.
On May 28, 1953, the 120th Division of Chinese 46th Army,
together with a concentration of heavy fire, attacked and seized the
outposts at the so-called Nevada Outposts, Vegas, Elko, and Carson.
At that time, a company-size unit was defending Outpost Vegas, and a
platoon-size unit was taking care of other outposts. After the Battle of
Outpost Vegas in which the outpost changed hands five times until the
evening of May 29, the Turkish Brigade finally succeeded in securing
Outpost Vegas. Outpost Carson fell to the enemy, and Outpost Elko
could barely be defended by the Turks until it was handed over the U.S.
troops. Later, however, Outpost Elko also fell to the enemy. During this
series of battles, both sides suffered heavy combat loss. When the
Chinese force continued its attacks without minding the number of
casualties, however, the U.S. 25th Division Commander, Maj. Gen.
Samuel T. Williams, made a judgment that Outpost Vegas did not have
such a strategic value as to deserve any more casualties. Based on such
a judgment, the Division Commander ordered the withdrawal of troops
from the outpost, so that all of the outposts at the Nevada hills came to
be in the enemy hands. With the fall of these outposts, the battles of
Nevada Outposts came to a close.
During the two days of battle, the Turkish Brigade had 65,000

rounds of fire support from 7
artillery battalions, and with
this fire support the brigade
successfully fought against
two Chinese regiments. In
this battle, the brigade
inflicted heavy casualties on
the enemy with 3,000 killed
Right after Operation COMMANDO, Captain
and 5 captured. However,
Algor and Lt. Oglu are talking about the defense
the brigade also suffered plan of Line JAMESTOWN.
heavy casualties, including
151 killed, 239 wounded, and 2 missing.
After the Battle of Nevada Outposts, the battle situations at the
Turkish Brigade’s front lapsed into a lull. There was only an every day
ritual of artillery strikes or patrol clashes which inflicted three to four
casualties. Afterwards, the U.S. 25th Infantry Division was relieved by
the U.S. 1st Marine Division on July 7, 1953. At this time, the Turkish
Brigade was also relieved by the U.S. 7th Marine Regiment, and
moved to Yonghyeonri 5 kilometers southeast of Uijeongbu. Here, the
brigade was ordered into the U.S. I Corps reserve. Here at
Yonghyeonri, the 3rd Turkish Brigade was occupied with the troop
education and training on the one hand, and was successively relieved
by the 4th Turkish Brigade on the other.
5. Concluding Remarks on the Turkish Brigade’s
The Turkish troops suffered a total of 3,626 casualties during the

Korean War, including 724 killed in action, 2,493 wounded, 175
missing, and 234 prisoners of war.
During the war, however, the Turkish troops distinguished
themselves with their valor in such bloody battles as the battles of
Ugunri, Gimryangjang, and Nevada Outposts. Because of their valor
which would be long remembered in the history of war, they were
highly praised with the complement that “no other soldiers were as
brave as the Turkish soldiers.”
One of the Turkish military traditions was the belief that “the war
ends with hand-to-hand fighting.” In accordance with this military
tradition, the Turkish soldiers had their military training focusing on the
close combat against the enemy with their bayonets on.
The Turks believed that their God has the power to control the
final dash and the final hand-to-hand fighting, and that these actions
were carried out in a state of perfect selflessness. They also believed in
the Islamic creed that dying gloriously on the battlefield would be
rewarded by their God with the highest position in an after-death life.
With such beliefs in their minds, the Turkish soldiers sublimated their
fighting spirit and enacted it on the battle field with hand-to-hand
fighting.
The 1st Turkish Brigade was awarded the Korean and the US
Presidential Unit Citations for their exploits shown in the battles of
Gimryangjang and Hill 151, and was awarded another US Presidential
Unit Citation for their exploits shown in the battle of Ugunri. The 3rs

Turkish Brigade was
awarded the Order of
Military Merit from the
US Government for their
exploits shown in the
battle of Nevada Outposts.
In addition, from the
Korean Government 10
An athletic meeting on the Turkish “Young
Turkish soldiers were
People’s Day.”
awarded the Order of
Military Merit Ulchi; 10 Turkish soldiers, Hwarang; and 22 Turkish
soldiers, Chungmu. From the U.S. Government, 5 Turkish soldiers
were awarded the Order of Military Merit Silver Star; and 7 Turkish
soldiers, Bronze Star.
At last, the three years and one month of the Korean War came to a
close on July 27, 1953. After the armistice, the Turkish troops, who had
distinguished themselves with outstanding merits at a great number of
Koran battle fields, continued their security mission at Yonghyeonri
near Uijeongbu. The main force of the Turkish troops went back to
Turkey in the summer of 1954. On July 6, 1966, the last Turkish
company returned home, with only a squad-size honor guard left
behind them. On June 27, 1971, even the eleven members of the
Turkish honor guard left Korea for their home, and with this the
Turkish participation in the Korean War came to a close.
Friendly Relationship between ROK and
Turkey after the Korean War
1. Activities of the Turkish Brigade from the Armistice

Agreement to Its Withdrawal from Korea
By the terms of Armistice Agreement which was signed at 10:00

on July 27, 1953, the armistice or cease-fire came into effect from
22:00 the same day. Three days after cease fire at the front, both South
and North moved their troops 2 kilometers back from the current
positions, and established their main defense line at “the battle position
after the armistice.” As for the 3rd Turkish Brigade, they were stationed
at Yonghyeonri near Uijeongbu as a corps reserve, and devoted
themselves to the military training against the Communist force’s

reinvasion.
Along with military training, the 3rd Turkish Brigade was succes-
sively relieved by the 4th Turkish Brigade. The 3rd Turkish Brigade
was first relieved by the first echelon of the 4th Turkish Brigade who
arrived on July 17, 1953. After this, the first echelon of 1,354 3rd
Brigade troops went back to their home country, and then followed the
second echelon of 1,702 troops on August 15, and the third and last
echelon of 1,935 troops on August 20.
After this, the Turkish Brigade periodically replaced its troops on
the one hand, and carried out its rear area security mission at Yong-
hyeonri on the other. In the summer of 1954, however, the main element
of the Turkish troops started to go back to their home country, and on
July 6, 1966 the troops of the last Turkish company also went back to
their home country with only a squad-size honor guard left behind
them. Afterwards, even the eleven members of the Turkish honor guard
left Korea for their home on June 27, 1971. With the Turkish honor
guard’s withdrawal, the Turkish participation in the Korean War came
to a close.
After the Armistice Agreement, the Turkish troops were willingly
engaged in the post war rehabilitation activities. For instance, they re-
paired roads, constructed bridges, took care of war orphans, and provid-
ed volunteer medical services. One of the most important achievements
they made in Korea, however, was the propagation of Islam on the
Korean Peninsula. The Turkish soldiers who were believers in Islam
came to implant the teachings of Islam in the Korean people in the
course of their rehabilitation activities. In other words, they completed
what their ancestors had started nearly 500 hundred years ago around
the end of Goryeo Dynasty—the Islamic missionary work.
The Muslim brothers of the Turkish troops, Zubercoch and Abdul
Rahman, were engaged in battles against the communists on the one
hand, and, an the other, they pitched tents and used them as Masjid
(Islamic temple) where they preached Islamic doctrine to the Korean
People. With the support of the Turkish military, a temporary Masjid
was constructed at Imundong in Seoul. In addition, Turkish people
pitched 3 tents and opened Cheongjin Academy. At this academy, 120
needy young people who could not attend middle school received
middle school education along with the education on the teachings of
Islam.
Influenced by the Turkish missionary activities, Koreans also quite
actively participated in the Islamic missionary activities. Notable among
them were Kim Jin Kyu and Yoon Du Young who started Islamic mis-
sionary activities in September 1955 with the support of the Turkish
soldier, Abdul Rahman.
Ever since the Republic of Turkey approved the newly established
Republic of Korea Government on August 14, 1949, the so-called “pro-
Korean” policy had been the keynote of Turkish diplomacy. For this
reason, it is not so surprising that Turkey has always been supporting
the standpoints of Korean Government in international society. At a time
when Turkey was still participating in the Korean War, Turkey became
a member nation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO) in
February 1952, and established the NATO Southeast Headquarters at
Izmir southwest of Turkey. The official diplomatic relations between
Turkey and Korea was established when General Jeong Il Kweon was
appointed first ambassador to Turkey on July 17, 1957. On August 23,
1971, capital cities of both countries, Ankara and Seoul, established sis-
terhood relationship, and “Korean Garden” was set up within the

Turkish Government office
building. In addition, the
Turkish Korean War
Veterans Association was
founded in May 1973.
During the Korean
War, a cumulative number
of 14,936 young Turkish
soldiers were dispatched to The Turkish Army Medical Corps officers are
providing first-aid treatment to the wounded soldiers
the Korean front, “the
outpost of freedom and democracy,” for the glory of their country and
Turkish Army on the one hand, and, on the other, for the realization of
United Nations’ noble ideal of world peace. In order to obtain these
purposes, a total of 3,545 Turks were sacrificed, including 991 killed in
action (including 290 wounded, who died later), 2,147 wounded, and
409 missing (including 244 prisoners of war, who were later
repatriated). During the course of the Korean War, the Turks fought
bloody fights at such battles as the battles of Gunuri, Gimryangjang,
and Nevada Outposts, and their sprit of sacrifice for humanity which
they demonstrated at these battles will be long remembered by their
posterity.
2. The Significance of the Turkish Forces’ Participation

in the Korean War
When the Korean War broke out, the Turkish Government di-
patched the Turkish Brigade to Korea for the peace and security of
Korean people. From the start of the war and up to the time when the
Turkish Brigade returned to their home country in 1956, the Turks had
testified their true friendship and their love for Korean people with their
noble sacrifice at the battle field as well as in the rear area. The size of
the dispatched Turkish unit was that of a brigade. Together with Canada
and Great Britain, Turkey was also a country which dispatched a
brigade size troops to Korea. During the war, Turkey mobilized a
cumulative number of about 15,000 troops, and out of these as much as
3,545 soldiers sacrificed their lives for Korean people.
Traditionally, the Turkish Government had stressed the principle of
“peaceful negotiation” as a method of resolving international conflicts.
When the Korean War broke out, however, the Turkish Government,
respecting the UN resolutions, willingly dispatched its troops to Korea.
The courage and the will to preserve freedom, which the Turkish sol-
diers had demonstrated in the Korean War, not only served as a driving
force to sustain the Republic of Korea, but made a great deal of contri-
butions to strengthening the solidarity of free world.
Particularly notable was the valor the Turks demonstrated at the
battles of Gimryangjang and Hill 151 in the Gyeonggi Province around
the end of October 1951. The battles were part of Operation WOLF-
HOUND, and at that time the Turkish Brigade was attached to the U.S.
IX Corps. At these battles, the Turks inflicted about 1,900 casualties on
the Chinese troops. For their exploits shown at these battles, not only
the 1st Turkish Brigade was awarded the US Presidential Unit Citation(
July 1951) and the Korean Presidential Unit Citation(September 1952),
but the capabilities of the Turkish Armed Forces also came to be
known to the world.
Turkey’s participation in the Korean War provided a very im-

portant chance to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO),
whose key member states were composed of European countries. With
Turkey’s participation in the Korean War, in other words, the European
member nations could be sure of Turkey’s will to fight for freedom
against the Communist block, so that they came to approve Turkey’s
joining the NATO.
The number of casualties the Turkish troops suffered during the
Korean War ranked the third largest, after those of American and
British troops. Even after the withdrawal of Turkish troops from Korea,
the Government of Turkey left behind in Korea one honor guard unit
until 1971, supporting the United Nations’ activities for promoting
peace in the world. In a variety of international conferences such as the
political talks in Geneva, the Republic of Turkey strongly supported the
standpoints of Korean Government. In such a way, the Republic of
Turkey has been trying to demonstrate that the Turkish troops did not
sacrifice their noble lives in vain during the Korean War.
With Turkish troops’ participation in the Korean War, Korea came
to experience the will of Turkish people and respect their culture,
understanding Turkey in a newlight. More importantly, Turkish troops’
participation also served to open a new chapter in establishing a coop-
erative relationship between Korea and Turkey. Seen from the Turkish
perspective, the Turkish participation in the Korean War not only
helped to secure one of the most promising friendly nations in Asia, but
it also served to enhance the national prestige of Turkey in Asian coun-
tries.
Up to now, Turkish people still call Korean people “Kan Kardeshi”
(blood-tied brothers), and they put “Koreli” in front of the names of
Korean War veterans or their descendents.
3. The Korean War Memorial Project after the War
The Republic of Turkey is not only a blood-tied ally of Korea with

its participation in the Korean War, but also the first Middle Eastern
country to have a diplomatic relationship with Korea. Though located
far away from Korea, Turkey is our neighbor country in a historical and
political sense to the extent that Turkey was, after America and Taiwan,
the third country to have Korean diplomatic establishments abroad. The
Turkish Brigade, under the banner of the United Nations, fought a-
gainst the aggressors for the freedom in Korea and for the world peace
as well.
For the present, the capital city of Turkey, Ankara, has Korean
Garden as well as the Korean War Memorial Monument which were
established to commemorate the Turkish soldiers’ participation in the
Korean War. In the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in the city of
Busan are also placed the remains of
those 462 Turkish soldiers who
were sacrificed during the Korean
War. In the United Nations Memo-
rial Park in Korea is also standing
high a monument which the Turkish
Government constructed in 1959 to
commemorate those Turkish sol-
diers who died in the Korean War.
In addition, in 1973 Turkey and
Korea agreed to construct a memo-
Picture of the Turkish Korean War rial park in both countries after the
Memorial Monument in the United
Nations Memorial Park. country name of the other party. Of

course, strengthening friendly
relations between the two
countries was the major
purpose of its construction.
As a result, they came to have
the Turkish Memorial Park in
Korea, and the Korean
Memorial Park in Turkey
respectively. In case of Korea,
the Turkish Korean War
Memo-rial Monument was
constructed at Dongbaekri,
Guseonguib in the city of
Yongin. Inscribed on the
monument is the following
The Turkish Korean War Memorial Monument
message: “The Turkish
Infantry Brigade, under the banner of the United Nations, fought
against the aggressors for the freedom in Korea and for the world peace
as well. Here, it should be stressed that those 3,043 Turkish soldiers
who sacrificed their noble lives in action did not shed their blood in
vain.”
The Turkish Korean War Veterans Association was also founded in
May 1973, with its headquarters in the capital city of Turkey, Ankara,
and its 46 branch offices across the nation. “Turkish Veterans’ Day”
(September 19) was also established in Turkey in 1984, particularly
with the efforts of the Turkish Korean War veterans. For the Turkish
people, their participation in the Korean War not only meant a national
pride in keeping freedom in Korea, but it also served a good chance to
make known to the world over the incredible combat capabilities of the
Turkish Army.
Every year on “Turkish Veterans’ Day,” a variety of activities are
held to celebrate the Turkish soldiers’ victory at the battle of Gimryang-
jang on the one hand, and to commemorate those Turkish soldiers who
had sacrificed their noble lives for Korea on the other. At a Korean War
Memorial Event held at Ankara, Denis Ozmen, Turkey’s Ambassador
to Korea, once said in his address that “Fifty years ago Turkish and
Korean soldiers were united to fight against the aggressors for the
freedom in Korea,” and the ambassador also emphasized the “unchan-
ging friendship between the two nations.”
The Foreign Minister of the Republic of Korea, Ban Ki-moon,
visited Turkey on April 20, 2004, and, guided by the Turkish Korean
War veterans, paid an official visit to the Korean War Memorial
Monument in commemoration of those Turkish soldiers who sacrificed
their lives for Korea. On the part of the Ministry of Patriots and
Veterans Affairs, the Republic of Korea, they sent delegations including
Deputy Minister Kim Jongseong
and Retired General Paik Sun
Yup to the memorial event of the
2004 Turkish Veterans’ Day. At
this time, the Korean delegates
also had interviews with Turkish
dignitaries including the Chief of
General Staff of the Turkish
The ROK Foreign Minister Ban Ki-moon
visits the Korean War Memorial Monument Armed Forces.
at Ankara, and, guided by the Turkish President Rho Moo-hyun
Korean War veterans, looks at the list of the
Korean War dead carved on the monument. was the first president of the

Republic of Korea who visited
Turkey from April 14 to 17,
2005. During his visit,
President Rho paid a visit to
the National Cemetery of
Turkey and the Korean War
Memorial Monument in
President Roh Moo-hyun is delivering a
Turkey, holding wreath-laying speech after the wreath-laying ceremony at
ceremonies at each of his the the Korean War Memorial Monument at
Ankara.
visits. President Rho also had
a summit talk with President of the Republic of Turkey during this
visit. President Rho also didn’t forget to pay a visit to the Korean
Memorial Park in Ankara, about 1 kilometer from the center of the city,
and held a wreath-laying ceremony at the Korean War Memorial
Monument to commemorate those Turkish soldiers who sacrificed their
lives for Korea.
At the time when President Rho visited the Korean Memorial Park
in Ankara, a group of 50 Turkish Korean War veterans including
Turkish Commander of the Capital Defense Command and President of
the Turkish Korean War Veterans Association lined up on both sides of
the street to greet President Rho. Right after this greeting, President
Rho and First Lady Kwon Yang-suk headed toward the Korean War
Memorial Monument which was constructed for the 765 souls of the
Turkish soldiers who died in the Korean War. At this monument,
President Rho and his attendants held a wreath-laying ceremony and
paid a silent prayer tribute to the war dead.
Upon the wreath offered by President Rho and First Lady Kwon
was decorated a live-flower pattern of the national flag of Korea. After
this, the national anthems of Korea and Turkey sounded high up over
the Korean Memorial Park. Particularly when the national anthem of
Turkey was played, the Turkish Korean War veterans, most of whom
were well over 70 years of age, joined in one body to sing their national
anthem with colorful decorations on their chests. The highlight of the
summit talks between President Roh Moo-hyun and President Ahmet
Necdet Sezer was a declaration of the year 2007 as “Year of Korea-
Turkey Friendship,” because the year 2007 marks the 50th anniversary
of diplomatic ties between Korea and Turkey. With this declaration,
they also agreed to host a variety of events for the 50th anniversary of
diplomatic relations between Korea and Turkey.
4. Improvement and Expansion of Exchanges between

