KE-RA-ME-JA

Studies Presented to Cynthia W. Shelmerdine

Cynthia in the Hora School House. Courtesy Department of Classics, University
of Cincinnati and the Pylos Regional Archaeological Project.
 PREHISTORY MONOGRAPHS 46

KE-RA-ME-JA
Studies Presented to Cynthia W. Shelmerdine

edited by
Dimitri Nakassis, Joann Gulizio, and Sarah A. James

Published by
INSTAP Academic Press
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2014
 Design and Production
INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia, PA

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

KE-RA-ME-JA : studies presented to Cynthia W. Shelmerdine / edited by Dimitri Nakassis, Joann Gulizio, and
Sarah A. James.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-931534-76-5 (hardcover : alkaline paper)
1. Aegean Sea Region--Antiquities. 2. Civilization, Aegean--Sources. 3. Bronze age--Aegean Sea Region. 4.
Inscriptions, Linear B--Aegean Sea Region. 5. Pottery, Aegean. 6. Material culture--Aegean Sea Region. 7.
Excavations (Archaeology)--Aegean Sea Region. 8. Shelmerdine, Cynthia W. I. Nakassis, Dimitri, 1975- II. Gulizio,
Joann, 1971- III. James, Sarah A.
DF220.K4 2014
938'.01--dc23
2014009042

Copyright © 2014
INSTAP Academic Press
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Table of Contents

List of Tables in the Text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

List of Figures in the Text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Preface by Dimitri Nakassis, Joann Gulizio, and Sarah A. James. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Biography of Cynthia W. Shelmerdine by Susan Shelmerdine.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Bibliography of Cynthia W. Shelmerdine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
List of Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

KE-RA-ME-JA: CERAMIC STUDIES

1. Late Helladic I Revisited: The Kytheran Connection by Oliver Dickinson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Wine, Women, and Song . . . The LH IIIA:2 Kylix at Petsas House, Mycenae by Kim S. Shelton.. . . . . . .17
3. Potted at the Palace: A Reanalysis of Late Helladic III Pottery from the Palace of Nestor by
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry by Michael L. Galaty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4. A Very Underestimated Period: The Submycenaean Phase of Early Greek Culture
by Sigrid Deger-Jalkotzy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
vi KE-RA-ME-JA: STUDIES PRESENTED TO CYNTHIA W. SHELMERDINE

5. The Canaanite Transport Amphora within the Late Bronze Age Aegean: A 2013 Perspective
on a Frequently Changing Picture by Jeremy B. Rutter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

TA-RA-SI-JA: INDUSTRY AND CRAFT SPECIALIZATION

6. The Emergence of Craft Specialization on the Greek Mainland
by William A. Parkinson and Daniel J. Pullen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7. Pylos Tablet Vn 130 and the Pylos Perfume Industry by Thomas G. Palaima. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
8. Voicing the Loom: Women, Weaving, and Plotting by Marie-Louise Nosch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
9. Chariot Makers at Pylos by Robert Schon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

I-JE-RE-JA: RELIGION AND ICONOGRAPHY

10. The Minoan Goddess(es): Textual Evidence for Minoan Religion
by Joann Gulizio and Dimitri Nakassis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
11. Beehives and Bees in Gold Signet Ring Designs by Janice L. Crowley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
12. Gifts to the Goddesses: Pylian Perfumed Olive Oil Abroad? by Lisa M. Bendall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
13. Offerings for the Wanax in the Fr Tablets: Ancestor Worship and the Maintenance of Power
in Mycenaean Greece by Susan Lupack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
14. “Snakes” in the Mycenaean Texts? On the Interpretation of the Linear B Term e-pe-to-i
by Carlos Varias García. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

TI-MI-TI-JA: PYLOS AND MESSENIA

15. The Development of the Bronze Age Funerary Landscape of Nichoria by Michael J. Boyd. . . . . . . . . 191
16. The Varying Place of the Dead in Pylos by Joanne Murphy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
17. Working the Land: Ka-ma Plots at Pylos by Stavroula Nikoloudis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
18. “Re-excavating” the Palace of Nestor: The Hora Apotheke Reorganization Project
by Sharon R. Stocker and Jack L. Davis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

