Pcqa111 Week 11 Group IV

UNIT OUTCOMES
At the end of this unit, the students are expected to:
• Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of

the chemistry of metals, non-metals and metalloids.
UNIT OUTLINE
✔ Elements
✔ Properties
✔ Identification Tests
✔ Compounds and Their Uses
CHECKLIST
• Read the available learning
references before the discussion.
• Search for the meaning of the
following terminologies.
• Listen and participate in the board
discussion.
GROUP IV A
THE CARBON FAMILY
C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
CARBON
• Abundant nonmetallic element
• A tetravalent element
• Has several allotropic forms
CARBON
• Exhibits remarkable properties,
some paradoxical
• Different forms include the hardest
naturally occurring substance
(diamond) and one of the softest
substances (graphite) known
CARBON
• Has great affinity for bonding with
other small atoms, including other
carbon atoms
• Capable of forming multiple stable
covalent bonds with such atoms.
CARBON
•the greatest importance is it

functions as the basic
building unit of organic
compounds.
CARBON
• It also occurs in compounds such as carbonates, oxalates, tartrates and
acetates.
• Carbonates: These compounds contain the carbonate ion
e.g. Calcium carbonate-Found in limestone, marble, and shells.
Sodium carbonate-Used in glass manufacturing and as a cleaning agent.
• Oxalates: These are salts or esters of oxalic acid.
e.g. Calcium oxalate -Found in kidney stones and some plants.
• Tartrates: These are salts derived from tartaric acid.
e.g. Potassium tartrate -Used in winemaking and as a food additive.
• Acetates: These compounds contain the acetate ion
e.g. Sodium acetate -Used in food preservation and as a buffer in
biochemical applications.
CARBON
• Used as a reducing agent in the
preparation of many metals
• Relatively inert at room
temperature
• At elevated temperature, it combines
directly with OXYGEN, HALOGENS and
most other NON-METALS
CARBON
ALLOTROPES
GLASSY CARBON AND GRAPHITE CUBE
CHARCOAL STICKS
GRAPHITE AND DIAMOND
DIAMOND
ROUGH DIAMOND
HOPE DIAMOND
GRAPHITE
LONSDALEITE
C60
(Buckminsterfullerene)
C60 STRUCTURE MICROGRAPH OF C60

A GEODESIC DOME DESIGNED BY BUCKMINSTER FULLER
C540 C70
AMORPHOUS CARBON
Single-walled carbon
nanotube
SILICON
• A tetravalent
metalloid,
• Less reactive than its
chemical analog
carbon.
• is a semiconductor
SILICON
• On Earth, it is the
second most
abundant element
(after oxygen) in
the crust, making
up 25.7% of the
crust by mass.
Silicon powder
• A coarse powder
with a dark gray
color with bluish
tinge
GERMANIUM
• A lustrous, hard, silver-white
metalloid that is chemically similar
to tin
• Forms a large number of
organometallic compounds and is
an important semiconductor
material used in transistors
GERMANIUM
• A rare element
and occurs in
minute
quantities in
many metal
sulfides.
TIN
• Silvery, malleable
poor metal that is
not easily
oxidized in air
and resists
corrosion
TIN
• Occurs chiefly as the oxide,
SnO2 (AMPHOTERIC)
• Found in many alloys and is
used to coat other metals to
prevent corrosion*
TIN
• Tin is obtained
chiefly from the
mineral cassiterite,
where it occurs as an
oxide.
• It is the classic
alloying metal to
make bronze.
Cassiterite (with muscovite)
LEAD
• Occurs mainly as the
sulfide PbS called
galena
• Soft, heavy, toxic and
malleable poor
metal, lead is bluish
white when freshly
cut but tarnishes to
dull gray when
exposed to air.
LEAD
• Lead is used in
• building constructions,
• lead-acid batteries,
• bullets and shot, and
• part of solder, pewter,
and fusible alloys. Lead shots
LEAD
• Has the highest atomic number
of all stable elements –
• Although the next element,
bismuth, has a half-life so long
(longer than the estimated age
of the universe) it can be
considered stable.
LEAD
•Like mercury, another heavy

metal, lead is a potent
neurotoxin which
accumulates in soft tissues
and bone over time.
Ge, Sn, Pb
• Active metals
• They will displace hydrogen gas
from acids and combine with most
non-metals
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
•May exhibit 2+ and 4+