Korea and Turkey
Ever since the Turkish troops’ participation in the Korean War,

Korea and Turkey have maintained, and developed, quite a strong
relationship as “brother nations” or “blood-tied nations.” Particularly,
Turkey has a lot in common with Korea in language, ways of life,
history, and culture. From the standpoint of Korea’s economy, Turkey
also has emerged as a new, important investment market for Korean
businessmen mainly due to Turkey’s geographical importance which
links European and Asian commerce, its outstanding labor force, and
its advantage to make inroads into European markets.
Based on such a background mentioned above, Korea and Turkey
are now trying to build up a partnership relation on matters of politics,
economy, culture, and national defense. Particularly notable in the rela-

tionship between the two countries is the tendency that a variety of very
active interactions are currently developing in the civilian sector. So far,
the main emphasis in the relationship between the two countries has
been focused on discussions and conferences on a governmental level,
but the role of civilians is now getting more and more important in the
relationship between the two countries.
Currently, 15 Korean business enterprises including Hyundai Motor
Company and LG Electronics have their branch offices in Turkey,
carrying on business activities very actively. Every year, approximately
40 thousand Korean tourists enjoy their trips in Turkey. Besides,
Korean residents in Turkey, Korean Businessmen and their families,
and Korean students studying in Turkey all have a very important
influence on the relationship between the two countries.
It is widely known that Turkey is a big market for Korean defense
industry, with Korea exporting ammunitions to Turkey and transferring
to Turkey the technology of manufacturing self-propelled guns. Ever
since the establishment of military attache corps in 1957, both countries
have so far promoted high level of exchange visits between defense
ministers, joint chiefs of staff, and chiefs of the general staff of both
countries.
Of course, the significance of President Rho’s visit to Turkey lay in
the fact that it was the first presidential visit ever since the 1957
establishment of diplomatic relation between the two nations. However,
a more important significance of President Rho’s visit to Turkey lay in
the fact that it was a presidential visit made to a Middle Eastern
country. In 1980 President Choi Kyu-ha made the first presidential visit
to a Middle Eastern country, Saudi Arabia. With his visit to Turkey, at
any rate, President Rho paid a high tribute to the Turkish people for
their participation in the
Korean War. At the same
time, his visit also contri-
buted a lot to strengthening
economic and commercial
ties between the two coun-
tries.
President Roh Moo-hyun talks with Turkish
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan. At his visit, President
Rho had summit talks not
only with President Ahmet Necdet Sezer but also with Prime Minister
Recep Tayyip Erdogan. The major topics discussed at these talks
included such national concerns of both countries as realistic plans to
promote mutual cooperation, matters on the Korean Peninsula, and
request for Turkish cooperation on the activities of the ROK Zaytun
Division dispatched to Iraq.
Politically, the Republic of Turkey adopts a mixture of the
presidential system and the parliamentary cabinet system.
Geographically, Turkey is located at a strategic place which connects
three continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Rich in history, culture,
and tourist inheritance, Turkey is also a country of potential growth
with its superb manpower. With its dispatch of a great number of troops
to Korea during the Korean War, the relationship between Turkey and
Korean is not merely a “friendly nation” but a “blood-tied brother
nation.” Besides, the economy of both Turkey and Korea is comple-
mentary in nature, so that both countries have a great potential for
economic cooperations. It is also expected that Turkey will join the
European Union in September this year, so that in the future Turkey
will provide for Korea a very important overseas production base for

European markets.
After the summit talk,
President Rho Moo-hyun
and President Ahmet Necdet
Sezer were quite satisfied
with the 50 years of efforts
of both countries to promote
After the expanded summit talk with
close relationship ever since President Ahmet Necdet Sezer, President
the 1957 diplomatic estab- Roh Moo-hyun is making announcement on
the result.
lishment between the two
countries. At this summit talk, they also agreed to strengthen mutual
cooperation between the two countries in a variety of areas including
trade, investment, IT technology, and cultural exchange. President
Ahmet Necdet Sezer put a particular value on the recent expansion of
economic and trade relations between Korea and Turkey, and then
expressed his hopes for a solution to the trade imbalance between the
two nations and Korea’s greater investment increase in Turkey. At
President Ahmet Necdet Sezer’s request, President Rho said that he
would boost up the activities for purchasing Turkish goods to solve the
problem of trade imbalance, and that for this purpose he would also
send a great number of Korean purchasing delegation to Turkey in the
latter half of this year. As for the investment in Turkey, President Rho
said that he would do his best to promote Korean investments in
Turkey.
In order to facilitate economic cooperations in trade and invest-
ment on the civilian sector, presidents of both countries also established
a joint economic committee on the governmental level. Particularly
notable was the agreement to establish the “Korea-Turkey IT Coop-
eration Center.” To be more specific, Information and Communication
Minister Chin Dae-je of Korea and Turkish Transportation Minister
Binali Yildirim agreed, during this presidential visit, to cooperate in the
information technology (IT) field, which includes high-speed Internet
services and in the establishment of an e-government. In addition, the
two ministers also signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU)
designed to set up a Korea-Turkey IT Cooperation Center to facilitate
Korean IT companies’ advance into Turkey. President Rho also
expressed his hope for both countries’ cooperation in trading railway
vehicles.
At this summit talk, President Ahmet Necdet Sezer promised to
provide a continued support for the activities of the ROK Zaytun
Division dispatched to Iraq, and he also made sure that he would do
everything in his power to support the activities of the ROK Zaytun
Division in Iraq. In addition, the two presidents also talked about the
political situation of the Korean Peninsula, and shared the opinion that
the stability on the Korean Peninsula was of utmost importance not
only for the peace of the Northeast Asia but also for the world peace.
At the same time, President Ahmet Necdet Sezer reaffirmed the
Turkish Government’s support for the Korea Government’s principle of
peaceful solution of the North Korean nuclear problem, and for the
Korean Government policy to promote peace and prosperity.
In his visit to Korea in 2005, Mr. Ouz, director of the East Asian
Division, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Republic of Turkey, talked
about the relationship between Turkey and Korea as follows: “By
March next year, we are going to have the 50th anniversary of
diplomatic relationship between Korea and Turkey. To be frank, it is
true that so far there has not been much of a relationship between the

two nations. Fortunately enough, however, the 2002 and 2006 World
Cups have brought the two countries closer than ever. From now on,
we should try to be ‘brother countries’ in a real sense.”
Mr. Ouz, director of the East Asian Division, also said that
“Turkey is the center of the world which connects Asia with Europe, so
that Korean markets would quite naturally be expanded to a greater
extent if Korea increases trade and investment in Turkey. Mr. Ouz also
added that in order to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Korea-
Turkey diplomatic relationship, he is currently working on a variety of
plans such as the dispatch of Turkish military band to Korea, goodwill
matches of Taekwondo and football, and hosting Korean food festivals
in Turkey.
Then, Mr. Ouz went on to say as follows: “The idea that Turkey is
a ‘brother country of Korea’ came to be widely recognized among
Korean people ever since the Turkish people’s waves of cheering for
Korean soccer players in the Turkey-Korea third-place match during
the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Long before the 2002 World Cup, however,
Turkish people have regarded Korea as a brother nation. Recently, we
see in a Korean TV drama that General Yeongaesomun of the
Goguryeo Dynasty is married to a princess of the TuChueh(Dolkwol)
Empire which allied itself with Goguryeo. The ‘TuChueh’ is no other
than the “Turk,” another name for the Turkey.” Mr. Ouz also added:
“The 2004 Turkish Government’s publicity budget targeting Korean
markets amounted to only 400 million dollars, but the 2005 publicity
budget for Korean markets has been increased to one million dollars.
Next year, the Turkish Government’s publicity budget for Korean
markets will be greater than that of Japanese markets.”
Overview of the Turkey-Korea Relations
Major Features of the Turkey-Korea Relations
Diplomatic Relations
- 1957. 3. 8. Establishment of Diplomatic Relations
- 1957. 6. 17. Establishment of the Korean Embassy in Turkey (3rd
Embassy after America, Taiwan)
- 1957. 10. 11. Establishment of the Turkish Embassy in Korea
Exchanges of Visitors
Turkish High-level Visitors to Korea

1958. 4. Prime Minister Menderes
1982. 12. President Evren
1986. 11. Prime Minister Ozal
1991. 5. Prime Minister Akbulut
2004. 2. Prime Minister Erdogan
Korean High-level Visitors to Turkey

1997. 5. President Choi Kyu-ha
1990. 7. Prime Minister Kang Young-Hun
1996. 5. Prime Minister Lee Su Sung
2004. 4. Foreign Minister Ban Ki-moon
Civilian Visitors
Korean Visitors to Turkey: Approximately 56,000
(Statistics of the Turkish Ministry of Culture & Tourism)

Turkish Visitors to Korea: 8,600
Relationship with North Korea

2001. 6. 27. Establishment of Diplomatic Relations
(North Korean Ambassador to Turkey holds also the post of North
Korean Ambassador to Bulgaria.)
Turkish Policy Line on South and North Koreas

As a participant in the Korean War, Turkey recognizes South Korea
as a blood-tied ally.
Turkey supports the South Korean policy to promote peace and
prosperity in the Korean Peninsula.
Turkish Policy toward the Korean Peninsula

A. Traditionally, a Blood-tied Ally
- In August 1949, Turkey approved the Korean Government as
the only, and legitimate government in the Korean Peninsula.
Upon this approval, Turkey participated in the Korean War.
- For these reasons mentioned above, Turkey recognizes South
Korea as a blood-tied ally, and strongly supports Korean policy
toward North Korea.
B. Turkish Posture toward the Korean Dispatch of Troops to Iraq

- Turkey welcomes the dispatch of Korean troops to the northern
area of Iraq, where Turkey has an interest of vital importance.
Particularly, Turkey welcomes the dispatch of troops from a
traditionally allied country like Korea.
C. Turkey Wants Economic Cooperation with Korea
- Turkey places a high value on the Korean economic develop-
ment, and wants increased economic cooperations with Korea.
- Particularly, after the official visits of President Evren(Decem-
ber 1982) and Prime Minister Ozal (November 1986), they
placed a high value on the Korean economic development, and
said that the model of Turkish economic development should
be that of Korea.
D. Turkey’s Support for Korea in the International Society

- Turkey strongly supports the standpoints of Korean Govern-
ment on such international stages as the United Nations (UN)
and the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA).
Korea-Turkey Economic Relations

A. Status of the Korea-Turkey Trade
- After 1990, the trade volume increased annually more than
15%.
- In 1997, the trade volume marked $1 billion for the first time.
- In 2003 the trade volume marked $1.45 billion; and in 2005,
$2.45 billion.
Korea’s Trade Volumes with Turkey (unit: million dollars)

Year
Export
Import
Balance

B. Major Trade Items and Status of Investments(2004)
- Korea’s unilateral investment in Turkey is a common practice,
while Turkey’s investment in Korea is insignificant.
- The amount of Korean investment in Turkey(as of December
2004, statistics provided by the consular offices in Turkey) is
about $260 million.
Korea’s Major Trade Items with Turkey

Korea’s Export Items to Turkey
No. Items Amount(%thousand) (%)
1 Transportational Machinery 875,291 37.1
Electric-Electronics Products for
2 223,166 9.5
Industrial Use
3 Textile Goods 200,869 8.5
4 Machinery for Industrial Use 162,628 6.7
Electric-Electronics Products for
5 158,801 6.7
Domestic Use
Korea’s Export Items to Turkey

No. Items Amount(%thousand) (%)
1 Agricultural Products 21,107 20.3
2 Iron-Steel Products 12,358 11.9
3 Non-ferrous Metal Products 8,960 8.6
4 Marine Products 7,737 7.4
5 Textile Goods 7,263 7.0
C. Korean Companies in Turkey

- Korea-Turkey Joint Venture Investments
• Hyundai Motor Company: Car Assembly Plant
(Total $200 million)
• LG Electronics: Air-Conditioning Plant (Total $50 million)
• Mando Machinery: Automobile Shock Absorber Plant
(Total $14 million)
• Han Il E-Wha: Automobile Accessory Plant (Total $6 million)
• CJ(Cheiljedang Corporation): Feed Mill Plant (Total $4 million)
• Kimsoi: Dye Manufacturing Plant (Total $2 million)
• CASS: General Trade (Total $1.5 million)
- Regional Distribution of Korea-Turkey Joint Ventures

• Istanbul: CASS, Daewoo International, Samsung Corporation,
OCI Corporation, LG Electronics, LG-BEKO, Hyosung,
Hyundai Corporation, Hyundai Motor Company, Han Il E-
Wha, Samsung Electronics, Samsung Electro-Mechanics, LG
Phillips (Total 13 corporations)
• Bursa: Mando Machinery, CJ
• Adana: Kimsoi
Korean Residents in Turkey

A. Total Number of Korean Residents in Turkey
- The estimated number is 800 as of January 2005.
• 70% of the total, 580, live in Istanbul.
• Korean businessmen and their spouses is 56.
(Istanbul 51, Izmir 3, Bursa 2)
B. Korean Resident Organizations

- Korean Society in Turkey
• Founded in May 1989
• President: Kim Sang Jin (Private Business)

- Korean Businessmen Association in Istanbul
• President: Lee Jae Kyung (Representative, Samsung Electro-
Mechanics Branch Office in Istanbul)
- Korean Saturday School in Istanbul
• Founded in February 1988 by the Korean Society in Turkey
• Principal: President of the Korean Society in Turkey
• Academic Year 2004: Total 43, including 8 teachers
(elementary school students 39, middle school students 4)
Turkish Views on Korea and Korean People

A. Korea is one of the countries Turkish people love best.
- For Turkish people, Korea is not merely a friendly nation; Korea
is for them a brother nation, or a blood-tied brother nation(Kan
Kardeshi, in Turkish).
- The Turkish people’s sense of affinities toward Koreans is
stronger than yheir sense of affinities toward Europeans, treating
Koreans as a first-rate people.
• The Turks have a strong sense of history that Koreans and Turks
belong to the same Ural-Altaic race, sharing not only blood but
also culture and history.
• Particularly during the Korean War, Turkey dispatched to Korea
the 3rd biggest number of troops (cumulative number of troops,
about 15,000), and came to have a blood-tied relationship with
Korea.
• The Turks have a strong sense of pride that the Turkish soldiers
in the Korean War did not sacrifice their noble lives in vain,
with 721 killed in action, 2,147 wounded.
B. The 2002 FIFA World Cup has brought Korea and Turkey closer.
- During the 2002 FIFA World Cup, Korean people’s waves of
cheering for Turkish soccer players, and the Turkish people’s
waves of cheering for Korean soccer players in the Turkey-Korea
third-place match came to engrave a strong sense of love upon
the hearts of Turks and Koreans as well.
C. Turkish people expect cooperation between the two countries.

- Turkish people place a high value on the Korean economic devel-
opment, believing that the economic development model of
Turkey should follow that of Korea. They expect Korea’s greater
cooperation for their economic development.
- The Turks expect Koreans to have a deeper understanding of
their love of Korea and Koreans. They also want close cooper-
ation between the two countries. (Particularly, they count on
Korea’s practical economic cooperations such as a solution for
trade imbalance between the two nations, and Korea’s greater
investment increase in Turkey.)

Prospects for the ROK-Turkey Relationship
in the 21st Century
Turkey is the cradle of ancient civilization. Ever since the downfall

of the Roman Empire in the West, the city of Constantinople, whose
name was changed to Istanbul in 1930, had been for thousands of years
the home of the Byzantine Empire and the Greco-Roman civilization.
During the sixteenth century, Turkey used to have a great empire whose
reign covered three continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Located in
a place of strategic importance which connects East and West, Turkey
has currently a population of around 70 million people. To take into
consideration those Turkish people living around Turkey, however, the
number of Turkish people amounts to as much as 150 million. In size,
Turkey is also a big country, 3.5 times as big as the Korean Peninsular.

