Customs of the Tagalogs & Juan de "Customs of the Tagalogs" offers a thorough

Placensia account of pre-Hispanic Tagalog society2. It

was purposefully designed to present an
Juan de Placensia was a Spanish eroticized portrayal of the Tagalog
Franciscan priest who helped establish indigenous, evidently fueled by politics and
Spanish colonialism in the Philippines. He is propaganda. The social hierarchy—which
best known for this important document: comprised aristocrats, commoners, and
"Customs of the Tagalogs", Their Gods, slaves—as well as their marital traditions,
and Their Burials and Superstitions." These land ownership, and religious practices2.
documents provide invaluable insights into Plasencia’s observations were based on his
the Tagalog people's pre-colonial lives, interactions with the local population and
including their social structures, beliefs, and were intended to help Spanish authorities
practices. understand and govern the Indigenous
people more effectively
● Born in the early 16th century in
Plasencia, Spain, to a prominent MISSIONARY WORKS AND WRITINGS
family.
● His father, Pedro Porta Carrero, was ● Founded numerous towns in Luzon,
a captain of a Spanish schooner. including Tayabas, Caliraya, Lucban,
● Grew up during the Siglo de Oro, a and Antipolo.
golden age of Spanish arts and ● Known for his dedication to the
literature, which likely influenced his native population, advocating for
writing. their rights, and establishing
● Joined the Franciscan order, schools.
possibly in Italy or Spain. ● Wrote several religious and linguistic
● Arrived in the Philippines in 1578 as books, including the "Doctrina
part of the first group of Franciscan Cristiana," the first book printed in
missionaries. the Philippines.
● His "Customs of the Tagalogs" and
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND "Relation of the Worship of the
Tagalogs" provide detailed accounts
The chroniclers of the Spanish expeditions of Tagalog society before Spanish
to the Philippines in the early 16th and early colonization.
17th centuries wrote lengthy monographs,
some of which contain chapters or SIGNIFICANCE OF JUAN DE
subsections devoted to the customs of the PLASENCIAS WORK
Tagalog people.
● Born in the early 16th century in
The Customs of the Tagalog author's Plasencia, Spain, to a
numerous biases and, to a large part, false prominent family.
● His father, Pedro Porta Carrero, was
perceptions and pretenses meant that the
a captain of a Spanish
text was intended more for Western readers schooner.
than for local consumption. Written ● Joined the Franciscan order,
approximately in 1589. possibly in Italy or Spain.
 ● Arrived in the Philippines in 1578 as MARRIAGE AND FAMILY:
part of the first group ● Dowry system: given by the grooms
of Franciscan missionaries. family to the brides family, with the
amount varying based on social
CUSTOMS OF TAGALOG
status.
Juan de Plasencia's “Customs of the ● Children's status: the children of
Tagalogs”, written in 1589, provides a Maharlika and a slave were divided.
valuable glimpse into the SOCIA, ● Extended families: extended families
POLITICAL, and RELIGIOUS lives of the were common.
Tagalog people in the Philippines before
Spanish colonization. The document offers
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS:
insights into their SOCIAL STRUCTURE,
GOVERNANCE, MARRIAGE PRACTICES, ● Polytheism: the Tagalogs were
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, and ECONOMIC polytheistic, believing in various
ACTIVITIES. gods and goddesses, including
bathala, licha, and dian masalanta.
SOCIAL STRUCTURE: ● Superstitions: they held various
superstitious beliefs, such as the
Barangay - the fundamental unit of Tagalog
fear of aswang and the use of
society was the barangay, a community
amulets for protections
consisting of 30 to 100 families led by a
● Ancestral worship: they revered then
datu.
ancestors and believed in an afterlife
Three castes: with a place of rest and a place of
punishment.
● Maharlika (Nobles)
● Aliping namamahay (commoners) KARTILA NG KATIPUNAN
● Aliping saguiguilir (slaves)
OVERVIEW:
Inheritance: the eldest son typically
inherited the datus position and ● Katipunan was the successor
responsibilities. organization of the La Liga Filipina,
founded by Jose Rizal.
GOVERNANCE: ● Andres Bonifacio and prominent
members of the Katipunan were
● Datu’s authority: the datu held members of the La Liga Filipina.
significant power, serving as the ● KKK (Kataastaasan,
judge, military leader, and Kagalanggalangang, Katipunan ng
administrator of the barangay. mga Anak ng Bayan) has a valuable
● Council of Elders: provided advice connection tố what we call "Kartilya
and helped in decision-making. ng Katipunan".
● Justice system: the datu presided ● KKK is the secret organization while
over disputes and punishments. Kartilya holds the name of the
Often relying on community "Katipunan Code of Conduct"
consensus for fairness. ● Kartilya is a small pamphlet that is
given to new members of Katipunan.
 ● Kartilya originates from the word ● He died on April 16, 1899, due to
"Cartilla" which means the paper malaria in Majayjay, Laguna.
given to a new student in learning a
specific subject. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE
● The author of Kartilya is Emilio DOCUMENT
Jacinto. It was written in 1896.
The revolutionary society or Samahang
ABOUT THE AUTHOR Kataas-taasang Kagalang galangang,
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK)