oxidation states, in keeping
with their s2p2 valence
electrons
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• Pb and Sn may give up their two
unpaired p electrons to form Pb2+
and Sn2+.
• in the 4+ oxidation → covalent
bond character
✓stability of 2+ ↑ as atomic weight ↑
✓stability of 4+ ↓ as atomic weight ↑
Examples:
Sn and Pb form common
oxides –––
• SnO2 the stable tin (IV) oxide
• PbO the stable lead (II) oxide
OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES:
Sn and Pb → amphoteric
• SnO/ Sn(OH)2 + BASE
→ Stannite ion (SnO22-)
• PbO/ Pb(OH)2 + BASE

→ Plumbite (PbO22-)
In the +4 oxidation state…
• SnO2 + BASE
• → Stannate (SnO32-)
• PbO2 + BASE
→ Plumbate (PbO32-)
GENERAL CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
• M + O2 ➔ MO2
(stability ↓ = ↑ atomic weight)
• 2 M + O2 ➔ 2 MO
(stability ↑ = ↑ atomic weight)
• M(OH)2 + 2 NaOH ➔ 2 H2O + Na2MO2 or

H2MO2
• M(OH)4 + 2 NaOH ➔ 3 H2O+Na2MO3 or

H2MO3.H2O
•MO + 2 KOH ➔ K2MO2 +

H2O
•MO2 + 2 KOH➔ K2MO3 +

H2O
IDENTIFICATION TESTS OF IONS
Pb2+
1) K2CrO4: yellow ppt of
PbCrO4 soluble in NaOH
2) HCl: white ppt of PbCl2
soluble in boiling or hot
water
Sn2+ Sn4+
1) H2S Brown ppt of SnS Yellow ppt of

SnS2
2) HgCl2 White ppt of No reaction
Hg2Cl2 turning
gray
Carbon
• CH3COO- (C2H3O2-, Ac-, OAc-)
→ Acids will evolve CH3COOH
(vinegar-like odor)
• CH3COOH heated with C2H5OH →
fruity odor, C2H5C2H3O2 (ethyl
acetate)
Carbon
• CO32- and HCO3-
1) Acids will evolve CO2 manifested
by effervescence (bubbling of gas
through the liquid)
2) Phenolphthalein: dark pink or red
for CO32-; colorless or light pink for
HCO3-
Carbon
C 2O 4- C4H4O6- C6H5O7-
(oxalates) (tartrates) (citrates)
1) CaCl2 CaC2O4 Ca C4H4O6 Ca3C6H5O7

white ppt white ppt On boiling
a) HAc insoluble soluble Soluble

2) AgNO3 (-) Ag mirror on Ag mirror on
(ammoniacal) warming boiling
3) pyridine & (-) Emerald green Carmine red