For the present, we are
witnessing a very rapid change
not only in global environment
but also in such areas as
politics, economy, society,
culture, and arts. Due to such a
rapid change, international
cooperations and exchanges of
cultures are expected to be
expanded and strengthened in
the 21st century. In the area of
After the expanded summit talk, Pres-
politics, the age of multipo- ident Roh Moo-hyun and President
larized world politics is now Ahmet Necdet Sezer are shaking hands.
emerging, so that in the future

the roles of international cooperative organizations, rather than
individual nations, will be more important to catch up with the current
trends toward globalization. Seen from the standpoints of local as well
as global economy, the importance of information and knowledge
industries will be increased, and at the same time the role of mul-
tinational enterprises will be also more important. At the same time, in
the future more attention will be focused on culture industry.
In accordance with such an overall trend of the 21st century, the
role of culture is expected to be of great importance in the sector of
economy, so that the so-called “economics of culture” or “culture
economics” will be highly developed. In the social sector, the society
will be increasingly pluralized, and with the increasing trend of social
specialization occupations will be diversified and the middle class in
the social strata will be expanded. In our daily life, more attention will

be focused on culture and arts, with people’s satisfaction and happiness
in life depending much more on culture and arts rather than on material
things, and with people’s tastes for culture being greatly diversified. For
these changes in our everyday life, the 21st century is often defined as
“the age of culture.”
Seen from this context of globalization and diversification, the
future of Korea-Turkey relationship is expected to be greatly expanded
and strengthened. It is also expected that, in the 21st century, mutual
investments between the two countries will be greatly expanded,
particularly in the sector of high-tech and high-touch industries. As a
result of these mutual investments, both Greece and Korea will have
chances to approach different local markets, both countries benefiting a
lot from this approach.
For the promotion of Turkey-Korea economic cooperation, a vari-
ety of approaches are recommended. The existing program of holding
trade fairs and sending trade delegates is one method. Together with
this program, industrial exhibitions and joint researches on the fields of
common interest are also recommended. Such an approach is expected
to open up new fields of interest and share strategic research work for
building a better environment of economic relationship. This approach
is also expected to increase exchanges of necessary information and
chances of contact between business and economic organizations of
both countries.
Beside these economic cooperations, an extensive program of cul-
ture exchanges between the two nations is also required, with its objec-
tive orienting toward mutual understanding of each country’s cultural
life. In order to achiever such a program of culture exchanges, sociocul-
tural exchanges and cooperations between Turkey and Korea should be

carried out, based on the two countries’ existing framework of relation-
ship. So far, Turkey and Korea have maintained friendly relationship,
and it seems that in the future there will not be any significant change
in such a relationship. Besides, the sociocultural exchanges between the
two countries have so far been greatly influenced by the relative degree
of political and economic relationships between the two nations. For a
closer political and economic cooperation between the two nations,
however, a substantial degree of sociocultural exchanges and coopera-
tions needs to be strengthened in the future.
What is more important, the sociocultural exchanges and coopera-
tions between Turkey and Korea should be promoted from a more
future-oriented point of view. Accordingly, a variety of projects need to
be continuously developed in such activities as joint program develop-
ments for the two nations, establishment of culture fund for cultural
cooperation between the two countries, establishment of inter-collegiate
sisterhood relationships, and exchange programs for young people.
Particularly, Korea should pay attention to the activities of the Euro-
pean committees which deal with cultural policies based on a broader
regional unit beyond the national basis. Considering these activities of
the European committees, Korea is expected to benefit a lot from Turkey’s
experience when Korea advances toward the European markets.
For a more effective management of cultural and artistic exchanges
between the two nations, the development of one-stop operating system
is urgently needed. Furthermore, a Turkey-Korea Cooperation Fund
should also be established, which would facilitate sociocultural ex-
changes between the two nations.
To sum up, in the 21st century both Greece and Korea should try to
cooperate in the international society on the basis of their cooperative

political and diplomatic relations, maximize mutual benefits through
economic cooperations, transfer the most up-to-date technology through
large scale joint research projects, and understand characteristic culture
traits of both nations through sociocultural exchanges. In the whole
process of these exchange activities, both countries should try to main-
tain a sense of mutuality or balance. Particularly important is the future
role of Turkey in the international society. Located at an important
strategic place which connects Europe and Asia, Turkey is expected in
the future to maintain a close relationship with Korea and tackle every
problem as Korea’s true partner not only in the European Union but
also in Asian and African countries.

1. Background of UN Forces’ Participation
The scale of the troops and supplies sent by the US for the Korean
War was of course overwhelming compared to that of other countries.
Because of the overwhelming American scale of troops and arms and
logistic support, the US took the initiative in making operational decisions
for the UN forces. When the UN Secretary General took into consideration
the urgent situations developing in Korea and urged the UN member
nations to send troops to the Korean front on July 14, 1950, the number of
participant nations greatly increased. However, most of the nations who
promised to send troops were situated geographically too far away from

Korea, so that it took them more than two months for their troops to arrive
in Korea.
Excluding the US, the first to promise military support was the
British Commonwealth. The United Kingdom notified that they would send
a Naval special task force, and on 29 July Australia expressed their intention
to send the naval and air elements. The Netherlands proposed a support of
destroyers, and Taiwan promised the support of ground troops. However,
the United States refused to accept the proposal of Taiwan for political and
defense reasons. If Taiwan dispatched troops to Korea, the US was afraid
that the defense capabilities of Taiwan would be greatly weakened.
As member nations of NATO, England, France, the Netherlands,
Belgium, and Luxembourg took strict precaution against the Soviet’s
desire to control Europe. These countries believed that the US should take
on a bigger role in NATO since the end of World War II, so that, when the
Korean War broke out, they decided to fight with the US against North
Korea with an expectation that, when they fight for the US, the US would
make a substantial contribution to NATO in return.
Canada, member nation of NATO and neighboring country of the
US, judged that behind the North’s invasion of South Korea there was
Soviet’s desire of expansion. For this reason, Canada also decided to take
part in the war in order to help deter the Soviet’s expansion, and to
reinforce alliances between allied nations including the United States.
Turkey and Greece were under constant pressure from those
communist powers along the Balkan Peninsular and the Dardanelles
Straits, and the Soviet Union was supporting these communist powers.
Under such a circumstance, Turkey and Greece were getting help from the
United States in order to protect themselves from those communist
powers. At the time of the Korean War, these two countries hoped that by

aiding the UN in cutting off the expansion of communism in the Asian
region, they would be able to get more military support from the US.
Australia and New Zealand were cautious about communists’
expansion in the region of South East Asia. They also believed that
fighting against the communists in Korea under the UN flag would be the
best way to deter the expansion of communism.
Compared with Australia and New Zealand, the Philippines and
Thailand felt the threat of communists more seriously mainly due to their
geographical positions. At the time of the Korean War, the Vietnamese
communists were expanding their powers with the support of China, and
the communist rebel groups in the Philippines intensified their subversive
activities during this period of time. In other words, the communist
activities in Vietnam and the Philippines created a strong sense of threat in
the minds of people living in the Philippines and Thailand.
Those countries located far away from Korea such as Ethiopia, the
Republic of South Africa, and Columbia in South America also
participated in the Korean War. When they decided to help Koreans in the
war, these countries put more significance in the role the UN activities
than in deterring communism.
Most countries who joined the UN forces during the Korean War
were worried about the expansion of communism around them, and they
saw the North’s invasion of South Korea as a stepping stone for a more
serious communist threat in the future.
2. Major Activities of the United Nations

The United States of America
The US military forces were several times bigger than those of the

other UN member nations combined together both in the number of troops
and in combat power. The US Army sent the 24th Division, the 25th
Division, the 1st Armored Division, the 2nd Division, the 3rd Division,
the 7th Division, the 1st Marine Division, the 40th Division, and the 45th
Division a total of 9 divisions, 2 battle regiments, and numerous
supporting units.
During the three years of the Korean War, the US deployed
300,000 troops at its peak. In 1952 when the number of the UN forces
reached the peak, 50% of the ground troops were the ROK forces, 40%
were the US forces, and 10% were the forces of other UN member
nations. It can also be said that most of military operations executed
during the war were carried out by the US military forces. The role the US
military forces played during the war was quite a decisive one, and the

number of military operations the US
military forces executed were too extensive
to be counted one by one.
As for the US naval activities, the 7th
Task Force Smith of the US 24th Division Fleet under command of the Far East Naval
Force took charge of most naval operations.
For these operations, a variety of US naval
vessels were employed such as aircraft
carriers, destroyers, cruisers, warships,
submarines, and supporting vessels. The US
Navy succeeded in blocking up North
Korean coast on July 4, 1950, 10 days after
the outbreak of the Korean War, and since
then on secured the command of the sea.
Bombing by US Air Force
Later on, the US Navy came to play an
important role in turning the war situations to our advantage with such
diverse military activities as air strikes, bombardment from naval guns,
transporting troops and other supplies from the US. Particularly in
operations of landing at Incheon and withdrawing from Heungnam, the
US Navy demonstrated their highly skilled battle capabilities.
As for the US Air Force, the 5th Air Force and the Strategic
Bombing Command, under command of the Far East Air Force, operated
air strikes to drain up the battle capabilities of the communist forces, and
executed close air support operations to help the UN ground troops to
carry out their duties more successfully. The US Air Force inflicted heavy
losses on both North Korean and Chinese forces during the war, so that it
was the most frightening entity to communists from the start of the war to
the end.

Participation of the US Forces
Service Unit Period Remarks
8th Army HQ 1950. 7 ~
1st Corps. 1950. 9 ~
9th Corps. 1950. 9 ~ 1954. 8
10th Corps. 1950. 9 ~ 1954. 4
1st armored division 1950. 7 ~ 1951.12 2nd deploy in 1957. 10
2nd division 1950. 7 ~ 1954. 9 2nd deploy in 1965. 7
3rd division 1950.11 ~ 1954. 1
Army
7th division 1950. 9 ~ 1971. 4
24th division 1950. 7 ~ 1952. 1 Move to Japan
1953. 7 ~ 1957.10 2nd sending
25th division 1950. 7 ~ 1954.10
40th division 1952. 1 ~ 1954. 3
45th division 1951.12 ~ 1954. 5
1st Marine division 1950. 9 ~ 1955. 3
Far East Navy 1950. 7 ~ 1953. 7
7th Fleet 1950. 7 ~ 1953. 7
Navy
90th Maneuvering Forces 1950. 6 ~ 1953. 11
95th Maneuvering Forces 1950. 6 ~ 1953. 7
Far East Air Force 1950. 6 ~ 1953. 7
Air Force
5th Air Force 1950. 6 ~ 1954. 6
Major Equipment of the US Forces

Aircrafts
Division Tanks Warships
Air Force Marine/Navy
Quantity 777 1,838 564 5
Casualties of the US Forces(as of 1954) (Unit : person)
Service Sub-Total Dead Wounded Missing POW

Total 523,083 54,246 468,659 739 4,439
Army 484,762 37,133 442,971 664 3,944
Navy 6,130 4,501 1,576 22 31
Air Force 7,725 7,084 368 53 220
Marine 29,466 5,528 23,744 - 194

Major Battle of the US Forces

The United Kingdom
The United Kingdom dispatched the second largest number of

troops to Korea. The participation of the United Kingdom was done
before the UN forces were established. The British Army first sent the
27th Brigade which was activated with two battalions from Hongkong
and other supporting units, and upon arrival in Korea the brigade was
immediately committed to the battle of the Nakdong Bulge. Later on, the
27th Brigade took part in advancing northward to the Yalu River. And
later the United Kingdom dispatched one more brigade, the 29th Brigade.
The 29th Brigade suffered a lot of casualties at the battle of
Seolmari near the Imjin River when China launched the 5th phase of
attack. Despite these sacrifices, the 29th Brigade made a great contribution
to the operations of the US Eight Army. To be more specific, on April 22,
1951, when the defense line of the ROK 1st Division broke down, the
Gloucester Battalion of 29th Brigade on the right
of the ROK 1st Division suffered a lot of
casualties. Despite these casualties, however, the
29th Brigade held the Seolmari area for three
days, so that the brigade was able to save allied
units on both sides of the area.
As more troops of the British Common-
wealth came in on July 28, 1951, these units
were organized into the 1st Commonwealth
Division. This Division was made up of the units
from 6 countries: United Kingdom, Australia,
Canada, New Zealand, Belgium, and Luxem-
burg. Such a composition was quite unique in

Participation of the UK Forces
Unit Period Remarks
1 division of British Commonwealth
st
1953. 7~ established at DeokJung
27 division
th
1950. 8~1951. 4 renamed to the 28th brigade
28th brigade 1951. 4~1953. 3
29 brigade
th
1950. 11~
1 battalion of Middlesex brigade
st
1950. 8~1951. 5 assigned to 27th brigade
1st battalion of argyll and sutherland 1950. 8~1951. 4 assigned to 27th brigade
higlanders brigade
1st battalion of Royal Northumberland 1950.11~ assigned to 29th brigade
fusiliers brigade
1st battalion of Gloucester brigade 1950.11~ assigned to 29th brigade
1st battalion of Royal Ulster Fifles brigade 1950.11~ assigned to 29th brigade
1st battalion of King’s own scottish 1951. 4~ assigned to 28th brigade
borderers brigade
1st battalion of King’s Shropshire Light 1951. 5~1952. 9 assigned to 28th brigade
infantry brigade
1st battalion of Royal Norfolk brigade 1951.10~1952.11 assigned to 28th brigade
1st battalion of Leicestershire brigade 1951.10~1952. 6 assigned to 28th brigade
1st battalion of Welch brigade 1951.11~1952.11 assigned to 29th brigade
1st battalion of Black Watch brigade 1952. 6~1953. 7 assigned to 29th brigade
1st battalion of Royal Fusiliers brigade 1952. 8~1953. 8
1 battalion of Duham light infantry brigade
st
1952. 9~1953. 9 assigned to 28th brigade
1st battalion of King’s Liverpool brigade 1952. 9~1953.10 assigned to 29th brigade
1st battalion of Duke of Welington brigade 1952.10~1953.11 assigned to 29th brigade
1st battalion of Royal Scots brigade 1953. 7~unknown
1 battalion of Essex brigade
st
1953. 8~
1 battalion of Royal Warwickshire brigade
st
1953. 9~
1 battalion of King’s own royal brigade
st
1953.10~
1 battalion of North Staffordshire brigade
st
1953.11~

Major Equipment of UK Forces
Name of Warship
Aircraft Triumph, Ocean, Theseus, Glory, Unicorn
Carrier
Cruiser Belfast, Jamaica, Ceylon, Kenya, Newcastle, Birmingham
Destroyer Cossack, Consort, Comus, Concord, Constance, Cockade, Charty
Mounts Bay, Morecambe, Black Swan, Whitesand Bay, Carddigan Bay,
Frigate
St. Brides Bay, Alarcrity, Modeste, Hart, Sparrow, Crane, Amethyst
Maine(hospital boat), Tyne(supply ship), Ladybird(headquarter ship),
Etc.
Subsidiary headquarter ships
Casualties of the UK Forces (Unit : person)
Sub-Total Dead Wounded POW

Total 4,731 1,078 2,674 979
Army 4,521 977 2,589 955
Navy 67 44 19 4
Marines 115 30 66 19
Air Force(ship plane) 28 27 - 1
the military history of the world.

On June 29, 1950, the UK Navy sent one aircraft carrier, two
cruisers, two destroyers, and three frigates, and helped the US naval

Major Battles of the United Kingdom Forces

operations on the East Sea. Later, a total of about 17,000 Navy soldiers of
the UK participated in the Korean War, and 50 British warships took turns
to carry out naval operations until the end of the war.
Turkey
Excepting the United States and the United Kingdom, Turkey and
Canada were the only two countries that dispatched brigade-level units.
Turkey once announced that they would remain neutral in the
international affairs. By the end of World War II, however, Turkey took on
a pro-west political policy, and, right after the outbreak of the Korean War,
supported wholeheartedly the UN resolution of military support for Korea.
What’s more, Turkey took immediate measures to dispatch more than
4,500 troops to Korea, receiving
welcome from the UN members.
The Turkish Brigade that was
dispatched to Korea was mainly the
Turkish Army units, and included in the
brigade were such branches as infantry,
engineering, transportation, medical
corps, and ordnance. Thus, the brigade
could conduct its own independent
operations. During the 2nd phase of
Chinese attack in November 1950, the
Turkish Army took part in Gunwuri
Battle as a right-wing of the US 2nd
Division, and in this battle suffered
heavy casualties. Particularly impressive
in the battle was the Turkish soldiers’

Participation of the Turkish Forces
Unit Period Remarks
1st brigade 1950. 9~1951. 8 assigned to the US 25th division
2nd brigade 1951. 8~1952. 8 assigned to the US 25th division
3rd brigade 1952. 8~1953. 9 assigned to the US 25th division
Casualties of the Turkish Forces (Unit : person)
Sub Total Dead Wounded Missing POW

Total 3,623 721 2,147 175 234
Army Officer 157 37 81 3 6

Noncom 138 26 66 1 3
Soldier 3,328 658 2,000 171 225
bravery; when they were on the point of capture by the enemy they refused
to become prisoners and attacked forward with their bayonets fixed.
Soon after Kunuri Battle, the Turkish Brigade recovered from the
loss they suffered at Kunuri, and the brigade was assigned to the US 25th
Division. Afterwards, whenever they were engaged in battles, the brigade
demonstrated a strong will to fight as well as the Turkish forces’ solidarity.
The Turkish Brigade took part in Operation Wolfhound and Operation
Thunderbolt conducted by the US forces. Of course, the Turkish Brigade
suffered casualties in these operations, but they inflicted 10 times more
casualties on the enemy. Such a victory contributed a lot to giving a boost
to the UN forces.
During the joint operations with the US forces, the Turkish Brigade
had to go through a lot of difficulties. Among those difficulties, the
communication problem was the most serious one, particularly when the
battle situations changed rapidly and inaccurate interpretations brought
grave losses to them.