● The author of the document was established on July 07, 1892 by the
"Kartilya" anti-Spanish Filipino at Tondo, Manila in
● Emilio Jacinto recognized as the response to the news of Rizal's exilement.
"Brain of the Katipunan" was born on And result of the failure of the reform
December 15, 1875, in Trozo, movement in Spain, in which Filipinos
Manila. attempted to demand reforms for the
● His parents were Mariano Jacinto Philippines from the Spanish Government.
and Josefina Dizon.
● At a young age, his father died, The Katipunan was formally founded on the
leaving him the sole responsibility to year 1892 by Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro
finance his education. Due to Plata, Losido Diwa, Deodato Arellano,
poverty, he was forced to live with Valentine Diaz and others, in response to
his uncle, Jose Dizon. the news of Rizal's deputation. During that
● He studied in San Juan De Letran time, the aim of the Kartilya ng Katipunan is
and later moved to the University of to fight for the Philippine independence from
Sto. Tomas taking the course of Spain and to unite the Filipinos into on
Bachelor of Law. nation.
● During the outbreak of the Philippine
Revolution in 1896, he joined During this period the reform movement or
Katipunan, a revolutionary propaganda movement had an impact on
movement founded by Andres building a new organization which is the
Bonifacio to overthrow the Spanish Katipunan.
government.
The reforms also had a huge impact on
● Being close to Andres Bonifacio, he
Filipinos, by inspiring them throughout their
acted as general and adviser. His
works and most of them had joined the said
role in the movement was very
Katipunan.
significant, he wrote the "Kartilya ng
Katipunan", a set of rules to be In 1896 there was what we called " Duties of
followed by Katipunan members. the Sons of the Filipino" which was written
● He also served as the editor of by Andres Bonifacio and strictly followed by
"Kalayaan", the official newspaper of the members of the organization. This
the Katipunan. dialogue embodied Bonifacio's belief.
● Emilio Jacinto dropped out of college Bonifacio would then later adopt Jacinto's
at the age of 20. Kartilya ng Katipunan as the official
● He was also known by the group as teaching of the Katipunan.
Pingkian.
CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE THE KATIPUNAN CODE OF CONDUCT
DOCUMENT
1. The first rule highlights the value of
Kartilya consists of 14 moral and ethical living life with a purpose. A
values that directly emphasize two valuable Katipunero who does not have a
concepts: Freedom and brotherhood. purpose lives a useless life.
Righteousness, Excellence, Enlightenment, 2. The second rule is all about doing
Liberty, and Equality. what is right. A deed carried out for
the sake of fame is not worthy of
There are two major classifications of rules praise.
and values stated inside the Kartilya. The 3. The third rule shows the true
first group contains the rules that will make meaning of kindness. A true act of
the member an upright individual and the kindness for a Katipunero is in the
second group contains the rules that will love and service he renders to other
guide the way he traits his fellow men. people and not the other way
around.
In a deeper perception and comprehension 4. The fourth rule highlights equality
of the content and value provisions of the among people. Every Katipunero is
kartilya, it is served as a direct response to treated equally no matter what race
certain systems that have been found or educational background he has.
noticeably unfair in recent times. 5. The fifth rule shows that honor
should mean for a Katipunero. A true
The Kartilya encompasses its "Instructive
Katipunero values honor more than
traits" as members' development as
his personal interests.
individuals in their own rights has been
6. the sixth rule is all about being a
validated too.
man of word. A Katipunero who has
The Kartilya of Katipunan pertains to the a sense of shame must be a man of
focus on "what Katipuneros should do" his own word.
rather than stating Do's and don'ts of a 7. The seventh rule gives importance
certain individual. to time. A Katipunero must give
importance to time for the
The analysis of the values of the values Katipunan, a time lost will never be
upheld in the document is consistent with back.
the burgeoning rational and liberal in the 8. The eighth rule tells everyone to
eighteen and nineteenth century. fight for what is right and fight with
the persons who are on the right
side. A Katipunero must protect the
weak and fight for those who
oppress the weak.
9. The ninth highlights the importance
of trust. A Katipunero is careful with
what he says and keeps the things
that must be kept secret.
 10. The tenth rule is all about being able TRANSLATION: “Memoirs of the
to lead the family. A Katipunero must Revolution” by Luz Colendrino Bucu in 1967
lead his family to the right path. If the
SOURCE OF MEMOIRS: Diary, Preserved
leader is consumed by evil, so do his
Documents, and Family Lore
followers.
11. The eleventh principle is all about REASONS FOR WRITING: Historical
women. A Katipunero must give Documentation, Preservation of the
importance to a woman. He must not Revolutionary Legacy, Counter
see her as an object, nor a Misinformation, Educational Purposes
post-time. Whenever a Katipunero
CONTENT ANALYSIS
sees a woman, he will remember his
mother who nurtured him. FOUNDER: Dr. Jose Rizal on July 3, 189