WA-NA-KA-TE-RA: WRITING AND ADMINISTRATION

19. The Birth of Administration and Writing in Minoan Crete: Some Thoughts on Hieroglyphics
and Linear A by Massimo Perna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
20. Signs of Writing? Red Lustrous Wheelmade Vases and Ashkelon Amphorae
by Nicolle Hirschfeld. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
21. O-no! Writing and Righting Redistribution by John Bennet and Paul Halstead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
22. Two Personal Names (Dative me-to-re-i and o-po-re-i) and a Place Name (Directive
me-to-re-ja-de) in Mycenaean Thebes by José L. García Ramón. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
23. Considering the Population Statistics of the Sheep Listed in the East–West Corridor Archive
at Knossos by Richard Firth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
24. Homer and Mycenae: 81 Years Later by Carol Thomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
List of Contributors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
List of Tables in the Text

Table 3.1. Descriptive data for all 35 ceramic samples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Table 5.1. Syro-Palestinian amphorae from Neopalatial (LM I) contexts on Crete and
contemporary Cycladic (LC I) contexts in the central Aegean islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Table 5.2. Syro-Palestinian amphorae from Monopalatial (LM II–IIIA:2 Early) contexts on
Crete and contemporary Mycenaean (LH IIB–IIIA:1) contexts on the Greek mainland. . . . . . 56
Table 5.3. Syro-Palestinian amphorae from Final Palatial (LM IIIA:2 [Developed] through
IIIB) contexts on Crete and contemporary Mycenaean (LH IIIA:2 Late through
IIIB:2) contexts on the Greek mainland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Table 5.4. Results of petrographic and chemical analyses applied to Syro-Palestinian jars from
Monopalatial and Final Palatial contexts (LM II–IIIB) at Kommos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Table 10.1. List of divinities recorded on Linear B tablets from different sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Table 12.1. Perfumed olive oil disbursements at Pylos in descending order of magnitude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Table 12.2. Olive oil offerings at Knossos in descending order of magnitude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
viii KE-RA-ME-JA: STUDIES PRESENTED TO CYNTHIA W. SHELMERDINE

Table 12.3. “Nonreligious” disbursements of olive oil at Knossos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Table 12.4. Women from western Anatolia and the eastern Aegean in the records of Pylos. . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Table 15.1. Nichoria cemetery, basic data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Table 15.2. Developments in MH–LH tomb architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Table 15.3. Shifting foci of tomb use by period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Table 17.1. The 10 ka-ma-e-we recorded on PY Ep 613.1–13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Table 23.1. Overall sheep population associated with the wool flocks in the East–West
Corridor texts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Table 23.2. The pe sheep by toponym (total 580). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Table 23.3. Constructing a model for the number of male sheep in the wool flocks by age. . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Table 23.4. The pa sheep by toponym (total 108). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Table 23.5. Numbers of female sheep in the wool flocks by toponym (East–West Corridor). . . . . . . . . . . 299
Table 23.6. Group A: number of sheep by toponym with corresponding entry in the Dn series. . . . . . . . 302
Table 23.7. Group B: number of sheep by toponym, excluding flocks from Table 23.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Table 23.8. Number of sheep in restored flocks, noncollector and collector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Table 23.9. Number of sheep in restored flocks, with numbers enhanced to reflect hypothesized
loss of tablets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
List of Figures in the Text

Frontispiece. Cynthia in the Hora School House. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

Figure 1.1. The development of the Vapheio cup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 1.2. Some typical LH I motifs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Figure 2.1. Plan of Petsas House, Mycenae, indicating storerooms A and E, Room Π with
circular feature/well in southeast part, and other areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 2.2. Kylikes shown in three different sizes and two shapes: carinated and rounded bowls. . . . . . . . 19
Figure 2.3. Decorated kylikes from Petsas House (FS 257) illustrating the variety of motifs in use. . . . . . 22
Figure 2.4. Miniature kylikes from Petsas House, decorated and undecorated examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Figure 2.5. Extralarge rounded bowl kylix displayed as a serving vessel along with dipper
and carinated kylix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Figure 2.6. Drawings of kylikes from Petsas House. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Figure 2.7. Drawings of kylikes from Petsas House. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
x KE-RA-ME-JA: STUDIES PRESENTED TO CYNTHIA W. SHELMERDINE