Major Battles of the Turkish Forces

Canada
A neighboring country to America and a member nation of NATO,

Canada apprehended that behind the North’s invasion of South Korea
there was lurking the Soviet’s desire of expansion. For this reason, Canada
announced that the North Korea’s invasion should be repelled with
combined efforts of the UN nations. Five days after the war broke out, the
House of the Commons of Canadian government came to an unanimous
agreement on helping Korea, saying that “we would give full support to
any of the Canadian government’s measures taken to demonstrate the
efficiency of the collective security.”
On this day, the Prime Minister Luis Roland also said that “we
should take collective security actions under the UN authority.”
Canada sent a brigade-level military forces as Turkey did. In mid-
February 1951, the 2nd Battalion(PPCLI) was the first unit committed to
Korea, and upon arrival in Korea the battalion was engaged in war as part
of the 27th Commonwealth Brigade. The 25th Canadian Infantry Brigade
sailed for Korea in April 1951 and came into the line towards the end of
May. Upon arrival in Korea, the 25th
Brigade was deployed as a unit of the
newly established 1st Division of
British Commonwealth.
In matters of military doctrine,
the Canadian armed forces had much in
common with the British armed forces,
and unlike the Turkish soldiers the
Canadian soldiers didn’t have any
communication problems at the Korean

Participation of the Canadian Forces
Unit Time Remarks
the 25 brigade
th
1951. 5~1954. 12
2nd battalion of Princes patricia’s
light infantry 1950. 12~1951. 11
1st battalion 1951. 10~1952. 11

2nd battalion 1952. 10~1953. 10
2nd battalion of the royal canadian regiment 1951. 5~1952. 4
1st battalion 1952. 4~1953. 3
3nd battalion 1953. 3~1954. 3
2nd battalion of the Royal 22 regiment 1951. 5~1952. 4
1st battalion 1952. 4~1953. 4
3nd battalion 1953. 4~1954. 4
Canadian Warships
Division Warship Period
First : 1950. 7~1951. 3
Cayuga Second : 1951. 7~1952. 6
Third : 1954. 1~1954.11
First : 1950. 7~1951. 5
Athabaskan Second : 1951. 9~1952. 6
Third : 1952.11~1953.11
First : 1950. 7~1951. 1
Sioux Second : 1951. 4~1952. 2
Third : 1954.12~1955. 9
First : 1952. 6~1953. 6
Crusader
Destroyer Second : 1953.11~1954. 8
First : 1952.11~1953. 6
Haida
Second : 1954. 2~1954. 9
First : 1951. 3~1951. 8
Huron Second : 1953. 6~1954. 2
Third : 1954.10~1954.12
First : 1952. 6~1952.11
Iroquois Second : 1953. 6~1954. 1
Third : 1954. 8~1954.12
First : 1951. 1~1951. 7
Nootka
Second : 1952. 2~1952.11

Casualties of the Canadian Forces (Unit : person)
Service Sub Total Dead Wounded Missing POW

Total 1,557 312 1,212 32 1
Sub Total 1,543 309 1,202 32 -
Army Officers 72 11 59 2 -
Soldiers 1,471 298 1,143 30 -
Navy 13 3 10 - -
Air Force 1 - - - 1
Major Battles of the Canadian Forces

front. The 2nd Battalion of the Canadian forces played a big role in
blocking the Chinese attack at the battle of Kapyong, demonstrating its
excellent combat capabilities and its strong will to fight.
Thailand
Excepting for the four countries mentioned above, most of the UN

member nations sent battalion-level units to Korea.
Thailand was the first to assist Korea among Asian countries. On
June 30, 1950, five days after the war broke out, they demonstrated their
will to support the UN resolution by sending 4 tons of rice. The Secretary
General of UN praised Thailand for the Thai support, saying that “we
extend our gratitude for the Thai government’s support for the UN
resolution and its decision to send food to Korea.”
Traditionally, Thailand used to hold the policy of neutrality.
However, the Thai decision to participate in the war provided an
exemplary challenge to the Soviet propaganda which publicized that “only
Western imperialists wound dispatch troops to Korea.” The Thai decision
also clearly demonstrated the fact that “the united efforts of the UN to stop
North Korea’s aggressions
were made to secure the bless-
ings of freedom for mankind.”
When the dispatch of
troops to Korea got delayed,
Thailand came to a conclusion
that the Thai military forces
would send a battalion-size unit
of 1,000 soldiers. Besides this
battalion unit, Thailand also

Participation of the Thailand Forces
Period Remarks
Thailand Division 1950. 11~1972. 6 Attached US Division
Warship Period
Prasae 1950. 11. 7~1951. 1. 7
Bangpakong 1950. 11. 7~1952. 2. 16
Frigate Ship
Prasae II 1951. 12. 29~1955. 1. 21
Tachin
Transport Ship Sichang 1950. 11. 7~1951. 7. 15
Type of Aircraft Terms of Participation

Transport Plane C-47 1951. 6. 18~1964. 11. 6
Casualties of the Thailand Forces (Unit : person)
Total Dead Wounded Missing POW

Total 1,273 129 1,139 5 -
Army 1,269 125 1,139 5 -
Navy 4 4 - - -
sent 2 frigates, and the C-47 transport aircraft belonging to Royal Thailand
Air Force for the support of naval and air operations.
The bravery of the Thai battalion unit was explicitly demonstrated
in the Battle of Pork Chop Hill. In this battle, the Chinese forces attacked
the hill three times, but Thai soldiers successfully defended the hill to the
last with hand-to-hand fighting and counter strikes. With this battle, the
Thai soldiers came to have a nickname, “Little Tiger.”

Major Battle of the Thailand Forces

Australia
The proposal of Australian government’s military assistance to

Korea was approved unanimously in the Australian Congress. After
World War II was over, Australia maintained 15,000 military forces. Out
of these troops, they willingly decided to dispatch one battalion. During
World War II, Australian armed forces carried out combined operations
with the US forces in the Pacific area. They also had many military
experiences in Europe. Particularly, Australia was a member nation of the
UN Commission in Korea. In early 1950, other UNC member nations sent
only one officer, but Australia sent two officers and these officers were on
the UNC Military Investigation Team. For this reason, these two officers
were quite well aware of the situations of Korea around the outbreak of
the Korean War.
When the 3rd Battalion of Royal Australian Regiment(RAR) arrived
in Korea on September 27, 1950, the North Korean advance had been halted
and NK forces were retreating to the North. Upon arrival in Korea, the 3rd
Battalion(RAR) immediately joined the northward advance operations of the
UN forces. At the battle of Sariwon, they defeated North Korean troops who
were withdrawing from the area with hand-to-hand fighting. The soldiers of
the US 24th Infantry Division noticed how the Australian troops were
fighting, and spoke highly of
their will to fight. Afterwards,
they demonstrated their capab-
ilities in such battles as Battle of
Youngyuri, Battle of Pakchun,
Battle of Kapyong, and Battle of
Maryang Mountain.

Participation of the Australian Forces
Unit Name Terms of Participation Remarks
3rd Battalion 1950. 9~1953. 2 Assigned to the Commonwealth of Nations 28th Brigade
1st Battalion 1952. 3~1953. 3
2nd Battalion 1953. 3. 17~27
Marine War Vessels of the Australian Forces

Name Period of participation
Light War Vessel Ship Sydney 1951. 8~1952. 6
First : 1950. 7~1951. 5
Bataan
Second : 1952. 2~1952. 8
First : 1950. 8~1951. 8
Warramunga
Second : 1952. 2~1952. 7
Destroyer First : 1951. 8~1951. 9
Anzac
Second : 1952. 9~1953. 6
First : 1951. 8~1952. 6
Tobruk
Second : 1953. 6~1954. 2
Culgoa 1953. 4~1953. 6
Shoalhaven 1950. 7~1951. 5
Frigate Murchison 1951. 5~1952. 2
Condamine 1952. 8~1953. 4
Casualties Australian Forces (Unit : person)
Total Army Marine Air Force

Total 1,584 1,526 11 47
Total 339 293 5 41
Death in Battle 306 276 2 28
Dead
Death during Capture 1 1 - -
Accident, etc. 32 16 3 13
Wounded 1,216 1,210 6 -
POW 29 23 - 6

Major Battles of the Australian Forces

New Zealand
When the Korean War broke out, New Zealand, member nation of
the British Commonwealth, agreed to “send war vessels according to the
UN Security Council Resolution.” Then two RN LOCH-class frigates
sailed for Korea on July 3, 1950, and arrived in Korea on July 30, 1950.
Upon arrival in Korea, New Zealand troops supported UN naval
operations, and later eight New Zealand war vessels took turns to
participate in the Korean War until the truce agreement was signed.
Besides, on July 26, 1950, the New Zealand Government
announced it would raise a volunteer military force to serve with UN
forces in Korea. Known as ‘Kayforce,’ a total of 1,044 men were selected
from among volunteers. Kayforce arrived at Busan on December 31,
1950. Initially attached to the 27th Commonwealth Brigade, Kayforce
went into action on January 29, 1951. In July 1951, Kayforce became part
of the newly formed Commonwealth Division.
New Zealand Artillery Fire Support

In Korea, the New Zealand artillery assisted British Middlesax
Infantry Battalion and Canadian Infantry Battalion with timely fire
support around the end of January 1951. Besides, the New Zealand
Government also dispatched marines, and made quite a contribution to the
UN operations.
Participation of the New Zealand Forces

Unit Terms Participation Remarks
Direct assistance from the Commonwealth
The 16th field batteries 1950. 12~1954. 11
of Nations 28th Brigade
Marines of New Zealand

Division Name Period of Participation
Pukaki 1950. 7~1950. 12
Tutira 1950. 7~1951. 5
First : 1950. 10~1951. 11
Rotoiti
Second : 1952. 1~1953. 3
Frigate
First : 1951. 3~1952. 3
Hawea
Second : 1952. 8~1953. 8
Taupo 1951. 8~1952. 10
Kaniere 1953. 3~1954. 3
Casualties of the New Zealand Forces (Unit : person)
Division Total Dead Wounded Missing POW

Total 103 23 79 1 -
Army 102 22 79 1 -
Marine 1 1 - - -

Major Battles of the New Zealand Forces

France
Among European countries, France, the Netherlands, and Belgium

dispatched the infantry battalion-level troops to Korea.
Consisting of 39 officers, 172 non-commissioned officers and more
than 800 enlisted personnel, the French Battalion departed Marseilles on
September 25, 1950, arriving at Busan on November 30, 1950. Once
equipped with US weapons and vehicles, the battalion was attached to the
23rd Infantry Regiment, 2nd US Army Division, with whom it served
until the end of hostilities on July 27, 1953. Particularly, the French
Battalion demonstrated their bravery at the battle of Chipyongri in
February 1951, and after this battle the US soldiers of 23rd Infantry
Regiment came to recognize French soldiers’ combat capabilities.
Lieutenant Colonel Monclaude was a man with a special career.
During World War II, he served as a general of the French Army. He was
LTG at that time. After the war he was retired from the French Army.
When the Korean War broke out and the French government decided to
dispatch troops, however,
he volunteered to command
the French Battalion. His
suggestion was accepted,
so that he became the
commander of the French
Battalion. His rank was
Lieutenant Colonel, but
members of the UN head-
quarters and the US 8th
Army knew his career. So

everyone called him “General Monclaude.”
The French Battalion fought with the US 23rd Regiment, blocked
the Chinese forces’ southward advance, and played an important part in
establishing the bases for counterattack through such battles as Battle of
Wonju, Battle of Twin Tunnels, and Battle of Heartbreak Ridge.
Participation of the French Forces

Name Period of Participation Remarks
Army French Battalion 1950. 11~1953. 10 assigned the US 2nd Division
Marine Ship La Grandire unknown
Casualties of the French Forces (Unit : person)

Army 1,289 262 1,008 7 12

Major Battles of the French Forces

The Netherlands
The Netherlands and Belgium Battalions were well-trained and had

a strong sense of responsibility. Many of the soldiers from these countries
also could speak English, so that their communication with US troops was
smooth.
The Netherlands Battalion arrived in Korea on October 24, 1950,
and finished adaptation training by the end of December 1950. Then the
battalion was assigned to the US 2nd Division and took part in fierce
battles in the central forward area. Particularly important was the
battalion’s engagement with the NK 5th Army at the battle of Wonju. At
this battle, the Dutch soldiers killed or captured 1,100 North Korean
troops. It was an astonishing military achievement.
The Netherlands Battalion drove back the enemy that surrounded

them from Hwoengseong and secured Hwoengseong Bridge. That helped
the withdrawal of the US 2nd Division. Traditionally, the Netherlands was
famous for its marine power. In addition to the Netherlands Army unit, the
Royal Netherlands Navy sent six ships for the Korean War. During the
war, the Dutch naval forces carried out such missions as escorting aircraft
carriers, anti-infiltration patrols, destroying enemy costal guns, and
supporting ground troops with artillery fire. They carried out these
missions with the US Far East Navy on the East and West Seas.
Participation of the Netherlands Forces

Army Netherlands Battalion 1950. 11~1954. 12 assigned to the US 2nd Division
Evertsen 1950. 7~1951. 4 assigned to the West Sea Supportive Battle Corp
Van Galen 1951. 4~1952. 3
Piet Hein 1952. 3~1953. 1
Marine
Van Nassau 1953. 1~1953. 11
Dubois 1953. 11~1954. 9
Van Zijil 1954. 9~1955. 1
Casualties of the Dutch Forces (Unit : person)

Total 586 119 463 3 1
Army 584 117 463 3 1
Marine 2 2 - - -

Major Battles of the Netherlands Forces

Belgium
The 1st Belgium Battalion arrived in December 1950 and was

attached to the US 3rd Infantry Division in January 1951. It was replaced
by the 2nd Belgium Battalion in August 1951. The 2nd Belgium Battalion
remained in Korea until June 1955. Assigned to the British 29th
Regiment, US 3rd Division, the Belgium Battalion demonstrated excellent
combat capabilities in battles. During the offensive in February 1951, the
Belgium soldiers were in charge of Gumgul Mountain, northern part of
the Imjin River, while the British Fusilier Battalion was in charge of the
left side. On the right side was a steep cliff of the Imjin River, and beyond
the cliff was the 65th Regiment, US 3rd Infantry Division.

At that time, the Belgium Battalion was in a difficult situation. The
British Fusilier Battalion was attacked by the Chinese forces and was
nearly isolated. At that moment, Lieutenant Colonel Crehigh composedly
defended Gumgul Mountain and secured the withdrawal route, so that the
Belgium Battalion was able to withdraw safely to Jeongok area where the
US 65th Regiment was encamped.
The Belgium Battalion secured the Gumgul Mountain stronghold
and blocked the Chinese forces’ advance for two days, which enabled the
British 29th Brigade to withdraw safely to the rear area without suffering
heavy casualties. Because of such an outstanding battle at the Gumgul
Mountain stronghold, the Belgium-Luxemburg Battalion was awarded
official commendations from the US President, the Commander-in-chief
of the US 8th Army, and the Belgium Minister of Defense.
Participation of the Belgium Forces

assigned to the US 3rd Division on 1951. 3
Belgium Battalion 1951. 1~1955. 6 assigned to the British 29th Regiment on 1951. 4
assigned to the US 3rd Division on 1951. 8
Casualties of the Belgium Forces (Unit : person)

441 104 336 - 1

Major Battles of the Belgium-Luxemburg Forces

Luxemburg
The Luxemburg Platoon was the smallest among the UN forces,

smaller than the minimum requirement of 1,000 troops for combat
deployment. Luxemburg was an exceptional case.
Luxemburg has only a population of 200,000, so that they couldn’t
dispatch a large number of troops. So they discussed the dispatch of troops
with the government of Belgium and declared that they would dispatch
their troops by including the Luxemburg Platoon to the Belgium
Battalion. Ultimately, Luxembourg sent a 44-man volunteer infantry
platoon to Korea in November 1950. This unit severed as part of the
Belgium Battalion that was assigned to the US 3rd Infantry Division
throughout the war.
Participation of the Luxemburg Forces

Luxemburg Platoon(First) 1951. 1~1951. 8 assigned to the Belgium Battalion
Luxemburg Platoon(Second) 1952. 3~1953. 1
Casualties of the Luxemburg Forces (Unit : person)

17 2 15 - -

Greece
Geographically, Greece was a

place of strategic importance
connecting Europe and Asia. After World War II, Greece suffered many
internal wars with communist insurgents in Greece who were supported
by the communist block including the Soviet Union. At that time, Greece
had many things in common with Korea, so they continued friendly
relations with Kora.
Greece dispatched 840 infantrymen of the Royal Hellenic Battalion
and one transport plane squadron. The battalion arrived in Busan on
December 9, 1950. Once equipped and trained, this battalion was assigned
to the 7th Cavalry Regiment, US 1st Cavalry Division. Greek soldiers
demonstrated their combat capabilities when they were defending Hill 381
near Icheon. Later they did wonderful jobs in securing Koyangdae-
Daenori Hills near the Imjin River, which were the enemy’s strategic
stronghold.
Participation of the Greek Forces

Army Army - infantry company 1950. 11~1954. 12 1950. 12. 13 assigned to the US 1st regiment of horse
Air Force - 1950. 12 assigned to the US 21st squadron
Air Force 1950. 11~1955. 5
the 13th Formation 1951. 12 assigned to the US 6461st transportation battalion
Casualties of the Greek Forces (Unit : person)
Division Total Dead Wounded

Total 643 184 459
Army 631 172 459
Air Force 12 12 -

Major Battles of the Greek Forces
The 13th Greek Air Transport Flight (Seven C-47s) supported the
battle of the Changjin Reservoir after they arrived in Japan on December
1, 1950. They supported the US Marine, and played an important role in

sending back casualties to the rear area. At that time, the 13th Flight used
Gotori and Hagaluri landing strips, but the landing strips were in a terrible
condition.
The Philippines
Among Asian and African countries, the Philippines and Ethiopia

dispatched battalion-size troops. But their weapons were in poor condition
and they had little training, so that it took some time for them to complete
adaptation training.
After independence, the internal situations of the Philippines were
quite unstable because of the frequent engagements with communist
insurgents in the Philippines. However, the government of the Philippines
declared to dispatch 17 tanks first and then a regiment later. On September
2, 1950, the Philippines Battalion held a ceremony for the overseas
dispatch of troop at Lazare Memorial Stadium for the first time in their

history. The Philippines was the third UN country to dispatch its ground
troops to Korea, following America and England.
The Philippines Battalion was armed with US equipment and also
got adaptation training. They arrived in Korea on September 20, 1950, and
finished ten days’ adaptation training. At first they were committed to the
rear area to sweep guerilla, but later they were sent to the front.
The Philippines Battalion was assigned to the US 65th Regiment
and distinguished itself in attacking Mountain Gunja near the Imjin River.
In the battle of Mountain Gunja, one rifleman of the Philippines battalion
destroyed enemy’s machinegun amid the rain shower of the enemy’s
machinegun fire, one machinegun gunner continued delivering fire
support to the end even though he was badly wounded, and one medical
orderly successfully evacuated casualties at the risk of his life. They were
model soldiers not only for the Philippines soldiers but also for other
soldiers of the UN forces.
Participation of the Philippines Forces

