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    Group 15

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    Group 15

    22 June 2023 14:16


    e
    Introduction:

    p block elements general electronic configuration: (except )

    1. Why the first member of each group shows anomalous behaviour from rest of members of same group?
    Ans.

    The presence of all the three types of elements; metals, metalloids and non-metals bring diversification in chemistry of these
    elements.

    Group 15

    General electronic configuration:

    Common name: Pnictogens

    Group Members:

    Occurrence:
    Nitrogen (N)

    • N2- 78% by Volume of atmosphere


    • In earth's crust, it occurs as sodium nitrate, NaNO3 (called Chile saltpetre) and potassium nitrate (Indian saltpetre).
    • In the form of proteins in plants and animals.
    Phosphorus (P)

    • It occurs in minerals of apatite family, Ca9(PO4)6 . CaX2 (X = F, Cl or OH) (e.g., fluorapatite Ca9(PO4)6 . CaF2) which are the main
    components of phosphate rocks.
    • Present in bones as well as in living cells
    • Phosphoproteins are present in milk and eggs

    Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb) and Bismuth (Bi) - occurs as sulphide ores

    Moscovium (Mc) - Synthetic Radioactive element


    Trends of Atomic, Physical and Chemical Properties:

    Atomic and Ionic Radii

    Ionisation Enthalpy

    Electronegativity

    Physical Properties :
    Nitrogen - diatomic gas
    Remaining elements polyatomic solids

    Metallic Character:

    Boiling Point:

    Melting Point:
    Melting Point:

    Allotropy:

    Allotropes of Phosphorus

    White Phosphorus

    • Discrete tetrahedral unit


    • Translucent white waxy solid
    • Poisonous
    • Insoluble in H2O but soluble in CS2
    • Shows chemiluminescence
    • Reaction with NaOH:

    • Less stable, more reactive (Reason: Angular Strain)


    • Readily catches fire in air

    Red phosphorus

    Preparation:

    White Phosphorus -------------------------> Red Phosphorus

    • Iron grey lustre


    • Odourless, non-poisonous
    • Insoluble in water as well as in CS2
    • Less reactive
    • Does not glow in dark
    • Polymeric

    Black Phosphorus
    • Two forms α-black phosphorus and β-black phosphorus
    Chemical Properties
    Oxidation states
    Anomalous properties of nitrogen

    Nitrogen differs from the rest of the members of this group due to:

    Reactivity towards hydrogen:


    Reactivity towards oxygen:

    Reactivity towards halogen:


    Reactivity towards metal:

    Compounds of Nitrogen

    Dinitrogen

    Preparation:
    Properties:
    • Colourless, odourless, tasteless and non-toxic gas
    • Two stable isotopes:
    • Very low solubility in water
    • Low freezing and boiling points
    • Inert at room temperature (Reason:

    Uses:

    Ammonia
    Ammonia

    Preparation:

    Properties:
    • colourless gas with a pungent odour
    • freezing and boiling points are 198.4 and 239.7 K
    Reason for higher melting and boiling point

    • highly soluble in water


    Oxoacids of Nitrogen

    Hyponitrous acid

    Nitrous acid

    Nitric acid

    Preparation:

    Properties:
    • colourless liquid (f.p. 231.4 K and b.p. 355.6 K)
    Brown Ring Test

    Uses:

    • manufacture of ammonium nitrate for fertilisers and other nitrates for use in explosives and pyrotechnics
    • preparation of nitro-glycerine, trinitrotoluene and other organic nitro compounds

    • pickling of stainless steel, etching of metals and as an oxidiser in rocket fuels.


    • manufacture of ammonium nitrate for fertilisers and other nitrates for use in explosives and pyrotechnics
    • preparation of nitro-glycerine, trinitrotoluene and other organic nitro compounds

    • pickling of stainless steel, etching of metals and as an oxidiser in rocket fuels.

    Compounds of Phosphorus

    Phosphine

    Preparation:

    Properties:
    colourless gas with rotten fish smell
    Properties:
    colourless gas with rotten fish smell
    highly poisonous
    explodes in contact with traces of oxidising agents like HNO3 , Cl2 and Br2 vapours

    slightly soluble in water


    solution of PH3 in water decomposes in presence of light giving red phosphorus and H2

    Uses:
    • Holme's Signal x
    • Smoke screens

    Phosphorus Halides

    PCl3
    PCl5

    Oxides of Phosphorus
    Oxoacids of Phosphorus

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