Figure 3.1. Scatterplot log-transformed data for sodium by magnesium for all clays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Figure 3.2. Results of a hierarchical cluster analysis using the Ward method on log-
transformed compositional data for 30 elements for all clays and pottery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Figure 3.3. Three-dimensional scatterplot of the first three principal components for 30
elements for all clays and pottery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Figure 4.1. Submycenaean wheelmade vases from Elateia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Figure 4.2. Novel features of Submycenaean character from Elateia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Figure 5.1. Syro-Palestinian amphorae from House X at Kommos, Crete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Figure 5.2. Syro-Palestinian amphorae from House X at Kommos, Crete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Figure 7.1. Photograph of Pylos tablet Vn 130 recto. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Figure 10.1. Interconnections among hypothesized “Minoan” deities in the Knossos texts. . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Figure 11.1. Bees and beehives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Figure 11.2. Bees and honey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Figure 12.1 Map of western Anatolia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Figure 15.1. Map of Bronze Age tombs at Nichoria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Figure 16.1. Map of Bronze Age tombs around the Palace of Nestor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Figure 16.2. Chronological use of tombs around the Palace of Nestor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Figure 18.1. Archer fresco found outside room 32 of the Main Building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Figure 18.2. Cycladic pyxis from Ali Chodza. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Figure 18.3. Byzantine glass bowl from area of Northeast Gateway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Figure 19.1. Distribution of Cretan hieroglyphic documents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Figure 19.2. Seal with Linear A inscription Cr (?) Zg 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Figure 23.1. Age of slaughter of sheep and goats at Nichoria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Preface

Dimitri Nakassis, Joann Gulizio, and Sarah A. James

The title of this volume, ke-ra-me-ja, is a wom- Like Cynthia, it is also one of a kind. The intellec-
an’s name that appears only once in the extant My- tual content of the essays presented to her in this
cenaean documentation, on Knossos Ap 639, a volume demonstrate not only that her research has
catalog of named women. We chose it because it had a wide-ranging influence, but also that it is a
means “potter” (Κεράμεια, from Greek κέραμος, model of scholarship to be emulated. The fact that
“potter’s clay”) and combines two major strands the authors contributed in the first place is a tes-
of Cynthia Shelmerdine’s many scholarly pursuits: tament to her warm and generous friendship. We
Mycenaean ceramics and Linear B texts. It there- hope that the papers in this volume both pay trib-
by signals her pioneering use of archaeological and ute to her past work and prove fruitful to Cynthia
textual data in a sophisticated and integrated way. in her many continuing endeavors.
Biography of Cynthia W. Shelmerdine

Susan Shelmerdine

Cynthia Shelmerdine credits much of her ear- an interdisciplinary approach to the study of early
ly interest in archaeology to Emily and Cornelius Greek history and signals three common threads
Vermeule who became neighbors (and fellow dog in her scholarly work: Greek, Linear B, and Myce-
walkers) during her junior year of high school. naean pottery. Cynthia joined the Department of
She followed this interest to Bryn Mawr Col- Classics at the University of Texas in 1977, teach-
lege where, when she began Greek in her soph- ing “all things Greek, from language to archae-
omore year, she realized ancient Greece was her ology,” serving twice as Department Chair, and
true passion. After graduating with a degree in becoming the Robert M. Armstrong Centennial
Greek from Bryn Mawr, she studied for two years Professor of Classics in 2002, before retiring with
at Cambridge University as a Marshall Scholar emerita status in 2008 to continue her travels and
and began to combine her interests in archaeolo- her work on Mycenaean Greece. She returned to
gy and Greek in work on Linear B. From Cam- England in 2009 as a Visiting Associate at Oxford
bridge, she went on to Harvard University where University and Official Visitor at Cambridge Uni-
she earned her Ph.D. in Classical Philology in 1977 versity and, in 2011, as Peter Warren Visiting Pro-
with a dissertation that grew out of work she had fessor at Bristol University.
done on Late Helladic pottery from Nichoria with In addition to writing a teaching commentary
the University of Minnesota Messenia Expedi- on Thucydides VI and an elementary Greek text-
tion during the summers of 1972–1975. This ear- book, Cynthia has published extensively on Py-
ly background attests to her firm belief in taking los and the evidence of the Linear B tablets for
xiv KE-RA-ME-JA: STUDIES PRESENTED TO CYNTHIA W. SHELMERDINE

