Fall 2024

CE 592 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering

CLASS HOURS: T 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM
CLASSROOM: EB 0165

© 2010 CENGAGE LEARNING ENGINEERING. ALL RIGHTS

INSTRUCTOR: Kipkoech Chepkoit, Ph.D., P.E.
E-MAIL: kchepko@siue.edu

RESERVED.
OFFICE HOURS: By Appointment Only
LOCATION: EB 0165

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CE 592 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering KKC

FOUNDATION
Introduction
Foundation Types
Shallow foundations
 D/B ≤ 1.0 ---- Terzaghi’s definition
 D/B ≤ 2.0 ---- widely accepted definition
Types
1. Spread footing – isolated/individual footing (supports a single
column)
2. Combined footing – supports two or more columns in a row
3. Continuous or strip footing – supports a wall
4. Mat or raft – supports all columns & walls together

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CE 592 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering KKC

FOUNDATION
Introduction
Foundation Types
Shallow foundations
 D/B ≤ 1.0 ---- Terzaghi’s definition
 D/B ≤ 2.0 ---- widely accepted definition
Types
1. Spread footing – isolated/individual footing (supports a single
column)
2. Combined footing – supports two or more columns in a row
3. Continuous or strip footing – supports a wall
4. Mat or raft – supports all columns & walls together

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CE 592 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering KKC

FOUNDATION
Shallow Foundations

EXAMPLE
o Make up a bearing capacity problem --- (groundwater too deep)
o Consider two Nγ for comparison --- use H vs V
o Consider soil type
1. Cohesive (Ф = 0) --- Su=1.2 ksf, Y=120 pcf
2. Cohesionless (c = 0) --- phi=30, Y=120 pcf
3. c-Ф soil (c > 0, Ф > 0) --- c=300 psf, phi=21, Y=120 pcf
Assume type of footing --- use square 10 feet by 10 feet, depth of footing is 3 feet.

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CE 592 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering KKC

FOUNDATION
Shallow Foundations

Local Shear & Punching Shear

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 CE 592 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering KKC

FOUNDATION
Shallow Foundations
Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Equation – Local Shear &
Punching Shear
o Modes of failure do not have well defined shear
surfaces – likely flawed modeling?
o Soil can no longer be considered incompressible –
applies to loose sands and soft clay
o Failure is not catastrophic
o Not common except where footing is on thin crest of
strong soil underlain by very weak soil

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FOUNDATION
Shallow Foundations
Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Equation – Local Shear & Punching Shear
a. Proposed reducing the cohesion and Ф (Terzaghi, 1943 & Vesic, 1975)

Use these parameters on bearing capacity equation

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CE 592 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering KKC

FOUNDATION
Shallow Foundations

EXAMPLE
 Use information on Slide #4

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CE 592 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering KKC

FOUNDATION
Shallow Foundations

 How do you determine the bearing capacity equation to use?

o There are many theoretical solutions (> 15)
o There has been little experimental verification of any of the methods –
 Experimental models – unreliable results due to scaling effects
 Full size footings are expensive. Few full-scale footing tests reported in
existing literature
o Less incentive to incur cost – using empirical SPT/CPT data directly
provides sufficient precision for most projects

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
SUMMARY
1. Terzaghi equation is commonly used
 Minimum factors needed (shape, depth, etc.)
 Not suited for foundations with horizontal shear, moments, tilted bases, or sloping ground
2. Skempton (1951) – Nc factor increases with depth (improvement on Terzaghi’s)
3. Meyerhof, Hansen and Vesic methods are widely used
4. Hansen & Vesic – recommended when base is tilted, on a slope and when D/B > 1
5. Vesic (1975) – considers all progress done by others (Terzaghi-1943, Skempton – 1951, Meyerhof – 1953,
Hansen – 1961, DeBeer/Ladanyi – 1961, Meyerhof – 1963, Hansen – 1970, and Vesic - 1973):

 Based on theoretical and experimental findings

 Produces more accurate bearing capacity values
 Applies to much broader range of loadings and geometry
 Complexity – is the primary disadvantage
6. Vesic (1975) – is most preferred method

 Good practice to use at least two methods and compare the computed values.

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations

COMPARISON
o Table 4-6 (Bowles, 5th Ed.)
 Computed qult to measured
values ---- no significant
advantage over any other in
prediction
 Better prediction when Ф-
triaxial is adjusted to plane
strain (direct shear) for L/B
> 1 ---- recommended when
L/B > 2 for Ф-triaxial > 34o

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CE 592 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering KKC

Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
What to Consider In Determining Bearing Capacity
o Factors ---- Vesic (1975) Method
o Groundwater
o Adjacent ground – flat or sloping
o Soil parameters
o Layered soil profile

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CE 592 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering KKC

Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
What to Consider In Determining Bearing Capacity
o Factors ---- Vesic (1975) Method
o Groundwater
o Adjacent ground – flat or sloping
o Soil parameters
o Layered soil profile

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Vesic (1975) Method

o Shape factors o Depth factors

 Sc = 1+(B/L)*(Nq/Nc)  dc = 1+0.4*k
 Sq = 1+(B/L)*tanΦ  dq = 1+2*k*tanΦ*(1-sinΦ)2
 Sϒ = 1-0.4*(B/L)  dϒ = 1
• Relative shallow footings D/B ≤ 1, k = D/B
• Deeper footings D/B > 1, k = tan-1(D/B)
where D/B is in radians