The 10th Combat Unit 1950. 9~1951. 9 assigned to the US 3rd Division
The 20th Combat Unit 1951. 9~1952. 6 assigned to the US 43th Division(1952. 4)
Casualties of the Philippines Forces (Unit : person)

The 7th Combat Unit 468 112 299 16 41

Major Battles of the Philippines Forces

Ethiopia
Ethiopia was attacked by Italy in 1935. Because of such an

experience, Ethiopia showed a strong determination that UN must show
collective action in order to keep world peace. Although Ethiopia was not
rich, they decided to follow the UN decision to dispatch troops to Korea.
The Ethiopia Battalion arrived in Korea on May 6, 1951. Upon
arrival in Korea, the Ethiopian soldiers were armed with US equipment,
and got eight weeks of adaptation training. It took quite a long time for the
soldiers to adapt to a new modern weapons system and unfamiliar tactics,
but they were quite enthusiastic about their training.
Three days after the Ethiopia Battalion was committed to the front,
they had the first engagement with the Chinese forces at Bongdangdeokri

in Hwachon area. They
won the 4-hour battle, and
through the battle the
Ethiopian soldiers came to
have confidence in combat.
After that, they played a
part in blocking Chinese
attack in the central forward
area.
Participation of the Ethiopian Forces

Kagnew the first Battalion 1951. 5~1952. 7 assigned to the 32 Regiment of the US 7th Division
th
Kagnew the second Battalion 1952. 7~1953. 4 assigned to the 32th Regiment of the US 7th Division
Kagnew the third Battalion 1953. 4~Unknown assigned to the 32th Regiment of the US 7th Division
Casualties of the Ethiopian Forces (Unit : person)

Army 657 121 536 - -

Major Battles of the Ethiopian Forces

Columbia
Upon receiving the UN resolution to dispatch troops to Korea,

Columbia declared to dispatch one battalion. However, their financial
difficulties at home delayed actual dispatch of troops and they had to
negotiate with the US on matters of weapon, training, and supply.
Columbia first sent naval war vessels, and later sent ground troops to
Korea on June 16, 1951. Among the UN member nations, these troops
were the last to arrive in Korea.
Although the scale of Columbian forces was small(a frigate ship,
an Army Battalion), it is noteworthy that Columbia was the only country
in Latin America that dispatched troops to Korea.
The Columbia Battalion was assigned to the US 24th Division, and

the Columbian soldiers had the first engagement at the battle of Heukunto-
ryung. At this bloody battle, the battalion suffered 11 casualties. Later at
the battle of Kumsung, the battalion commander was wounded and the
battalion also suffered heavy casualties, but they finally succeeded in
securing the target area. Afterwards, at the battle of Bolmo Hill they
fought against the Chinese forces’ massive attack, and succeeded in
defending the outpost line.
Participation of the Columbian Forces

Columbia Battalion 1951. 6~1955. 10 assigned to the US Division
Marine War Vessels of the Columbian Forces

Name Period of Participation
First : 1950. 11. 7~1951. 1. 7
Almirante Padilla
Second : 1955. 3~1955. 10
Frigate First : 1952. 4~1953. 1
Capitan Tono
Second : 1954. 4~1955. 3
Almirante Brion 1953. 6~1954. 4
(Unit : person)
Casualties of the Columbian
Division Total Dead Missing POW Wounded
Total 809 143 69 30 567
War Damage 678 131 69 30 448
Non-War Damage 131 12 - - 119

Major Battles of the Columbian Forces

The Republic of South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is located on the southern tip of the

African Continent. The Republic of South Africa used to be very
supportive of any kind of UN activities, so
that when the Korean War broke out they
issued a statement in support of the UN
Security Council Resolution on July 1, 1950.
In matters of supporting methods, they
discussed the matters with the US, got
approval of their plan of support from the
Congress, and finally decided to dispatch a fighter squadron. The
Squadron departed Durban Port on September 4, 1950, and after 40 days
of voyage they arrived in Yokohama, Japan, on November 5, 1950.
The Republic of South Africa dispatched air force only. The role of
South African 2nd Fighter Squadron was mainly flying ground attack and
interdiction missions as one of the squadrons making up the USAF’s 18th
Fighter Bomber Wing. For their mission, they used 16 F-51D Mustangs
supplied from America.
The first operational sortie was flown to northern side of the
Participation of the Republic of South Africa Forces

South African 2nd assigned to the 18th Combat
1950. 9~1953. 10
Fighter Squadron Flying Battalion (1950. 11)
Casualties of the Republic of South Africa (Unit : person)

Air Force 42 34 - - 8

Major Battles of the Republic of South Africa Forces

Cheongchun River in the western forward area. It was a time when the
UN forces were retreating southward, and the squadron’s objective was to
strike enemy’s assembly areas and field supply installations. They had
miserable accidents just right after they began their mission. Two of their
combat planes had crashes while landing mainly because of the bad
conditions of the landing strips. Afterwards, the South African Forces
carried out successfully their interdiction mission by bombing railroads,
bridges, overhead bridges, tunnels, and railway switchyards which were
spread all over North Korea.
3. Medical and Material Support Activities of UN

Members
After the outbreak of the Korean War, the UN member nations who
participated in the war decided to dispatch troops to Korea with each
country considering its national security problems in its own way. Those
five countries who supported Korea with medical units responded to the
UN resolution in accordance with the principle stipulated in the UN
Charter that “we member nations will
unite our strength to maintain
international peace and security.”
Sweden: Located on the Scandi-

navian Peninsula in Northern Europe,
Sweden used to hold the policy of
neutrality. When the Korean War
broke out, however, the Swedish government decided to dispatch one
200-bed mobile field hospital unit. The field hospital unit left Stockholm

on July 28, 1950, and arrived at Busan on September 23, 1950.
The Swedish medical unit supported Korea for six and a half years
until they withdrew in April 1957. During the war a total of 1,124
Swedish men and women served at the hospital in Busan. They stayed
longer than any other army in the UN forces, and provided invaluable
medical assistance.
India: India also used to hold the policy of neutrality. When the Korean
War broke out, however, they decided to
send the 60th Parachute Field Ambulance
Platoon, a mobile army surgical hospi-
tal(MASH). Commanded by Lieutenant
Colonel A. G. Rangaraj, it joined UN forces
at Pyongyang on December 4, 1950, just in
time to take part in the 8th Army’s withdrawal out of North Korea. On
December 14, 1950, it formally became a medical evacuation unit for the
27th British Commonwealth Brigade. It supported this unit throughout the
war. The Indian medical unit gained the respect of Commonwealth troops
for its high-quality medical care and the courage of its soldiers under fire,
and it was awarded official commendations from the ROK government
several times.
Denmark: When the Korean War began, the Danish government decided
to furnish a fully-equipped and staffed hospital ship as its contribution to
the UN effort, so in July 1950 ordered the
conversion of the 8,500 ton Motor Vessel
Jutlandia to fill this requirement. Com-
manded by BG Kai Hammerich, the
Jutlandia sailed from Copenhagen in

September 1950, arriving at Busan in October 1950 where it served
basically as an evacuation hospital. The Jutlandia went back to Denmark
every eight months for maintenance and was dispatched again to Korea.
Norway: When the United Nations asked

its member nations to assist South Korea,
the Norwegian government decided to
send the 1st (Norwegian) Army Surgical
Hospital, known as NORMASH. The
Surgical Hospital departed Norway on
May 31, 1951, and upon arrival in Korea
the unit supported the US 1st Corps in Dongduchon. During its stay, the
medical staff of the unit performed over 9,000 operations and treated
approximately 90,000 personnel.
Italy: When Korean War broke out, Italy was one of the NATO member
nations but was not a member of the United Nations. At that time the
internal situation of Italy was also very
insecure because of frequent changes in
the Italian Cabinet. When the Red Cross
requested help, Italy decided to send its
Italian Red Cross Hospital 68 to Korea.
The hospital unit arrived in November
1951. Italy was the last country that sent medical unit, and Italy was the
only non-member state of the United nations that sent troops to Korea.
Countries That Provided Material Goods: As well as medical

support, many countries and international organizations supplied goods to
Korea. When the Korean War broke out, Europe suffered from World War

II and countries in South America were economically in difficult
situations. Because of these reasons, many countries in Europe and South
America could not provide military assistance to Korea. Despite these
difficulties, however, many countries volunteered to help Korea with
material supplies.
Among the UN member nations, the following countries helped
Korea with material support: Brazil, Taiwan, Cuba, Ecuador, Iceland,
Lebanon, Liberia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay,
Venezuela and so forth (not including those countries who participated in
the war or sent medical units). In addition, many international
organizations also helped Korea with material supplies.

4. The Meaning of UN Forces’ Participation in the
World History
(1) The Historical Meaning of UN Forces’ Participation in the

Korean War
In accordance with the UN decision to support Korea, 21 members

of the United Nations participated in the Korean War to safeguard
international peace and security under the UN flag for the first time since
its foundation in 1945. Under command of the US forces, the UN forces
fought battles, repeatedly moving northward or southward from the
Nakdong River up to the Yalu River. The UN forces’ participation in the
Korean War has important meanings in the world history.
The first significance of the UN forces’ participation in the Korean
War lies in the fact that it was the first collective action that was taken to
actualize the fundamental principle of the United Nations. In other words,
the Korean War served as an opportunity to test “the principle of collective
security” stipulated on the UN Charter. At that time, a total of 21 countries
participated in the war. Out of these countries, 16 countries including the
United States dispatched combat troops, and the other 5 countries sent
medical units. About 40 member nations helped Korea with material
supplies.
The meaning of the UN forces’ participation in the war cannot be
estimated simply by the size of troops the member nations dispatched to
Korea. For the first time since the end of World War II, the UN forces’
participation itself was a meaningful effort to regain peace from “peace
destroyers” by collective actions of an international organization. Just in a
situation when the tragedies of the World War II were still vivid in the

people’s memory, members of the UN nations were united to proclaim
that “we have to stop at any cost the threats of peace destroyers by
collective actions based on the principle stipulated on the UN Charter.”
The UN Forces saved Korea in a situation when Korea was
confined within the “Busan Perimeter,” a small area in the southeast of the
Korean Peninsula. At this time of critical moment, the UN forces took part
in the war and changed the military situation overnight. Afterwards, the
UN forces played a decisive role in driving back the communists’
aggressions.
Many countries joined the UN forces in accordance with the UN
resolution to help Korea. This fact provided people around the world with
a good chance to think about what the communists were doing.
During the Korean War, many countries supported either South or
North Korea based on their ideologies democratic capitalism or socialist
communism. So the Cold War tensions between East and West, which
came into existence during World War II, were rudely shattered when
North Korean troops, spearheaded by Russian-built tanks, invaded the
Republic of Korea. After the Korean War, the Cold War tensions were
more aggravated throughout the world.
On the other hand, Korea was devastated because of the Korean
War. After the war, however, Korea was able to lay a foundation for
economic development due to the assistance from the United Nations.
During the war the administrative body of the Korean government was
almost paralyzed, so that the ROK government had to depend on the UN
Command for relief administration of the afflicted people. The UN Civil
Security Command took charge of procurement of relief supplies, relief
activities for refugees, and support for medical and educational facilities.

(2) The Lessons of the UN Forces’ Participation
The member nations of the UN forces, except America, were all

limited in the number of troops and in combat power. However, these
member countries demonstrated the fact that well-trained forces can
contribute a lot to the overall UN military operations by showing highly
cohesive, proud, and disciplined combat capabilities.
During the course of the Korean War, the UN forces came to
realize the importance of understanding languages, histories, cultures, and
customs of foreign countries. In order to solve the problem of
communication, they employed interpreters. Still, however, they had a lot
of difficulties in commanding those units composed of soldiers from
different countries.
The UN forces were composed of multinational nationalities with
different customs and cultures. Because of the differences in religion and
in eating customs, the UN forces had some difficulties in supplying food
for soldiers. For instance, Turkish soldiers were Muslim, so that they
didn’t eat any pork. Indians believed in Hindu, so that they didn’t like
beef. The forces of France, Belgium and the Netherlands liked breads and
potatoes, while Thai soldiers wanted rice and spicy-hot soy paste mixed
with red pepper.
Those sixteen countries who formed the UN forces had different
cultural and historical experiences, different eating habits, and different
religious taboos. Therefore, food supply based on American or European
standard dissatisfied non-American, non-European forces. These
problems were gradually settled when soldiers from different countries
came to understand each other. Besides, measures were also taken to
respect different customs and cultures.

The UN forces also had
difficulty in commanding troops
because not only the situations of
home countries but also the cultural
and historial backgrounds of
component soldiers were different
from each other. It was not an easy
task for a UN commander to
combine different forces from
different nations into combat teams
and to carry out combined operations
in an effective way.
Among others, some UN
forces had a hard time in adapting to
cold winter and rugged mountains in
Korea. Turkey and Greek forces
adapted relatively readily to Korean
environment, but Thai and Indian
forces from hot countries had
difficulty in adapting to the Korean
weather and mountainous areas.
All of these soldiers came to
Korea as members of the UN forces
and safeguarded “peace and
security” of Korea at the risk of their
precious lives. Their distinguished
services and noble sacrifices will forever be remembered in the minds and
hearts of Korean people.

1. The Participation of the UN Forces
No Country Forces Arrival Date Battle Participation Date

Navy⋅Air force 27. Jun. 1950
1 US 5. Jul. 1950
Army 1. Jul. 1950
Air force⋅Navy 7. Jul. 1950
2 UK 5. Sep. 1950
Army 29. Aug. 1950
Navy 29. Jul. 1950
3 France 10. Dec. 1950
Army 29. Nov. 1950
Air force(Cargo) 28. Jul. 1950
4 Canada Navy 30. Jul. 1950 15. Feb. 1951
Army 18. Dec. 1950
Air force⋅Navy 7. Jul. 1950
5 Australia 5. Nov. 1950
Army 28. Sep. 1950
Navy 15. Jul. 1950
6 Netherlands 3. Dec. 1950
Army 24. Nov. 1950
Air force 25. Nov. 1950
7 Greece 27. Jan. 1951
Army 9. Dec. 1950
8 Philippines Army 19. Sep. 1950 6. Mar. 1951
Navy⋅Air force 7. Jul. 1950
9 New Zealand 5. Nov. 1950
Army 28. Sep. 1950
10 Turkey Army 17. Oct. 1950 10. Nov. 1950
Army 10. Nov. 1950
11 Thailand Navy 7. Nov. 1950 23. Nov. 1950
Air force(Cargo) 23. Jun. 1951
12 Belgium Army 31. Jan. 1951 6. Mar. 1951
13 South Africa Air force 4. Oct. 1950 4. Oct. 1950
14 Luxemburg Army 31. Jan. 1951 13. Mar. 1951
Navy 30. Apr. 1951
15 Columbia 1. Aug. 1951
Army 15. Jun. 1951
16 Ethiopia Army 5. May. 1951 15. Aug. 1951
17 Sweden Hospital 23. Sep. 1950 23. Sep. 1950
18 India Hospital 20. Nov. 1950 20. Nov. 1950
19 Denmark Hospital Ship 2. Mar. 1951 2. Mar. 1951
20 Norway Hospital 22. Jan. 1951 22. Jun. 1951
21 Italy Hospital 16. Nov. 1951 19. Nov. 1951
210 A History of Turkish Soldiers’ Participation in the Korean War
ㅔ
2. Turkish Forces' Unit Organization and Commanders
✳ Period of the Korean War Participation, and Number of Troops

− Period : 1950. 10. 19.(Arrival at Busan)～1971. 6. 27.(The Last Unit's Return to
Turkey)
− Cumulative Total of Troops : 14,936(1950. 10. 19.～1953. 7. 27.)
✳ Major Battles
− The Battle of Gunuri : 1950. 11. 26.～31.
− The Battles of Gimryangjang and Hill 151 : 1951. 1. 25.～27.
− The Battle of Nevada Outposts : 1953. 5. 28.～29.
✳ The Greek Forces' Major Awards

− Unit Citation
Classification Battle Battle Period Date of Award

Korean Presidential
Gimryangjang and Hill 151 1951. 1. 25.～27. 1952. 9. 17.
Unit Citation
US Presidential
Gimryangjang and Hill 151 1951. 1. 25.～27. 1951. 7. 6.
Unit Citation
US Presidential
Gunuri 1950. 11. 26.～31. 1951. 2.
Unit Citation
US Legion of Merit Nevada Outposts 1953. 5. 28.～29. 1954. 11. 30.
− Korean Government's Korean War Service Medals : All of the 16,502 Turkish
soldiers were awarded.
− UN War Service Medals : All participants were awarded.
✳ Korean Order of Military Merits

− Ulchi Medal : 10
− Hwarang Medal : 10
− Chungmu Medal : 22
✳ US Order of Military Merits