understanding Mycenaean society. Her ability to and historical expert for the Iklaina Archaeologi-
draw out the big picture from details and data cal Project (1999–present). Along the way, she has
in the tablets is well illustrated in this work, as enjoyed sharing her love of ancient Greece and the
it is in The Cambridge Companion to the Aege- Aegean Bronze Age with a wide audience as a reg-
an Bronze Age (2008), to which she contributed ular lecturer and tour leader for the Archaeologi-
and also edited. Cynthia has continued to apply cal Institute of America. As this volume suggests,
her expertise in Mycenaean pottery as a codirec- however, it is her interest in and her work with stu-
tor of the Pylos Regional Archaeological Project, dents that she has enjoyed the most and that con-
in charge of museum operations and Bronze Age tinues to fuel her passion for bringing Mycenaean
ceramics (1991–1996), and again as a ceramics society to the light of a new day.
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PA. Films, American Anthropologist 78, pp. 124–125.
1972 B.A. in Classics (M.A. 1980), Cambridge Univer- . 1976. Review of The People of Pylos, by M.
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1977 Ph.D. in Classical Philology (A.M. 1976), Har- . 1978. “Late Helladic IIIA2–IIIB Pottery from
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AJA 77, pp. 261–275. Palaima, T.G., and C.W. Shelmerdine. 1984. “Mycenae-
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Collection,” BASP 12, pp. 19–22. cal Review from Cambridge 3 (2), pp. 75–89.
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Comes Alive: Industry and Administration in a My- çaise d’Athènes, Athènes, 2–6 octobre 1990 (BCH
cenaean Palace, New York. Suppl. 25), J.-P. Olivier, ed., Athens, pp. 567–589.
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List of Abbreviations

Abbreviations for periodicals in the reference lists of the chapters follow the conventions of the Ameri-
can Journal of Archaeology 111 (2007), pp. 14–34.

A Akones “mound” CR Crete

AR Arkalochori DA Dark Age
ARM Armeni dat. dative
ASCSA The American School of Classical diam. diameter
Studies at Athens dim. dimensions
ca. approximately EDS energy dispersive X-ray spectrography
CAP Cambridge Amphora Project EH Early Helladic
Chem. chemical group EM Early Minoan
CHIC Corpus Hieroglyphicarum Inscription- EPG Early Protogeometric
um Cretae est. estimated
cm centimeter fem. feminine
comp. composite (measurement restored on FM Furumark motif number
the basis of one or more overlapping fr. fragment
but nonjoining fragments) FS Furumark shape number
xx KE-RA-ME-JA: STUDIES PRESENTED TO CYNTHIA W. SHELMERDINE

g grams MY Mycenae
GC-MS gas chromatography-mass Myc. Mycenaean
spectrometry N Nikitopoulou tomb group
h. height (Tourkokivouro)
ha hectare no. number
HARP Hora Apotheke Reorganization nom. nominative
Project pers. comm. personal communication
HM Heraklion Museum pers. obs. personal observation
Hom. Homeric/Homer PG Protogeometric
HT Hagia Triada PH Phaistos
ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma mass PIXE particle induced X-ray emission
spectrometry PK Palaikastro
IKAP Iklaina Archaeological Project pl. plural
INAA instrumental neutron activation PN place name
analysis POR Poros Herakleiou
IO Juktas PR Prassa
kg kilograms PRAP Pylos Regional Archaeological
KH Chania Project
km kilometers pres. preserved
KN Knossos PY Pylos
KO Kophinas Py/GC-MS pyrolysis/gas chromatography-mass
L Lambropoulos/Lakkoules group spectrometry
L. length RCT Room of the Chariot Tablets, Knossos
lat. inf. latus inferius rest. restored (measurement restored de-
LC Late Cycladic spite missing segments of profile)
LD Lustrous Decorated RLWM Red Lustrous Wheelmade
LH Late Helladic SEM scanning electron microscope
LM Late Minoan sg. singular
m meters SY Syme
M tombs excavated by UMME at T Tsagdi group
Nichoria TH Thebes
masc. masculine th. thickness
m asl meters above sea level TRO Troy
max. maximum UMME University of Minnesota Messenia
MC Middle Cycladic Expedition
mcg micrograms v verso
MGUA(s) “Minoan Goddess(es) with V Veves
Upraised Arms” WAE/ICP or ICP-AES inductively coupled plas-
MH Middle Helladic ma atomic emission spectrometry
ml milliliters XRD X-ray diffraction
MM Middle Minoan XRF X-ray fluorescence
MN man’s name ZA Zakros
 C H A P T E R

