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Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
With technology rapidly improving these past years, significant implications were made in various
sectors and, specifically to the concern, the education sector. This paper will discuss the existing
literature on how technological innovations affect students' academic performance, focusing on 4Ps
college students in Puro Caoayan, Ilocos Sur. Here, we look at various aspects of the use of technology in
education, the effectiveness of technological integration, and the challenges that still exist, more so in
the cases of marginalized groups.
Role of Technology in Education
Technology is so advanced this century that it has transformed the learning environment and augmented
learning outcomes using interactive and engaging methodologies. According to the study by Naik et al.
2020, technology integration in classes could result in better learning scores for students. Conclusions
from their study, based on proof from a large-scale experiment in India, indicated that technological
interventions significantly improve the academic achievements of students. This highlights the potential
benefits which the integration of technology into educational settings stands to give, especially for
students who are beneficiaries of programs like 4Ps, lifting their socioeconomic statuses.
Again, integration of technology in the curriculum promotes not only an increase in engagement but also
a facilitation in varied learning styles. Generally, the motivation and involvement exhibited in students
exposed to technology address various educational needs for learners. This attribute is, therefore, critical
in explaining the ways in which 4Ps students, whose special situations of life might present various
barriers to them, can be assisted through technological gadgets in improving their performance in
school.
Technology Use in Learning and Student Engagement
Educational technology connects the gap in academic content and student engagement. Akram et al.
(2021) investigated online teaching competencies in the COVID-19 pandemic and concluded that only
appropriately integrated technology can maintain students' interest for a longer period of time and
ensure their participation. As indicated by the authors, for providing meaningful learning experiences,
educators have to be competent in both content and technology. While these students in the 4Ps may be
burdened with certain disadvantages in terms of technological access, proper strategies regarding the
use of technology can be applied to alleviate the burden.
The use of digital platforms affords immense opportunities for improvements in learning. However, as
seen with the "Digital Divide" earlier, access itself has become a pivotal concern, especially in rural areas
such as Caoayan. According to the book "Digital Divide and Challenges in Technology Access," inequality
in technology access can further exacerbate inequity in educational outcomes. This divide may have
great effects on 4Ps students, and interventions would be needed to help these students attain equal
access to technological resources.
Technology and Human Capital Development
In assessing the overall effects of technology on students, Basiri draws attention to the relevance of
human capital development in terms of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps). At this juncture,
the incorporation of technology into such programs is highly essential for the purpose of empowering
the students and bringing additional zest into learning. Human capital needs education at the core, and
with proper uses of technology, the students will better be able to study and learn certain skills and
competencies for better employability in life.
The challenges in access to technology by students need to be resolved if the students are to realize their
full potentials. With evolving technology, strategies that educators employ to integrate such
advancements into teaching practices have to evolve, providing an inclusive and supportive learning
environment to all students, especially those from economically disadvantaged backgrounds.
This literature review underlines the dynamic relationship between technological advancement and
educational performance among 4Ps college students in Puro, Caoayan, Ilocos Sur. While technology has
enormous potential benefits for improving learner engagement and learning results, principles of access
and equity must be addressed. This integration needs to be enhanced through further investments in
not only the resources themselves but also training in the use of technology tools by educators for
maximum learning. After graduation, these are the challenges that must be overcome if there is ever to
be full exploitation of the potentials of technology in transforming the educational experiences of the
students under 4Ps and preparing them for life in a digitally enlarging environment.
Akram, H., Yingxiu, Y., Samed, A., & Alkhalifah, A. (2021). Technology Integration in Higher Education
During COVID-19: An Assessment of Online Teaching Competencies Through Technological Pedagogical
Content Knowledge Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 736522.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736522
Basiri, N. (2024). Study on the Effects of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) on Human Capital
Development. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4722880 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4722880
Naik, G., Chitre, C., Bhalla, M., & Rajan, J. (2020). Impact of use of technology on student learning
outcomes: Evidence from a large-scale experiment in India. World Development, 127, 104736.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104736
Van Dijk, J. (2020). The Digital Divide. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 1509534466, 9781509534463
Mendeley. (n.d.). Search results for "Technology Advancement in Education."

https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=TECHNOLOGY%20ADVANCEMENT%20IN
%20EDUCATION&sortBy=publicationYear
Growing Science. (2023). International Journal of Digital Network and Systems. [Link to the specific
article]. https://www.growingscience.com/ijds/Vol8/ijdns_2023_192.pdf

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Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature

Role of Technology in Education

Technology Use in Learning and Student Engagement

Technology and Human Capital Development

Mendeley. (n.d.). Search results for "Technology Advancement in Education."

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