− Silver Star : 5
− Bronze Star : 7
− Air Medal : 1
Appendix 211
✳ Major Statistics on Turkish Soldiers' Casualties
Unit 1st 2nd 3rd

Total Remarks
Class Brigade Brigade Brigade
Officer 25 8 4 37
Noncom 16 2 8 26
KIA
Private 369 111 178 658
Total 410 121 190 721
Officer 46 20 15 81 Total
Noncom 38 17 11 66 Combat
WIA
Private 1,059 463 478 2,000 Loss :
Total 1,143 500 504 2,147 3,043
Officer 3 3
Noncom 1 1
MIA
Private 171 171
Total 175 175
Officer 4 2 6
Noncom 3 3
POW
Private 218 7 225
Total 225 9 234
Officer 9 9 12 30
Noncombat Noncom 14 18 10 42
Loss Private 109 79 86 274
Total 132 106 108 346
Total 3,623
ㅔ
✳ Turkish Commanders Dispatched to Korea
The 1st Turkish Brigade

Brig Commander Lt Gen Tahsin Yazici 1950. 9. 25.～1951. 12. 5.
1st Bn Commander Maj Imadetin Kuranel 1950. 9. 25.～1951. 4. 11.
2nd Bn Commander Maj Mithat Uluunlu 1950. 9. 25.～KIA(1951. 5. 17.)
3rd Bn Commander Maj Lutfu Bilgin 1950. 9. 25.～KIA(1951. 5. 23)
Art Bn Commander Maj Tahsin Kurtay 1950. 9. 25.～1951. 8. 15.
The 2nd Turkish Brigade

Brig Commander Lt Gen Namc Arguc 1951. 8. 16.～1952. 9. 12.
1st Bn Commander Maj Tahir Alaybeyii 1951. 6. 5.～1952. 8. 7.
2nd Bn Commander Maj Enver Saltic(Atak) 1951. 8. 16.～1952. 9. 12.
3rd Bn Commander Maj Yekta Koran 1951. 8. 16.～1952. 9. 12.
Art Bn Commander Maj Kerim Kirtes 1951. 6. 5.～1952. 8. 7.
The 3rd Turkish Brigade

Brig Commander Lt Gen Namc Arguc 1951. 8. 16.～1952. 9. 12.
1st Bn Commander Maj Tahir Alaybeyii 1951. 6. 5.～1952. 8. 7.
2nd Bn Commander Maj Enver Saltic(Atak) 1951. 8. 16.～1952. 9. 12.
3rd Bn Commander Maj Yekta Koran 1951. 8. 16.～1952. 9. 12.
Art Bn Commander Maj Kerim Kirtes 1951. 6. 5.～1952. 8. 7.
Appendix 213
3. The list of the Turkish Army who died in battle
No Armed Unit Rank Name