A Very Underestimated Period:

The Submycenaean Phase
of Early Greek Culture
Sigrid Deger-Jalkotzy

Overview of Submycenaean Archaeological Finds

Within the investigation of the early history of could be called “Submycenaean.” Scholars such as
Greece,* the so-called Submycenaean period has Desborough, Rutter, and Podzuweit—using vary-
received minimal attention. Scholars in the field ing lines of approach—claimed that the cist grave
of Aegean prehistory tend to view the transitional cemeteries of the Arsenal in Salamis and the Kera-
phase between Late Helladic (LH) IIIC and the be- meikos in Athens were contemporaneous with the
ginning of the Protogeometric (PG) period either as Mycenaean chamber tomb cemeteries of LH IIIC
an unimportant appendage to the Mycenaean cul- Late. Desborough explained the differences be-
ture or as an unimportant prelude to the Early Iron tween “Mycenaean” and “Submycenaean” features
Age. Only a few authors, such as Styrenius (1967), in terms of two cultures that existed synchronous-
have paid attention to the Submycenaean period in ly but were developed by separate ethnic groups
its own right, some of them drawn by the chance
(or necessity) to study and publish the finds from
sites where Submycenaean material was excavat- *To Cynthia, with great admiration. Although her main
interest lies with the Mycenaean palaces, she has always paid
ed (most recently, see Eder 2001, 2006; Ruppen-
attention to the aftermath, too.
stein 2007). Moreover, there has been considerable Since the completion of this manuscript, Papadopoulos,
disagreement on the question of whether or not Damiata, and Marston (2011) published an article pertaining
there actually existed a separate cultural phase that to the present subject.
42 SIGRID DEGER-JALKOTZY