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Vesic (1975) Method
AASHTO
o Load inclination factors
Textbook

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Vesic (1975) Method
o Base inclination factors o Ground inclination factors
 Not common – complexity in construction  Located near top of slope or on a slope

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations

o Bearing capacity factors

 Nq = e∏tanΦ*NΦ
 Nc = (Nq-1)/tanΦ
 Nc = 5.14 for Φ = 0
 Nϒ = 2*(Nq+1)*tanΦ

o Note NΦ = tan2(45+ Φ/2)

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CE 592 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering KKC

Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
What to Consider In Determining Bearing Capacity
o Factors ---- Vesic (1975) Method
o Groundwater
o Adjacent ground – flat or sloping
o Soil parameters
o Layered soil profile

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
GROUNDWATER AASHTO
Effects of water table on bearing capacity

Note:
 Case 1 will affect the Nϒ and Nq portion of
bearing capacity equation
 Case 2 will affect only Nϒ portion of bearing
capacity equation

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CE 592 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering KKC

Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
What to Consider In Determining Bearing Capacity
o Factors ---- Vesic (1975) Method
o Groundwater
o Adjacent ground – flat or sloping
o Soil parameters
o Layered soil profile

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
EFFECTS OF SLOPING GROUND ON BEARING CAPACITY
Vesic’s bearing equation considers footings near sloping ground
Avoid having footings near sloping ground if possible
o Reduction in lateral support
o Easily undermined by global stability/landslide
o Near-surface soils creeping downhill – footing may move downslope

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Effects of sloping ground on bearing capacity
[Textbook]
Based on centrifuge test
(see Fig. 7.19 for η & λ)

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CE 592 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering KKC

Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations

AASHTO

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CE 592 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering KKC

Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations

AASHTO

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CE 592 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering KKC

Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
What to Consider In Determining Bearing Capacity
o Factors ---- Vesic (1975) Method
o Groundwater
o Adjacent ground – flat or sloping
o Soil parameters
o Layered soil profile

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Soil parameters
 Undrained vs. drained
o Undrained shear strength, C & Φ
o Drained shear strength, C’ & Φ’
 Seismic
o Reduced shear strength during liquefaction

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CE 592 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering KKC

Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
What to Consider In Determining Bearing Capacity
o Factors ---- Vesic (1975) Method
o Groundwater
o Adjacent ground – flat or sloping
o Soil parameters
o Layered soil profile

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations

EFFECTS OF LAYERED SOILS ON BEARING CAPACITY

Approaches
1. Evaluate the bearing capacity using lowest strength parameters (cohesion, phi
angle and unit weight) in the zone of pressure bulb (depth equal to foundation
width below bottom of footing)
2. Use weighted average of strength parameters – function of thickness
3. Finite Element – develop series of trial failure surfaces beneath the footing and
evaluate stresses on each surface
4. For two-layer soil system use methods available in literature (example AASHTO)

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations

EFFECTS OF LAYERED SOILS ON BEARING

CAPACITY
Case 1: Footing on layered clays (Ф = 0)
o Top layer weaker than lower layer weak

o Top layer stronger than lower layer

 Case 2: Footing on layered Ф-c soil

o Top layer weaker than lower layer
o Top layer stronger than lower layer

Case 3: Footing on layered sand and clay soils

o Sand overlaying clay
o Clay overlaying sand

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 CE 592 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering KKC

Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations

Effects of layered soils on bearing capacity

o Example

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 Shallow Foundations
92 012 – Advance Foundation Engineering KKC
Shallow Foundations

Effects of layered soils on bearing capacity

o Example

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
AASHTO - Layered soils
o Cohesive on cohesive

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
AASHTO - Layered soils
o Cohesive/Cohesionless – Drained Loading

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations

Spread Footing against Sliding Failure

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations

Spread Footing against Sliding Failure

 Coehsionless Soils

Cohesive Soils – adhesion ca instead of friction at

the base

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Bearing Capacity of Footing with Uplift

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Bearing Capacity of Footing with Uplift
 Elevated water tanks, transmission towers, etc.
Deep foundations are the preferred – mostly drilled shafts.
Method developed by Meyerhof & Adams (1968)
Most cases resolved by using weight of footing/soil wedge

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations

Other Methods

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations

Other Methods

SPT
CPT
PMT ---- Read “Advance Foundation Engineering” by VNS Murthy (page 163)
Field Load Test ------- Read Textbook No. 2 J. Bowles (5th Edition)

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Other Methods
SPT  Parry (1977) ---- qult = 30N (kPa) good for
 Correlations of blow count N with undrained shear D≤B. N is average SPT within 0.75B below
strength and Ф footing

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Other Methods
SPT
 AASHTO

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Other Methods
CPT
 Correlations of CPT resistance qc with relative density, undrained shear strength and
Ф
 Correlation with bearing factors, Nq = Nγ = 1.25qc
 Other direct correlations (Schmertmann, 1978):
• Applicable to D/B ≤ 1.5
• qc in kg/cm2 or tsf

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Other Methods
CPT
 AASHTO

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Bearing Capacity on Rock
 Using building code values is
common
 Geology, rock type, RQD are
significant parameters
 FOS are normally high in rock –
6 to 10
 Bearing capacity equations can
be used – determine internal
friction angle and cohesion
(Triaxial or Geological Strength
Index, GSI)

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
END

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