Service
1 ARMY GIRESUN 1ST LT SERIF YAVUZ
2 ARMY IZMIR SGT TAHIR ORCUN
3 ARMY ICEL PVT ZEKERIYA INAN
4 ARMY ADANA PVT ZULKAR ESEN
5 ARMY GIRESUN PVT ZUHTU YENIAY
6 ARMY MANISA PVT ZEYNEL SEPETCI
7 ARMY KAHRAMAN MARAS PVT ZAIM FIRAT
8 ARMY GUMUSHANE PVT YUSUF YILMAZ
9 ARMY AFYON PVT YUSUF OZEK
10 ARMY KOCAELI PVT YUSUF OZCAN
11 ARMY TRABZON PVT YUSUF KAYIK
12 ARMY IZMIR PVT YUSUF KAVAK
13 ARMY CANKIRI PVT YUSUF KARAASLAN
14 ARMY HATAY PVT YUSUF HAYDAR
15 ARMY BOLU PVT YUSUF GOKALP
16 ARMY BALIKESIR PVT YUSUF DALGIN
17 ARMY HAKKARI PVT YUSUF ALGIN
18 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT YUNUS UCAR
19 ARMY BURSA PVT YUNUS TARIM
20 ARMY USAK SGT YLMAZ CAN
21 ARMY ELAZIG CPL YASAR TURKMEN
22 ARMY ISPARTA PVT YASAR TURK
23 ARMY ERZURUM PVT YASAR BIRGUL
24 ARMY SIVAS PVT YAKUP YILMAZ
25 ARMY IZMIR PVT YAKUP BILIR
26 ARMY BALIKESIR PVT YAHYA TEKIN
27 ARMY YOZGAT PVT VEYSEL SAHIN
28 ARMY KOCAELI PVT VEYSEL KARALI
ㅔ
Service
29 ARMY ADANA PVT VELI BOZ
30 ARMY GAZIANTEP PVT VAKKAS KARTAL
31 ARMY KONYA PVT VAHDETTIN OZKAYA
32 ARMY BURSA CPL TEVFIK YILMAZ
33 ARMY USAK PVT TEVFIK DINCER
34 ARMY ADANA PVT TEVFIK DINC
35 ARMY ORDU PVT TEVFIK ARSLANTAS
36 ARMY IZMIR SGT TEVFIK ARPACI
37 ARMY GUMUSHANE PVT TASTAN AKBAL
38 ARMY ISTANBUL 1ST LT TARIK OKUR
39 ARMY ARTVIN SGT TAHSIN VONA
40 ARMY IZMIR PVT TAHSIN GOKSU
41 ARMY MANISA 2ND LT TAHIR UN
42 ARMY ERZINCAN PVT TAHIR KACMAZ
43 ARMY IZMIR PVT TAHIR BAYIR
44 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT TACETTIN OZCAN
45 ARMY ANTALAY PVT SULEYMAN UNAL
46 ARMY SAKARYA SGT SULEYMAN TURAN
47 ARMY ANKARA PVT SULEYMAN SAHIN
48 ARMY IZMIR SGT SULEYMAN GUVERCIN
49 ARMY ISPARTA SMAJ SULEYMAN ERYUREK
50 ARMY IZMIR PVT SULEYMAN DONAT
51 ARMY GAZIANTEP PVT SULEYMAN DEVECI
52 ARMY IZMIR SGT SULEYMAN CEPNI
53 ARMY ADANA PVT SULEYMAN BIRKESER
54 ARMY ANKARA PVT SULEYMAN BACAK
55 ARMY BURDUR PVT SUKRU SAHIN
56 ARMY SAMSUN PVT SUKRU MEMIS
57 ARMY CORUM PVT SUKRU KIRICI
Appendix 215
Service
58 ARMY AMASYA PVT SUKRU GUNDOGDU
59 ARMY ANKARA PVT SEZAI AKTAS
60 ARMY MARDIN PVT SEYDO SARI
61 ARMY ISTANBUL PVT SEVKET TAMAK
62 ARMY IZMIR SGT SEVKET KIRILAN
63 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT SEVKET DERE
64 ARMY KOCAELI PVT SEVKET CANDEMIR
65 ARMY ESKISEHIR PVT SERVER KURUM
66 ARMY SINOP PL 1ST LT SERIF SUMNU
67 ARMY IZMIR SGT SERIF GOREN
68 ARMY IZMIR PVT SERAFETTIN ZIKOS
69 ARMY BURSA PVT SERAFETTIN KUPELI
70 ARMY BURSA PVT SERAFETTIN BAYRAM
71 ARMY HATAY PVT SEMSI ERDOGAN
72 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT SELIM YURTSEVEN
73 ARMY ICEL PVT SELAHATTIN YILMAZ
74 ARMY IZMIR SGT SELAHATTIN TOPALOGLU
75 ARMY CANKIRI CAPT SELAHATTIN OSKAY
76 ARMY BOLU PVT SELAHATTIN KAR
77 ARMY KARS PVT SELAHATTIN GUMUS
78 ARMY ISTANBUL 1ST LT SELAHATTIN EREGEMEN
79 ARMY TEKIRDAG CPL SELAHATTIN CELIKIGNE
80 ARMY DIYARBAKIR PVT SELAHATTIN BURCOGLU
81 ARMY MUGLA PVT SELAHATTIN ALTUN
82 ARMY BURSA CPL SELAHATTIN ALTINCIOGLU
83 ARMY MARDIN PVT SEHMUZ DOGAN
84 ARMY BOLU PVT SEFER CAMLI
85 ARMY ISTANBUL SFC SEDAT BORA
86 ARMY ZONGULDAK SGT SATILMIS ODABAS
ㅔ
Service
87 ARMY CANKIRI PVT SATILMIS CATALKAYA
88 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT SATI CETIN
89 ARMY KASTAMONU PVT SALIM YUKSEL
90 ARMY AMASYA PVT SALIM TUTAK
91 ARMY KOCAELI PVT SALIM DEMIR
92 ARMY IZMIR PVT SALIH SERDAR
93 ARMY KONYA PVT SALIH ERSIRMA
94 ARMY HATAY PVT SALIH ASLAN
95 ARMY YOZGAT PVT SAKIR UNAL
96 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT SAKIR DOGAN
97 ARMY ELAZIG PVT SAIT TASDEMIR
98 ARMY ORDU PVT SAIT OZDEMIR
99 ARMY ELAZIG PVT SAHIN KARATAS
100 ARMY IZMIR PVT SADIK TASIR
101 ARMY CANKIRI PVT SADIK TASCI
102 ARMY MANISA PVT SADIK ODEN
103 ARMY BURSA PVT SADIK KARACA
104 ARMY IZMIR SGT SADIK ELBIR
105 ARMY ANKARA PVT SADETTIN KARABAY
106 ARMY ORDU SGT SABRI PEHLIVAN
107 ARMY KUTAHYA PVT SABRI AYDIN
108 ARMY IZMIR SMAJ SABAN OKTAY
109 ARMY MANISA PVT SABAN KARADEMIR
110 ARMY CANKIRI PVT SABAN CEPEL
111 ARMY BURSA 1ST LT RUSTU URER
112 ARMY ANKARA PVT RUSTU BOZKOYUNLU
113 ARMY SINOP CPL RIZA YALCINKAYA
114 ARMY KIRSEHIR PVT RIZA UNAL
115 ARMY YOZGAT PVT RIZA OZEREN
Appendix 217
Service
116 ARMY ERZINCAN PVT RIZA KARTAL
117 ARMY IZMIR PVT RIZA ERDAL
118 ARMY ORDU PVT RIFKI SAHIN
119 ARMY AYDIN PVT RIFAT TOPRAKTAS
120 ARMY ZONGULDAK 2ND LT RIDVAN TERZI
121 ARMY DIYARBAKIR PVT RESUL ERTAS
122 ARMY DIYARBAKIR SGT RESUL AYDIN
123 ARMY NIGDE PVT REMZI OZKAYNAK
124 ARMY BURSA PVT RECEP YILDIZ
125 ARMY BURSA PVT RECEP TORLAK
126 ARMY CORUM PVT RECEP OZDEMIR
127 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT RECEP ARIPEK
128 ARMY ICEL FI OF RASIT METE
129 ARMY BOLU PVT RASIM KARAPINAR
130 ARMY ANKARA SGT RASIM KAMKAYA
131 ARMY IZMIR PVT RAMAZAN SANCAK
132 ARMY MARDIN PVT RAMAZAN EDIZ
133 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT RAMAZAN CETIN
134 ARMY ORDU PVT RAMAZAN CENGEL
135 ARMY SINOP CPL RAMAZAN CELIKKAYA
136 ARMY MUS PVT RAIF ADANUR
137 ARMY BALIKESIR PVT RAFET SAYAN
138 ARMY ESKISEHIR PVT RAFET DEMIRBAS
139 ARMY MUS PVT PASA BAYKAL
140 ARMY GAZIANTEP PVT OVEYIS OZTURK
141 ARMY ANKARA CPL OSMAN YORUK
142 ARMY ANKARA PVT OSMAN YAVUZ
143 ARMY ANKARA PVT OSMAN YASAR
144 ARMY HATAY PVT OSMAN TURAN
ㅔ
Service
145 ARMY YOZGAT PVT OSMAN TORUN
146 ARMY IZMIR PVT OSMAN OZAKSU
147 ARMY SAKARYA PVT OSMAN KOSE
148 ARMY BURSA PVT OSMAN KAYIKCI
149 ARMY SAMSUN 2ND LT OSMAN GORAL
150 ARMY ICEL PVT OSMAN GEZER
151 ARMY IZMIR SGT OSMAN EROL
152 ARMY KAHRAMAN MARAS CPL OSMAN ERDEN
153 ARMY DENIZLI PVT OSMAN DOGAN
154 ARMY TEKIRDAG PVT OSMAN DINC
155 ARMY IZMIR PVT OSMAN DERICI
156 ARMY TOKAT SMAJ OSMAN COSKUN
157 ARMY BURSA PVT OSMAN CEYLAN
158 ARMY MUGLA PVT OSMAN BAKAR
159 ARMY RIZE PVT OSMAN AVCI
160 ARMY NIGDE PVT OSMAN ALTUG
161 ARMY DENIZLI PVT OSMAN AKIN
162 ARMY ANKARA PVT OSMAN ACIKGOZ
163 ARMY MUGLA PVT OSHAN SAPANCI
164 ARMY DENIZLI PVT OMER SARIKAYA
165 ARMY ORDU PVT OMER PEKIYI
166 ARMY VAN PVT OMER OZKAYA
167 ARMY ELAZIG SMAJ OMER OGUZHAN
168 ARMY SIIRT PVT OMER KIYAS
169 ARMY TRABZON PVT OMER HOTOGLU
170 ARMY MUS PVT OMER ER
171 ARMY NIGDE SMAJ OMER DIKER
172 ARMY CANKIRI SGT OMER COGALAN
173 ARMY ANKARA PVT OMER ALISCI
Appendix 219
Service
174 ARMY ISTANBUL PVT OHANNES BUYUKANDONOGLU
175 ARMY IZMIR CPL NUSRET DUSENKALKAR
176 ARMY IZMIR SGT NURI SOLAK
177 ARMY ISTANBUL COL NURI PAMIR
178 ARMY ERZINCAN PVT NURI CANAYAKIN
179 ARMY BURSA SGT NURETTIN MUTLU
180 ARMY BALIKESIR SGT NIZAMETTIN HANEY
181 ARMY KOCAELI PVT NIYAZI TEMEL
182 ARMY IZMIR PVT NIYAZI BARUTCU
183 ARMY IZMIR SGT NIHAT SARIKAYALI
184 ARMY AYDIN CPL NEVZAT YIGIT
185 ARMY AYDIN PVT NEVZAT AYDOGDU
186 ARMY BURSA 2ND LT NEDIM TUGALTAY
187 ARMY ERZINCAN PVT NECMI SONKA
188 ARMY ANKARA SFC NECMI ORAR
189 ARMY HATAY PVT NECMETTIN BALOGLU
190 ARMY AYDIN PVT NECIP KESEN
191 ARMY CANKIRI CPL NECIP EREN
192 ARMY SIVAS PVT NECIP DOGAN
193 ARMY KOCAELI PVT NECATI YILMAZ
194 ARMY AYDIN PVT NECATI SIMSEK
195 ARMY ADANA PVT NAZIM TOPALOGLU
196 ARMY KONYA SMAJ NECATI SANIKCI
197 ARMY IZMIR SGT NECATI PARLAR
198 ARMY KOCAELI PVT NECATI MERT
199 ARMY BALIKESIR PVT NAZMI ZENGINOGLU
200 ARMY ARTVIN PVT NAZIM TASTAN
201 ARMY IZMIR PVT NAZIM KARAGOZ
202 ARMY IZMIR PVT NACI SUTCU
ㅔ
Service
203 ARMY AGRI 1ST LT NACI GOKCE
204 ARMY BURSA PVT MUZAFFEF ILKTEN
205 ARMY ZONGULDAK SMAJ MUZAFFEF EREN
206 ARMY ISTANBUL PL 1ST LT MUZAFFEF ERDONMEZ
207 ARMY ELAZIG 1ST LT MUZAFFEF ARCA
208 ARMY MUGLA PVT MUSTAFA YILMAZ
209 ARMY ORDU PVT MUSTAFA YILDIZ
210 ARMY KAHRAMAN MARAS CPL MUSTAFA YANIK
211 ARMY ORDU PVT MUSTAFA TORUN
212 ARMY IZMIR CPL MUSTAFA TASKIN
213 ARMY BALIKESIR SGT MUSTAFA TASCI
214 ARMY CORUM SFC MUSTAFA SOZERI
215 ARMY BURSA PVT MUSTAFA SARI
216 ARMY ORDU PVT MUSTAFA SAHRA
217 ARMY AMASYA PVT MUSTAFA RECBER
218 ARMY KONYA SGT MUSTAFA NAZLI
219 ARMY ESKISEHIR PVT MUSTAFA MORIPEK
220 ARMY IZMIR SGT MUSTAFA KURUMLUOGLU
221 ARMY DENIZLI CPL MUSTAFA KUCUKBILGE
222 ARMY BALIKESIR PVT MUSTAFA KOSAN
223 ARMY ISPARTA CPL MUSTAFA KOCAGONCU
224 ARMY ADANA PVT MUSTAFA KARAKUS
225 ARMY BURSA PVT MUSTAFA KANKULAK
226 ARMY ERZINCAN PVT MUSTAFA IRK
227 ARMY BALIKESIR CPL MUSTAFA INAN
228 ARMY ADANA PVT MUSTAFA GURBUZ
229 ARMY IZMIR PVT MUSTAFA GEDIK
230 ARMY ISPARTA SMAJ MUSTAFA ERSAL
231 ARMY IZMIR SGT MUSTAFA ERMAN
Appendix 221
Service
232 ARMY KONYA PVT MUSTAFA EKER
233 ARMY ICEL PVT MUSTAFA DUZGUN
234 ARMY GAZIANTEP PVT MUSTAFA DERICI
235 ARMY IZMIR PVT MUSTAFA DAVAS
236 ARMY IZMIR PVT MUSTAFA DAGDELEN
237 ARMY BOLU PVT MUSTAFA COSKUN
238 ARMY SINOP PVT MUSTAFA CIRAK
239 ARMY SAMSUN PVT MUSTAFA CETINKAYA
240 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT MUSTAFA CETINALP
241 ARMY ICEL SGT MUSTAFA CETIN
242 ARMY IZMIR SGT MUSTAFA CETIN
243 ARMY IZMIR PVT MUSTAFA CELIK
244 ARMY ERZURUM PVT MUSTAFA CELIK
245 ARMY ADANA PVT MUSTAFA CAN
246 ARMY ADANA PVT MUSTAFA CAKMAK
247 ARMY ADANA PVT MUSTAFA ATES
248 ARMY HATAY PVT MUSTAFA ASLAN
249 ARMY HATAY PVT MUSTAFA ARSU
250 ARMY HATAY SGT MUSTAFA APAN
251 ARMY KASTAMONU PVT MUSTAFA ALIBAS
252 ARMY IZMIR CPL MUSTAFA AKBAS
253 ARMY IZMIR PVT MUSTAFA AGACKIRAN
254 ARMY ANKARA PVT MUSIR ESME
255 ARMY ADANA PVT MUSA TOPPINAR
256 ARMY BURDUR PVT MUSA SERT
257 ARMY HATAY PVT MUSA SELLI
258 ARMY MUGLA SGT MUSA PEHLIVAN
259 ARMY GAZIANTEP PVT MUSA OZCAN
260 ARMY SIVAS PVT MUSA GULPINAR
ㅔ
Service
261 ARMY BALIKESIR PVT MUSA AKDUMAN
262 ARMY SIIRT PVT MURAT TAS
263 ARMY BOLU SGT MURAT ODABAS
264 ARMY ORDU PVT MURAT KURU
265 ARMY YOZGAT PVT MURAT KOSE
266 ARMY KONYA PVT MUHSIN YASAR
267 ARMY EDIRNE SGT ISMAIL OLGUN
268 ARMY MANISA PVT MUHITTIN TUZCULAR
269 ARMY IZMIR SGT MUHITTIN ERGIN
270 ARMY BURDUP SMAJ MUHARREM YAVUZ
271 ARMY IZMIR PVT MUHARREM ODEMISLI
272 ARMY SIVAS PVT MUHARREM GULER
273 ARMY MUGLA PVT MUHARREM COSKUN
274 ARMY DIYARBAKIR MAJOR MIKTAT ULUUNLU
275 ARMY KASTAMONU PVT MEVLUT PISKIN
276 ARMY HATAY PVT MEHMET UVURAL
277 ARMY ANKARA PVT MEHMET USTUNER
278 ARMY IZMIR SGT MEHMET TOMAR
279 ARMY YOZGAT PVT MEHMET TALAS
280 ARMY CANKIRI PVT MEHMET SONMEZ
281 ARMY IZMIR SGT MEHMET SOLMAZ
282 ARMY CANKIRI PVT MEHMET SOLMAZ
283 ARMY MANISA PVT MEHMET SOLCAN
284 ARMY ERZURUM PVT MEHMET SIMSEK
285 ARMY GIRESUN PVT MEHMET SAHIN
286 ARMY ESKISEHIR PVT MEHMET SAHIN
287 ARMY ELAZIG CPL MEHMET OZMEN
288 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT MEHMET OZKOC
289 ARMY IZMIR PVT MEHMET OZCAN
Appendix 223
Service
290 ARMY ICEL SGT MEHMET OZ
291 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT MEHMET ONAT
292 ARMY ERZURUM 2ND LT MEHMET OGEN
293 ARMY GAZIANTEP PVT MEHMET KURT
294 ARMY KAHRAMAN MARAS PVT MEHMET KOYEGITMEZ
295 ARMY ANKARA PVT MEHMET KOROL
296 ARMY SIIRT PVT MEHMET KOC
297 ARMY MUGLA PVT MEHMET KIZILTAS
298 ARMY GIRESUN SFC MEHMET KESKIN
299 ARMY NIGDE PVT MEHMET KAYA
300 ARMY HATAY PVT MEHMET KAYA
301 ARMY GUMUSHANE PVT MEHMET KARTAL
302 ARMY CANKIRI PVT MEHMET KARA
303 ARMY ISTANBUL PVT MEHMET KACMAZ
304 ARMY AYDIN PVT MEHMET GUNDUZ
305 ARMY KAHRAMAN MARAS PVT MEHMET GUDELEK
306 ARMY CORUM PVT MEHMET GOZUBUYUK
307 ARMY ISTANBUL PVT MEHMET GONULLU
308 ARMY BALIKESIR 1ST LT MEHMET GONENC
309 ARMY DENIZLI PVT MEHMET GOKTAS
310 ARMY KONYA PVT MEHMET EROL
311 ARMY KONYA PVT MEHMET EGILMEZ
312 ARMY HATAY PVT MEHMET DUSER
313 ARMY IZMIR SGT MEHMET DONMEZISIK
314 ARMY MUGLA CPL MEHMET DONMEZ
315 ARMY ERZURUM PVT MEHMET DEMIRTAS
316 ARMY ADIYAMAN PVT MEHMET DEMIRBAY
317 ARMY IZMIR PVT MEHMET CIMEN
318 ARMY GAZIANTEP PVT MEHMET CELIK
ㅔ
Service
319 ARMY GAZIANTEP PVT MEHMET CELIK
320 ARMY SINOP PVT MEHMET CELIK
321 ARMY IZMIR PVT MEHMET CAPACI
322 ARMY IZMIR SGT MEHMET CANUCURAN
323 ARMY IZMIR SGT MEHMET CALLIER
324 ARMY KAYSERI PVT MEHMET CAKIR
325 ARMY ESKISEHIR PVT ISMET KORUR
326 ARMY ICEL PVT MEHMET CAGLAR
327 ARMY BURSA PVT MEHMET BASARAN
328 ARMY HATAY PVT MEHMET AZAZI
329 ARMY ICEL PVT MEHMET AVCI
330 ARMY HATAY PVT MEHMET ARSLAN
331 ARMY ZONGULDAK SGT MEHMET ARSLAN
332 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT MEHMET ALTINTAS
333 ARMY HATAY PVT MEHMET ALIS
334 ARMY IZMIR SGT MEHMET ALACA
335 ARMY BOLU COOK MEHMET AKMAN
336 ARMY GAZIANTEP PVT MEHMET AKGUN
337 ARMY IZMIR PVT MEHMET AFFAN
338 ARMY SAMSUN PVT MECIT KONUS
339 ARMY ANKARA SGT MASHAR TURKER
340 ARMY HAKKARI PVT MAHMUT KARA
341 ARMY KAYSERI PVT MAHMUT COSKUN
342 ARMY TRABZON 1ST LT MAHMUT BOZDAG
343 ARMY MALATYA PVT MAHMUT BEKTAS
344 ARMY MARDIN PVT MAHMUT AYDIN
345 ARMY ANKARA PVT MAHMUT ALICI
346 ARMY URFA PVT MAHMUT AKINCI
347 ARMY IZMIR PVT MAHIR OZDEMIR
Appendix 225
Service
348 ARMY MARDIN PVT M SADIK DEGER
349 ARMY DIYARBAKIR PVT M SABRI OLCAY
350 ARMY KAYSERI PVT M KEMAL PATATOGLU
351 ARMY IZMIR PVT M EMIN ZORBILEN
352 ARMY AYDIN PVT M EMIN YUKSEL
353 ARMY IZMIR PVT M DURMUS GULER
354 ARMY HATAY PVT M ALI KESNIK
355 ARMY DIYARBAKIR PVT M ALI GUNDUZELI
356 ARMY AFYON CPL M ALI CAVDAR
357 ARMY ERZURUM PVT LUTFI ZOR
358 ARMY ERZINCAN MAJOR LUTFI BILGIN
359 ARMY ADANA PVT KUDDUSI KUSDEMIR
360 ARMY VAN PVT KOROGLU CELIK
361 ARMY TOKAT SFC KERIM SEN
362 ARMY ISTANBUL SGT KENAN DOGANGIL
363 ARMY ISTANBUL PVT KEMALETTIN INCE
364 ARMY MALATYA PVT KEMAL UYANEL
365 ARMY KONYA PVT KEMAL SERIN
366 ARMY DIYARBAKIR PVT KEMAL KARACADAG
367 ARMY ISPARTA 1ST LT KEMAL KARABAS
368 ARMY ERZINCAN MAJOR KEMAL ERTEN
369 ARMY VAN PVT KEMAL ELCI
370 ARMY BURSA PVT KEMAL CEVEN
371 ARMY ORDU PVT KAZIM TEZCAN
372 ARMY DENIZLI PVT KAZIM PALA
373 ARMY ISTANBUL PVT KAZIM KURT
374 ARMY ISTANBUL CAPT KAYA ALDOGAN
375 ARMY YOZGAT PVT KASIP OPOZ
376 ARMY BOLU CPL KAMIL YETKIN
ㅔ
Service
377 ARMY MANISA PVT KAMIL TOP
378 ARMY BURSA PVT KAMIL MENTES
379 ARMY BURSA PVT KAMIL KOC
380 ARMY KONYA CAPT KAMIL ATALAY
381 ARMY IZMIR PVT KAMIL AKSU
382 ARMY KONYA PVT KADIR KARABICAK
383 ARMY DENIZLI PVT KADIR TURKMEN
384 ARMY IZMIR SGT KADIR KUTLU
385 ARMY CANKIRI PVT KADIR KELLECI
386 ARMY BOLU PVT KADIR BAGLAN
387 ARMY KARS SMAJ KADIM ULUK
388 ARMY AYDIN PVT IZZET TOSUN
389 ARMY KASTAMONU PVT IZZET TOPRAK
390 ARMY HATAY PVT ISPIR BICER
391 ARMY IZMIR PVT ISMAIL YALCIN
392 ARMY CANKIRI PVT ISMAIL TOPAL
393 ARMY AYDIN CPL ISMAIL PIDECI
394 ARMY CANKIRI PVT ISMAIL OREN
395 ARMY BALIKESIR PVT ISMAIL MALI
396 ARMY RIZE PVT ISMAIL KURT
397 ARMY USAK PVT ISMAIL KILIC
398 ARMY KONYA PVT ISMAIL KARAYILAN
399 ARMY ADANA PVT ISMAIL KARAKUS
400 ARMY SIVAS PVT ISMAIL ISKIN
401 ARMY ADANA PVT ISMAIL GORELI
402 ARMY IZMIR PVT ISMAIL DERELI
403 ARMY IZMIR PVT ISMAIL DEGER
404 ARMY SAKARYA PVT ISMAIL CAMUR
405 ARMY KONYA PVT ISMAIL COSKUN
Appendix 227
Service
406 ARMY BURSA PVT ISMAIL CELEBI
407 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT ISMAIL ARIK
408 ARMY ANKARA PVT ISMAIL ALAKARA
409 ARMY AFYON PVT ISA DEMIR
410 ARMY IZMIR PVT ISA CELIK
411 ARMY SAKARYA PVT ILYAS KILIC
412 ARMY CANKIRI PVT ILYAS KAHVECI
413 ARMY KOCAELI PVT IBRAHIM YILDIZDAL
414 ARMY IZMIR PVT IBRAHIM UNLU
415 ARMY IZMIR PVT IBRAHIM TURAN
416 ARMY ADANA PVT IBRAHIM TOY
417 ARMY ZONGULDAK CPL IBRAHIM TEZEREN
418 ARMY AYDIN PVT IBRAHIM SUMER
419 ARMY ANKARA PVT IBRAHIM SAKARYA
420 ARMY ADANA PVT IBRAHIM POLAT
421 ARMY IZMIR SGT IBRAHIM PARAPAN
422 ARMY BINGOL PVT IBRAHIM OZDEN
423 ARMY HATAY PVT IBRAHIM ORTAK
424 ARMY IZMIR PVT IBRAHIM KOKEN
425 ARMY CANKIRI PVT IBRAHIM KARATEKIN
426 ARMY BALIKESIR PVT IBRAHIM HIZARCI
427 ARMY ICEL PVT IBRAHIM HARKLI
428 ARMY MARDIN PVT IBRAHIM GUMUSTEN
429 ARMY KAYSERI PVT IBRAHIM GULTEKIN
430 ARMY ZONGULDAK CPL IBRAHIM ERGUL
431 ARMY ADANA PVT IBRAHIM CAKIR
432 ARMY ERZURUM PVT IBRAHIM BULUT
433 ARMY NIGDE PVT IBRAHIM BITIRGEN
434 ARMY HATAY SGT IBRAHIM BALLI
ㅔ
Service
435 ARMY CANKIRI SGT IBRAHIM AK
436 ARMY HATAY PVT IBIS BATO BAHADIR
437 ARMY BURSA PVT I HAKKI AVCI
438 ARMY GUMUSHANE CPL HUZUFE YILMAZ
439 ARMY TEKIRDAG PVT HUSNU PEHLIVANOGLU
440 ARMY AYDIN PVT HUSEYIN YILDIZ
441 ARMY SINOP PVT HUSEYIN YILDIZ
442 ARMY SAMSUN PVT HUSEYIN UNLU
443 ARMY KONYA PVT HUSEYIN TUGAY
444 ARMY ADIYAMAN PVT HUSEYIN TEMEL
445 ARMY IZMIR PVT HUSEYIN SEYYAR
446 ARMY IZMIR PVT HUSEYIN SAHIN
447 ARMY IZMIR SGT HUSEYIN NALCI
448 ARMY BURSA 1ST LT HUSEYIN KOSUCU
449 ARMY KAHRAMAN MARAS PVT HUSEYIN KOSE
450 ARMY KAHRAMAN MARAS PVT HUSEYIN KOSE
451 ARMY BALIKESIR PVT HUSEYIN KENAR
452 ARMY ERZINCAN PVT HUSEYIN KELKA
453 ARMY CANKIRI PVT HUSEYIN KADIM
454 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT HUSEYIN INAN
455 ARMY TUNCELI CPL HUSEYIN GURBUZ
456 ARMY MUGLA PVT HUSEYIN GONCU
457 ARMY ANKARA PVT HUSEYIN GOCMEN
458 ARMY HATAY PVT HUSEYIN GENC
459 ARMY SINOP PVT HUSEYIN GENC
460 ARMY MARDIN PVT HUSEYIN DEMIR
461 ARMY TRABZON SGT HUSEYIN CAKIR
462 ARMY IZMIR SGT HUSEYIN BOZAN
463 ARMY AYDIN PVT HUSEYIN BALKAN
Appendix 229
Service
464 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT HUSEYIN ATALI
465 ARMY IZMIR PVT HUSEYIN AKTURK
466 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT HUSEYIN ABACI
467 ARMY AYDIN CPL HIKMET YETIM
468 ARMY CORUM 1ST LT HIDIR OZDEMIR
469 ARMY TUNCELI SGT HIDAYET BAGANA
470 ARMY ANKARA PVT HIDAYET SEN
471 ARMY CANKIRI PVT HAYRETTIN AKPINAR
472 ARMY KAYSERI PVT HAYDAR YANAR
473 ARMY ERZINCAN CPL HAYDAR YALCIN
474 ARMY CANKIRI PVT HAYDAR TOPUZ
475 ARMY ERZURUM PVT HAYDAR TALI
476 ARMY ISTANBUL PVT HAYDAR OZTEKIN
477 ARMY ERZINCAN SGT HAYDAR DUGAN
478 ARMY RIZE CPL HASIM CUCAL
479 ARMY SINOP PVT HASAN YILDIRIM
480 ARMY ADANA PVT HASAN TUKENMEZ
481 ARMY HATAY PVT HASAN TATLI
482 ARMY IZMIR PVT HASAN SOYKARA
483 ARMY IZMIR CPL HASAN OZYILMAZ
484 ARMY CORUM PVT HASAN OZULU
485 ARMY ADANA PVT HASAN OZENC
486 ARMY ANKARA PVT HASAN OCAL
487 ARMY CORUM SGT HASAN MADARA
488 ARMY HATAY PVT HASAN KUS
489 ARMY ADANA PVT HASAN KURULDUK
490 ARMY KASTAMONU PVT HASAN KAYA
491 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT HASAN KASKIN
492 ARMY ADANA PVT HASAN KARACA
ㅔ
Service
493 ARMY IZMIR PVT HASAN KACAR
494 ARMY IZMIR CPL HASAN GURVARDAR
495 ARMY IZMIR 2ND LT HASAN GUNSUR
496 ARMY MUGLA PVT HASAN GOKTEPE
497 ARMY BILECIK SGT HASAN ERKEK
498 ARMY MALATYA PVT HASAN DURDU
499 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT HASAN CIGDEM
500 ARMY KONYA PVT HASAN CELIK
501 ARMY KASTAMONU PVT HASAN CATIK
502 ARMY ISTANBUL SFC HASAN BILEN
503 ARMY IZMIR PVT HASAN BABACAN
504 ARMY IZMIR CPL HASAN AYDIN
505 ARMY HATAY SGT HANEFI BAYIR
506 ARMY NIGDE PVT HAMZA CEVIK
507 ARMY HATAY PVT HAMUS SELKAYA
508 ARMY ANKARA PVT HAMIT OZTURK
509 ARMY AYDIN PVT HAMIT CIHAN
510 ARMY HATAY PVT HAMIS BOZAGAC
511 ARMY IZMIR PVT HAMDI OZKAN
512 ARMY ORDU PVT HAMDI CELIK
513 ARMY GUMUSHANE PVT HAMDI ADSIZ
514 ARMY KOCAELI PVT HALIM KIZILKAYA
515 ARMY MANISA SGT HALUK OZKAN INAY
516 ARMY ISTANBUL PVT HALIT DOLDURAY
517 ARMY KARS PVT HALIT BULUT
518 ARMY BOLU PVT HALIS AKGUL
519 ARMY BOLU PVT HALIL YONGACI
520 ARMY IZMIR PVT HALIL YILDIZ
521 ARMY CANKIRI PVT HALIL UZUN
Appendix 231
Service
522 ARMY ADANA PVT HALIL SAHIN
523 ARMY IZMIR SGT HALIL PARLAR
524 ARMY CANKIRI PVT HALIL OKUR
525 ARMY ADANA PVT HALIL KURU
526 ARMY IZMIR PVT HALIL KUCUK
527 ARMY BURSA PVT HALIL KARAKAS
528 ARMY IZMIR PVT HALIL GUMUS
529 ARMY IZMIR PVT HALIL GEDIGUZEL
530 ARMY KARS DR 1ST LT HALIL ERDOGAN
531 ARMY HATAY SGT HALIL DANISMAN
532 ARMY ELAZIG CPL HALIL DAG
533 ARMY MARDIN PVT HALIL CETIN
534 ARMY ISTANBUL CAPT HALIL CAYAN
535 ARMY ANKARA SGT HALIL BAYER
536 ARMY IZMIR PVT HALIL AVCI
537 ARMY BURDUR 1ST LT HALIL AKDEMIR
538 ARMY RIZE SGT HALIL ERASLAN
539 ARMY SAMSUN PVT HAKKI AKTAS
540 ARMY ANTALYA PVT HAKKI AKBULUT
541 ARMY ERZINCAN PVT HAKIR USLU
542 ARMY URFA PVT HACI EROGLU
543 ARMY BURDUR PVT H IBRAHIM SERTTAS
544 ARMY IZMIR PVT H IBRAHIM OZDEMIR
545 ARMY BURSA PVT H IBRAHIM MENTES
546 ARMY ANKARA PVT H IBRAHIM KAYNAK
547 ARMY KONYA PVT H HUSEYIN UNLU
548 ARMY IZMIR PVT H HUSEYIN EREN
549 ARMY IZMIR CPL H AVNI DEMIRKIRAN
550 ARMY GUMUSHANE SGT GENCAGA BALIK
ㅔ
Service
551 ARMY KIRSHIR PVT GALIP ER
552 ARMY MUS PVT FEYYAZ CELIKER
553 ARMY BALIKESIR PVT FEVZI BAYRAM
554 ARMY ERZURUM SGT FEVZI AKTAS
555 ARMY HATAY PVT FEVZI AKKAN
556 ARMY ELAZIG PVT FAIK YORUK
557 ARMY ELAZIG PVT FAIK KIRAK
558 ARMY SINOP SGT FAHRI GUNGORMUS
559 ARMY AYDIN PVT FAHRETTIN TOPCU
560 ARMY MALATYA SMAJ FAHRETTIN SEMEN
561 ARMY SAMSUN 1ST LT FAHRETTIN GUVEN
562 ARMY ISTANBUL PVT FAHRETTIN AKMUSTAFAOGL
563 ARMY IZMIR SGT FAHRETTIN AKKARACA
564 ARMY BOLU PVT FADIL EREN
565 ARMY BURDUR PVT ETHEM ORTAC
566 ARMY BURSA PVT ETEM SENEL
567 ARMY KIRSHIR CAPT ESAT OZTUZUN
568 ARMY ICEL CPL ERGUN EREN
569 ARMY AYDIN SGT ENVER SISKO
570 ARMY HATAY PVT ENVER OZBILEN
571 ARMY KAHRAMAN MARAS PVT EMIRHAN KARACA
572 ARMY ICEL PVT EMIN CICEK
573 ARMY AMASYA CPL EKREM SALAK
574 ARMY ERZURUM CPL DURSUN HINISLI
575 ARMY IZMIR PVT DURMUS ALI CAM
576 ARMY NIGDE PVT DURMUS OZATAMER
577 ARMY ICEL PVT DURMUS KURT
578 ARMY ADANA PVT DURMUS KARAKUS
579 ARMY AYDIN PVT DURMUS LHAN
Appendix 233
Service
580 ARMY ANKARA PVT DURMUS ERCOBAN
581 ARMY MUGLA PVT DURMUS DUZGUN
582 ARMY ZONGULDAK PVT DURMUS CARSAMBALI
583 ARMY ANKARA PVT DURAN GULER
584 ARMY ANTALYA PVT DURALI ESEN
585 ARMY BALIKESIR PVT DEMIR ERKESKIN
586 ARMY ADANA PVT DEDE KAZANCI
587 ARMY KIRSHIR PVT DEDE ATASOY
588 ARMY ISTANBUL PVT DAVUT GURBIYIK
589 ARMY DIYARBAKIR PVT CUMA GUZEL
590 ARMY KAHRAMAN MARAS PVT CUMA GOK
591 ARMY ISTANBUL CAPT CEVAT OLHON
592 ARMY ISTANBUL 1ST LT CEVAT BAYRAK
593 ARMY DIYARBAKIR PVT CEVAT ALAN
594 ARMY IZMIR SGT CETIN ENGERI
595 ARMY HATAY PVT CEMAL SAFA
596 ARMY IZMIR PVT CEMAL BOZOGLAN
597 ARMY SAKARYA CPL CAFER KILICHAN
598 ARMY KOCAELI PVT BILAL KIR
599 ARMY ANKARA PVT BILAL HANLAS
600 ARMY ARTVIN SMAJ BILAL AYDEMIR
601 ARMY IZMIR PVT BEKIR YAY
602 ARMY CANKIRI PVT BEKIR SAHIN
603 ARMY KONYA PVT BEKIR OZKURSUN
604 ARMY TOKAT PVT BEKIR OZDEMIR
605 ARMY ICEL PVT BEKIR KARA
606 ARMY KONYA PVT BEKIR DEMIREL
607 ARMY CANKIRI CPL BEKIR BARUT
608 ARMY URFA PVT BEKIR AVCI
ㅔ
Service
609 ARMY BURSA 1ST LT BEDRETTIN CIGDEM
610 ARMY DENIZLI PVT BYRAM TAVSAN
611 ARMY AFYON PVT BYRAM KARATAS
612 ARMY AFYON SGT BYRAM GUN
613 ARMY ADANA PVT BYRAM GISI
614 ARMY ORDU PVT BYRAM CAP
615 ARMY ADANA PVT BYRAM GULER
616 ARMY SAMSUN CPL BAHRI KURNAZ
617 ARMY HATAY SGT BAHRI GOLGE
618 ARMY IZMIR SGT BAHATTIN ISIK
619 ARMY NIGDE PVT AZIZ TURAN
620 ARMY KARS PVT AZIZ KAYA
621 ARMY TRABZON PVT AZIZ ALEMDAR
622 ARMY BURSA CPL AZIZ AKSOY
623 ARMY IZMIR PVT ASIM ISMIOGLU
624 ARMY HATAY PVT ASAF SASAOGLU
625 ARMY GUMUSHANE PVT ARIF SEVEN
626 ARMY BURDUR SFC ARIF OZBEK
627 ARMY ANTALYA PVT ARIF KOC
628 ARMY IZMIR PVT ARIF KARABIYAK
629 ARMY GIRESUN PVT ARIF KANLI
630 ARMY SINOP PVT ARIF BOGA
631 ARMY HATAY SGT ALI RIZA KARALI
632 ARMY IZMIR PVT ALI RIZA IYIM
633 ARMY BURSA PVT ALI RIZA CAN
634 ARMY GAZIANTEP PVT ALI OSMAN DURMUSLAR
635 ARMY NIGDE COL ALI IHSAN ICER
636 ARMY CORUM PVT ALI YILMAZ
637 ARMY AYDIN PVT ALI YILMAZ
Appendix 235
Service
638 ARMY SAKARYA PVT ALI YASA
639 ARMY ADANA PVT ALI YAMUKLAR
640 ARMY HATAY PVT ALI TEK
641 ARMY ELAZIG SFC ALI SELCUK
642 ARMY SAMSUN PVT ALI SAHIN
643 ARMY SINOP PVT ALI PIRISTINA
644 ARMY KIRKLARELI PVT ALI OZEL
645 ARMY KOCAELI SGT ALI ORMANLI
646 ARMY AYDIN PVT ALI OGAN
647 ARMY DENIZLI SGT ALI MERAL
648 ARMY ICEL PVT ALI KUNT
649 ARMY AYDIN PVT ALI KILIC
650 ARMY GIRESUN PVT ALI KESKIN
651 ARMY GAZIANTEP SGT ALI KELESICIOGLU
652 ARMY ICEL PVT ALI KEKLIK
653 ARMY KAHRAMAN MARAS PVT ALI KABAKLI
654 ARMY AYDIN PVT ALI KABAK
655 ARMY URFA PVT ALI HAN
656 ARMY ICEL SGT ALI ERTEK
657 ARMY GUMUSHANE PVT ALI ERGUL
658 ARMY ERZURUM PVT ALI EREN
659 ARMY MALATYA PVT ALI EMEKSIZ
660 ARMY ANKARA SGT ALI COBAN
661 ARMY SIVAS PVT ALI CICEK
662 ARMY ICEL PVT ALI CAN
663 ARMY ORDU PVT ALI CALISKAN
664 ARMY RIZE SMAJ ALI BILGI
665 ARMY SIIRT PVT ALI BELKIS
666 ARMY GAZIANTEP PVT AHMET ZOR
ㅔ
Service
667 ARMY AYDIN SFC AHMET YERMEZ
668 ARMY TRABZON 1ST LT AHMET TURKKAN
669 ARMY ERZURUM CAPT AHMET TUNCEF
670 ARMY BURSA PVT AHMET TAS
671 ARMY ICEL PVT AHMET SENER
672 ARMY ADANA PVT AHMET SARI
673 ARMY AYDIN PVT AHMET SAKAOGLU
674 ARMY NIGDE PVT AHMET OZBEK
675 ARMY MARDIN PVT AHMET GULHAN
676 ARMY MUGLA SGT AHMET ORHAN
677 ARMY AYDIN SGT AHMET MERSIN
678 ARMY ERZURUM PVT AHMET KURT
679 ARMY KUTAHYA PVT AHMET KORKMAZ
680 ARMY ICEL SGT AHMET KESKIN
681 ARMY KOCAELI PVT AHMET KARATEPE
682 ARMY IZMIR PVT AHMET INCI
683 ARMY SAMSUN PVT AHMET GOKALP
684 ARMY TRABZON PVT AHMET FIL
685 ARMY ADANA PVT AHMET ELITAS
686 ARMY CANKIRI PVT AHMET ECEVIT
687 ARMY HATAY PVT AHMET DOGRUSOZ
688 ARMY ICEL PVT AHMET CIVAN
689 ARMY BOLU CPL AHMET CETIN
690 ARMY IZMIR PVT AHMET BILGILI
691 ARMY ELAZIG PVT AHMET CANKAYA
692 ARMY HATAY PVT AHMET BIYIKLI
693 ARMY AYDIN PVT AHMET BERKER
694 ARMY USAK SGT AHMET BAYRAM
695 ARMY HATAY PVT AHMET ASKAR
Appendix 237
Service
696 ARMY HATAY PVT AHMET ASKAR
697 ARMY GAZIANTEP PVT AHMET AKAY
698 ARMY GUMUSHANE PVT ADIL TOP
699 ARMY ADANA PVT ADIL DOGAR
700 ARMY HATAY PVT ADIL DEMIRLER
701 ARMY BURSA PVT ADEM SAHIN
702 ARMY HATAY SGT ABIT CAMLICA
703 ARMY AFYON PVT ABDURRAHMAN SENA
704 ARMY HATAY CPL ABDURRAHMAN CAN
705 ARMY CANKIRI SMAJ ABDURRAHIM ESIT
706 ARMY MUS PVT ABDULVAHAP KARA
707 ARMY VAN PVT ABDULMECIT KALKICI
708 ARMY DIYARBAKIR PVT ABDULLATIF CELIK
709 ARMY YOZGAT PVT ABDULLAH ZERAN
710 ARMY HAKKARI PVT ABDULLAH OZBEK
711 ARMY GAZIANTEP CPL ABDULLAH KURT
712 ARMY TOKAT PVT ABDULLAH KILIC
713 ARMY HATAY PVT ABDULLAH KESER
714 ARMY AFYON PVT ABDUL KIZIL
715 ARMY CANKIRI PVT ABDULLAH CAKIR
716 ARMY VAN SGT ABDULLAH AVRAS
717 ARMY MANISA PVT ABDULLAH ARIKAN
718 ARMY HATAY CPL ABDULKERIM DONMEZ
719 ARMY ZONGULDAK SMAJ ABDI OZKAN
720 ARMY ANKARA CPL ABDI BAL
721 ARMY MARDIN SGT A.TEVFIK HADI OZCELIK
722 ARMY KIRKLARELI CPL A.KADIR BAKAN
723 ARMY TOKAT PVT A.DURAN CELIK
724 ARMY BALIKESIR PVT KADIR KURT
ㅔ
4. The UN Forces’ Scale of Participation & Loss
(1) Scale of Participation of the UN Forces
Country Army Navy Air Force