acetic anhydride solution solution
COMPOUNDS
Activated Charcoal
• Component of universal antidote
• Adsorbent
• Used in diarrhea and in poisoning
Carbon dioxide (CO 2)
• Carbonic acid gas
• Respiratory stimulant (CO poisoning)
• Treatment of persistent hiccups
• Used in the manufacturing of soda, carbonated
water
• As dry ice
• Refrigerants
• Solid CO2
• Acne, corns, calluses, moles, warts and eczema
Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Cherry red color of blood in CO poisoning
• 210x affinity to hemoglobin
• Automobile exhaust
ANTIDOTE:
• Oxygen(100%)
• Artificial air
• Hyperbaric O2
• O2-CO2 mixture
Silicon dioxide
• Silica
• Abundant in nature
Poisoning: Silicosis (hemoptysis)
ANTIDOTE: Alumina (Al2O3)
Glass
• Formed by fusion of Silicon with base agents
used to modify glass. (Na2CO3 with pure silica)
Modified by addition of:
1. B - ↓coefficient of expansion
2. Pb - ↓refractive index
3. K - amber color, light-resistant property
4. MnO2 - masks the color of Fe2O3
Types of Glass
• Type I
• Highly resistant borosilicate glass
• Type II
• Treated soda lime glass
• Type III
• Soda lime
• Type IV
• General soda lime glass, NP
Purified Silicaceous Earth
• SiO2
• “KIESELGUHR silica”
• Adsorbent
• Filtering aid
• Clarifying agent
Attapulgite
(Polymagma , Quintess )
• Magnesium aluminum phyllosilicate
• (Mg,Al)2Si4O10(OH)·4(H2O)
• Anti-diarrheal agent
Natural Calamine
• Zinc silicate
Simethicone
• Antiflatulent
Tin
• Sn+2
• Sn+3
USES:
• Manufacture of cans
• Household utensils
Tin (II) fluoride (SnF 2)
• Anti-cariogenic
• 8%- topical application
Tin oxide (SnO2)
• Germicidal against Staphylococcus
aureus.
Tin alloys
• Gun metal - 10% tin and 90% copper
• Plumbers Alloy - 33% lead and 66% tin
• Pewter Metal - 75% tin and 25% lead
• Type Metal - 75% lead, 5% tin, and 20%
antimony
• Bearing Metal - 82% tin,14% antimony, and 4%
copper
• Phosphor Tin - made by adding phosphorus to
molten tin) in Phosphor bronze
Lead
• Pb+2
• Pb+4
USES:
• Astringent
• Protein precipitant
PLUMBISM
• Lead encephalopathy
• Characterized by memory loss,
irritability, projectile vomiting
ANTIDOTE:
• EDTA
• Calcium disodium versenate
Sources of Lead:
• Lead pipe
• Cocktail glass
• Canned food
• Automobile exhaust
• Paints
• Earthen utensils
• Cable wires
Lead acetate Pb(CH3COO)2
• “Sugar of Lead”
• “Salt of Saturn”
• Astringent
• Pharmaceutical necessity for preparation of Lead
subacetate solution
Pb2O(CH3COO)2
• “Goulard’s Extract”
• Solution of lead acetate and lead oxide
• Astringent, antiseptic
Lead (II) oxide
• “Litharge”
• Preparation for Lead subacetate
Pewter Metal
• 80% tin and 20% lead
Rose Metal
• 25% tin, 25% lead, and 50% bismuth
Solder Metal
• 50% tin and 50% lead
GROUP IV B
TITANIUM SUBGROUP
Ti, Zr, Hf
• Compounds with oxidation
states of 2+ (good reducing
agents), 3+ and 4+ (most
common).
• It is difficult to prepare the pure
metal due to its affinity for
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and
hydrogen.
COMPOUNDS
Titanium
• From the Titans, sons of the Earth goddess of
Greek mythology
• Powerful reducing agent
The principal ore are:
• Rutile, TiO2 (tetrahedral structure),
• Brookite, TiO2 (orthorhombic structure),
• Anatase, TiO2 (orthorhombic structure),
• Ilmenite, FeTiO3, and
• Sphene or Titanite, CaO·SiO2·TiO2
Titanium dioxide
•Used as a pigment since it has
good covering power and is
quite inert.
IDENTIFICATION TEST:
H2O2 (acidic sol’n): red color
Titanium dioxide
• Solar ray protectant
• Lotions & sunblock creams
• Opacifying agent
MOA: reflects UV rays
Zirconium
• Used as deodorant & antiperspirant
• Causes pulmonary granuloma formation
• Can lead to cancer
The principal ores are:
• Zircon, ZrSiO4
• Baddeleyite, ZrO2
Hafnium
• Used in tungsten filaments and electrodes and

as a neutron absorber.
• Occurs in zirconium ores
REFERENCES
• Qualitative Analysis by Esmarch S. Gilreath
• Remington: The Science and Practice of
Pharmacy 21st Edition
ANY QUESTIONS?
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UNIT OUTCOMES

At the end of this unit, the students are expected to:

• Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of

•the greatest importance is it

C60 STRUCTURE MICROGRAPH OF C60

•Like mercury, another heavy

•May exhibit 2+ and 4+

• PbO/ Pb(OH)2 + BASE

• M(OH)2 + 2 NaOH ➔ 2 H2O + Na2MO2 or

• M(OH)4 + 2 NaOH ➔ 3 H2O+Na2MO3 or

•MO + 2 KOH ➔ K2MO2 +

•MO2 + 2 KOH➔ K2MO3 +

1) H2S Brown ppt of SnS Yellow ppt of

1) CaCl2 CaC2O4 Ca C4H4O6 Ca3C6H5O7

a) HAc insoluble soluble Soluble

3) pyridine & (-) Emerald green Carmine red

• Used in tungsten filaments and electrodes and

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