MGA GUNITA NG HIMAGSIKAN PURPOSE:

BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR ● Unite the whole country

● Protect and assist all members
Name : Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy ● Fight violence and injustice
● Support education
Nickname: Miong/ Heneral MIong ● Study and implement reforms

Born: March 22, 1869, in Kawit, Cavite REASON & DATE OF DISBANDMENT :

Family: The seventh child of Carlos Jamir ● Discovered by Spanish authorities

Aguinaldo, a gobernadorcillo, and Trinidad on July 6, 1892.
Famy-Aguinaldo (a Chinese-Filipino mestizo ● Rizal was arrested and taken to Fort
couple. Santiago.
● On July 7, Rizal was transferred to
Spouses : Hilaria Aguinaldo & Maria Dapitan.
Agoncillo ● La Liga Filipina was completely
disbanded.
Role: Member of KKK, municipal
governor-captain of Cavite el Viejo, the first The Katipunan, officially known as the
and youngest president of the First Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang
Philippine Republic. Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, was
founded on July 7, 1892, by Deodato
Death: Died due to coronary thrombosis on Arellano, Andrés Bonifacio and his
February 6, 1964, at the age of 94 in associates in Manila, with the aim of
Veterans Memorial Hospital, Quezon City. overthrowing Spanish colonial rule and
achieving independence for the Philippines
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE This revolutionary organization sought to
DOCUMENT unite Filipinos against oppression while
advocating for freedom, equality, and
TYPE OF DOCUMENT: Memoir by Emilio national sovereignty Bonifacio initially
Aguinaldo / Primary Source PERIOD OF consulted José Rizal about forming the
Katipunan, but Rizal disagreed with the
WRITING: Between 1928 and 1946 plans for armed revolt. Despite this, the
Katipunan organized uprisings in provinces
DATE OF PUBLICATION: 1964 ENGLISH like Cavite and Manila, establishing local
councils called sanggunians for coordination BALDOMERO AGUINALDO
and communication organization published
a newspaper named Kalayaan to Name : Baldomero Aguinaldo
disseminate information about its activities
and objectives. Members underwent Birth: February 27, 1869, in Kawit, Cavite.
initiation rites that emphasized loyalty and
sacrifice, reflecting the organization's Education: Studied law at the University of
commitment to its cause. Santo Tomas but did not complete his
degree due to the revolution
JOSE MORITARO TAGAWA
● Magdalo Leader
● He served as an interpreter during ● Commanding General of Southern
meetings between the Katipunan Luzon forces during the
leaders and Japanese officials, Philippine-American War.
particularly when they sought ● Secretary of War and Public Works
support for their cause. under Emilio Aguinaldo's
● Andres Bonifacio asked for his help administration
for military, financial, and political
support from Japan as well as Death : Died on February 4, 1915, due to
facilitating communication with heart failure and rheumatism in Malate,
Japanese officials to strengthen the Manila.
revolutionary cause against Spanish
colonialism. MAGDIWANG
● He rejected Bonifacio because
Japan did not want to be involved in ● "Magdiwang" means "to celebrate"
the war due to concerns about ● Led by Andres Bonifacio and after
timing, political implications, limited his death Mariano Álvarez (Uncle of
resources, and the nature of their Gregoria) replaced him
meetings, which were more about ● Based in Noveleta, Cavite with a
propaganda than actionable support broader range of activities focused
on a more radical and aggressive
MAGDALO approach that adapt Katipunan’s
structure.
● Named after Mary Magdalene, the ● It was decentralized and democratic,
patron saint of Cavite with a council-based system.
● Led by Baldomero Aguinaldo and ● The faction aimed to maintain
eventually Emilio Aguinaldo replaced control over their territories and
him due to his achievements believed in grassroots mobilization
● Based in Kawit, Cavite, and focused to achieve independence.
on a more moderate and diplomatic
approach that aimed to replace the GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ
existing Katipunan structure.
● It was more centralized and Alias : Mainam
hierarchical, with Emilio as the
supreme leader after Andres Birth: March 15, 1818, in Tierra Alta, Cavite.
Bonifacio’s Death Education: Studied Education at San José
● The faction aimed for a more College in Manila.
organized and structured
governance model, advocating for Work : School teacher in Naic and
elections and formal leadership roles Maragondon
within the revolutionary movement.
Secretary of Interior in Katipunan & Leader
of Magdiwang

Death : Died on August 25, 1924, due to

rheumatism in San Roque, Cavite.