Infantry Division7, Marine
Far East Fleet, 7th Fleet Far East Air Force 66
US Division 1, Regiment
261 Warship 17(Carrier 1) Squadron
Combat forces 2：302,483
Infantry brigade 2, Marine Carrier 1, Destroyer 2,
UK -
Commando 1：14,198 Frigate 1
Combat flight squadron1,
Australia Infantry Battalion 3：2,282 Destroyer 1
Cargo flight 1
Netherlands Infantry Battalion 1：819 Destroyer 3 -
Canada Infantry brigade 1：6,146 Frigate 1 Cargo Squadron 1
New Zealand Artillery Battalion 1：1,389 Destroyer 1 -
France Infantry Battalion 1：1,119 - -
Philippines Infantry Battalion 1：1,496 - -
Turkey Infantry brigade 1：5,455 Frigate 2 -
Thailand Infantry Battalion 1：1,294 - Cargo flight 1
Greece Infantry Battalion 1：1,263 - Cargo flight 1
South Africa - - Combat flight squadron1
Belgium Infantry Battalion 1：900 - -
Luxemburg Infantry Platoon 1：44 Frigate 1 -
Columbia Infantry Battalion 1：1,068 -
Ethiopia Infantry Battalion 1：1,271 - -
Total 341,227 - -
India Medical Unit：70 - -
Italy Medical Unit：72 - -
Norway Medical Unit：105 - -
Sweden Medical Unit：154 - -
Grand Total 341,628 - -
Appendix 239
(2) Loss of the UN Forces
Country Total Dead Wounded Missing POW

Total 776,360 178,569 555,022 28,611 14,158
Korea 621,479 137,899 450,742 24,495 8,343
US 137,250 36,940 92,134 3,737 4,439
UK 4,908 1,078 2,674 179 977
Australia 1,584 339 1,216 3 26
Netherlands 768 120 645 - 3
Canada 1,557 312 1,212 1 32
New Zealand 103 23 79 1 -
France 1,289 262 1,008 7 12
Philippines 398 112 229 16 41
Turkey 3,216 741 2,068 163 244
Thailand 1,273 129 1,139 5 -
Greece 738 192 543 - 3
South Africa 43 34 - - 9
Belgium 440 99 336 4 1
Luxemburg 15 2 13 - -
Columbia 639 163 448 - 28
Ethiopia 657 121 536 - -
Norway 3 3 - - -
ㅔ
(3) POW Exchange
Country Wounded POW POW Total
North Korea 5,640 70,183 75,823
China 1,030 5,640 6,670
Total 6,670 75,823 82,493
US 149 3,597 3,746
UK 32 945 977
Turkey 15 229 243
Philippines 1 40 41
Canada 2 30 32
Columbia 6 22 28
Australia 5 21 26
France - 12 12
South Africa 1 8 9
Greece 1 2 3
Netherlands 1 2 3
Belgium - 1 1
New Zealand - 1 1
Japan - 1 1
South Korea 471 7,862 8,321
Total 684 12,773 13,444
Appendix 241
Translated and Supervised by Suh Suk-Bong
<Career>
Suh Suk-Bong, Colonel & Ph.D.
Graduated from Korea Military Academy, 1972; BS in English Language and Literature,
Seoul National University, 1976; MA in American Studies, The University of Michigan,
1979; Ph.D. in American Studies, The University of Iowa, 1986.
Currently, Colonel & Professor, English Department, Korea Military Academy.
Brother Nations, Korea and Turkey

Ministry of Patriots & Veterans Affairs, Republic of Korea
17-23 Youido-dong, Youngdeungpo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea 150-874
Date of Initial Publication : October, 2007

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Brother Nations, Korea and Turkey

A History of Turkish Soldiers’

Ministry of Patriots & Veterans Affairs,

Minister of Patriots and Veterans Affairs Kim Jung-bok

Reflections on the Historical Significance of the Turkish Armed Forces’

The ROK-Turkey Relations Before and After the Korean War

Instability on the Korean Peninsula just before the Korean War

North Korean Invasion and Participation of the UN Forces

Prospects for the ROK-Turkey Relationship in the 21st Century

Participation and Support of the UN Forces

The Korean War is a heartbreaking fratricidal war between South

A History of Turkish Soldiers’ Participation in the Korean War

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The Republic of Turkey is a country with a unique blend of

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1. The Prehistoric Era: The Huns and the Han[Korean] Race

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2. The Period of Three Kingdoms: TuChueh and

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