(Desborough 1964, 17–20; 1972, 64–111). Other au- were attributed to the transition from LH IIIC Late
thors hold the view that the “Submycenaean” fea- to EPG, and three of them (13–15, “Horizon 7”)
tures of settlements and cemeteries represented, in were expressly labeled as Submycenaean (Jacob-
fact, the final stage of LH IIIC Late (Rutter 1978; Felsch 1996, xvi). Analysis of the animal bones has
Podzuweit 1988, 215–216; 2007; Sipsie-Eschbach provided an idea of the character of the deity who
1991, 187). Against these views, it has been argued was worshipped in the Kalapodi sanctuary (Felsch
that the Arsenal and Kerameikos cemeteries were 2001, with bibliography). Apart from the tradition-
chronologically subsequent to the tombs of LH IIIC al Mycenaean sacrificial animals, such as sheep,
Late (e.g., Schachermeyr 1980, 183–199; Mountjoy goat, cattle, and pig, the paleozoological material
1988; Ruppenstein 2003; 2007; 2009) and that at from Kalapodi included a remarkable percentage
some settlements a “Submycenaean” phase, indeed, of wild animals, such as bear, lion, red deer, wild
could be distinguished from the layers of LH IIIC pig, and turtle. Therefore, it may be imagined that
Late (e.g., Kilian 1988; Papadimitriou 1988). among the worshippers who gathered at the Kala-
I found myself compelled to deal with the “Sub- podi sanctuary there may well have been inhabit-
mycenaean problem” on occasion of the Greek- ants of the surrounding mountains who made their
Austrian excavations at Elateia in central Greece, living as shepherds and hunters.
conducted by Phanouria Dakoronia and myself. In recent years, two further instances from cen-
Meanwhile it became generally known that the tral Greece of a continuous tradition from LH IIIC
chamber tombs of the Mycenaean cemetery on the to the Early Iron Age have been reported, both of
Elateia-Alonaki slope north of the modern village them situated at the bay of Atalanti in East Locris.
were used far beyond the end of the Mycenaean At the northern end of the bay the settlement of
period. The first tombs were cut in early LH IIIA, Livanates-Kynos was excavated. The site yielded
and the last ones were abandoned around 800 b.c. substantial evidence of a gradual transition from
(for a short survey, see Dakoronia 2004; Deger- LH IIIC Late to EPG (Dakoronia 2003, with bibli-
Jalkotzy 2004). ography; Dakoronia and Kounouklas 2009). Near
Moreover, it turned out that the long-standing the end of the same bay is the small island of Mi-
use of the Elateia-Alonaki cemetery was not with- trou, where recent excavations have brought to
out parallels in the Upper Kephissos valley. Simi- light an extensive Early Mycenaean settlement,
lar cemeteries were excavated at other sites, such as as well as settlement and burial evidence for the
Amphikleia and Modi. Unfortunately, very little in- transitional period from Late Mycenaean to Early
formation is available on these sites (for Amphikleia, Protogeometric (Van de Moortel 2009). A LH IIIC
see Schachermeyr 1980, 319–321), but Dakoronia Late/Submycenaean phase may be represented by
has kindly informed me that the cemeteries were a (ceremonial? cultic?) deposit in Building C. It
abandoned in the course of the 10th century b.c. consisted of 22 miniature handmade unburnished
Another case of continuity between the Myce- vases and a wheelmade cooking pot covered with
naean period and the Early Iron Age that has been a krater base for a lid. This vessel contained the
known and published for some time is the sanc- thigh bones of a young pig and four fetal piglets
tuary of Kalapodi. It is situated near the mod- (Van de Moortel 2009, 362–364, figs. 5, 6). Most
ern village on a pass of the main route between of the miniature vases are imitations of Mycenae-
the Kephissos valley and the coastal areas of East an open shapes. However, one mug certainly was
Locris. A small shrine was built in its vicinity in formed after a handmade model (Lis 2009, pl. 8:3).
LH IIIC Early (and in fact even before that date; Therefore, Lis may well be right in synchronizing
see Niemeier 2008, 2009). It was destroyed in LH this “non-profane” deposit with the LH IIIC Late/
IIIC Late, but cult activities continued until the site Submycenaean layers 11–15 from Kalapodi (Lis
was built over again by consecutive cult buildings 2009, table 4).
(for Late Geometric and Archaic temples, see Fel- Returning now to the Elateia-Alonaki cemetery,
sch 2001; Felsch, ed., 2007; Niemeier 2008, 2009). the funerary assemblages suggest that from LH
The cult activities from LH IIIC until the end of the IIIC Middle/Advanced onward prosperity settled
Early Protogeometric (EPG) period left 23 strata in and remained until the EPG period. Obvious-
(Jacob-Felsch 1996, 91–102). Of these layers, 11–15 ly, the inhabitants took advantage of the favorable
 A VERY UNDERESTIMATED PERIOD: THE SUBMYCENAEAN PHASE OF EARLY GREEK CULTURE 43

economic conditions of the area and its excellent it remained popular until the EPG period. Light
situation at the major routes of communication ground decoration consisted of bands and pat-
(Deger-Jalkotzy 2007). In terms of burial gifts, terns such as the scroll (cf. Fig. 4.1:f), tassel, and
the community’s continuous prosperity during the wavy line (Deger-Jalkotzy 2009, fig. 12), but mono-
transitional period was demonstrated above all by chrome pieces prevailed by far (Deger-Jalkotzy
more than 1,500 bronze objects (Dakoronia 2004). 2009, figs. 10–11, 14:4–8).
The funerary assemblages assignable to the During the second Submycenaean phase, hand-
span of time between LH IIIC Late and EPG seem made vases made their first appearance (Fig.
to represent three stages of development, of which 4.2:d–h; Deger-Jalkotzy 2009, fig. 15) and thereaf-
two at least should be assigned to the Submyce- ter served as burial gifts until the end of the ninth
naean period (Deger-Jalkotzy 2009). The first century b.c., when the cemetery was abandoned
post–LH IIIC stage may be called “LH IIIC Final” (Deger-Jalkotzy 2009, 91­–93). At Livanates-Kynos
or “Final Mycenaean,” although I prefer the term in East Locris, too, handmade burnished vases did
“LH IIIC Final/Early Submycenaean” (Deger- not occur in layers of LH IIIC Middle and Late;
Jalkotzy 2009, 78–84, figs. 1–3). The second phase they first appeared together with Submycenaean
can be assigned with confidence to the Submyce- vases and remained in use during the Early Iron
naean period (Deger-Jalkotzy 2009, 85–97, figs. Age (Dakoronia 2003, 47). In contrast, the pottery
4–6, 8), while the third phase can be viewed as deposits at the sanctuary of Kalapodi already in-
representing the transition to, or even the begin- cluded handmade pottery from LH IIIC Early on-
ning of EPG (Deger-Jalkotzy 2009, 97, fig. 7). ward (Jacob-Felsch 1996, 75–78). In this case, the
During the first (LH IIIC Final/Early Submyce- dedication of handmade vessels may have been re-
naean) phase, the pottery remained Mycenaean in lated to the character of the deity who was wor-
appearance, but the decorative system lacked in- shipped at Kalapodi, as well as to the cult practices
spiration. The technical quality of the ceramics, of the worshippers who congregated at this rural
too, deteriorated due to the poor preparation of sanctuary. In any case, during the Early Iron Age,
the clay and inadequate firing. The vases assumed handmade pottery played a more pronounced role
a baggy appearance, and their height hardly ever in central Greece than in Attica, in the Pelopon-
exceeded 0.15 m. The repertoire of shapes was re- nese, and in the islands. It may be further suggested
duced to amphoriskoi, small jugs, stirrup jars (Fu- that the origin of the (few) handmade jugs and jars
rumark Shape [FS] 177; see Furumark 1941), and found in the Submycenaean graves of the Keramei-
lekythoi (Deger-Jalkotzy 2009, figs. 1, 2:1–4, 9:1– kos may be sought, indeed, in central Greece, as
3). The pottery of the second (mature Submyce- has been recently discussed by Ruppenstein (2007,
naean) phase, too, was marked by its Mycenaean 169–183).
heritage, but a new spirit expressed itself in the At Elateia the repertoire of handmade vases was
way vases were shaped and structured. The tech- more or less confined to the one-handled jug and
nical quality also improved. These achievements the two-handled jar (or amphora), mostly of the
not only foreshadowed the further development of rim-handled or neck-handled type (Fig. 4.2:g, h). A
the regional pottery production, but eventually led few handmade belly-handled amphoriskoi obvious-
to the ability of making the large-sized amphorae ly imitated wheelmade specimens (Deger-Jalkotzy
and oinochoai of the PG period. However, raised 2009, 92). A small group of four handmade vases
straight or slightly conical feet were almost absent displays incised horizontal lines and two parallel
or at least extremely rare (Deger-Jalkotzy 2009, zigzags enhanced by white incrustation (Fig. 4.2:d–
94–96). Stirrup jars had disappeared from the rep- f). In view of this small number, it seems unlike-
ertoire. In contrast, lekythoi and amphoriskoi were ly that incised handmade vases were typical of the
the most popular shapes (Fig. 4.1). repertoire of ancient Phocis. Ruppenstein may well
Amphoriskoi with vertical handles on the shoul- be right that a wider horizon of northern Greece and
der (Fig. 4.1:f, g) deserve particular attention be- the Balkans in general should be considered with
cause they may have been a central Greek invention regard to the origin of this pottery class (Ruppen-
(Deger-Jalkotzy 2009, 95–96, figs. 10–12, 14). stein 2007, 178–180).
The shape may have started in LH IIIC Late, and
44 SIGRID DEGER-JALKOTZY

a b c

d e

0 5 cm

f g

Figure 4.1. Submycenaean wheelmade vases from Elateia: (a–c) lekythoi from tombs 35, 36, and 4; (d, e) belly-handled amph-
oriskoi from tombs 62 and 49; (f, g) amphoriskoi with vertical handles on the shoulder from tombs 50 and 24. Artwork B.
Eder, M. Frauenglas, and E. Held. Gray indicates dark paint on interior of vessel.
 A VERY UNDERESTIMATED PERIOD: THE SUBMYCENAEAN PHASE OF EARLY GREEK CULTURE 45

d e

g h
0 5 cm

Figure 4.2. Novel features of Submycenaean character from Elateia: (a) long dress pins with swellings from various tombs; (b)
pair of dress pins with globular heads from tomb 24; (c) arched fibulae with twisted bow from tombs 24 and 4; (d–f) hand-
made juglet, pyxis, and amphoriskos with incised and encrusted decoration from tombs 24, 70, and 45; (g, h) handmade
jars from tombs 24 and 49. Photos St. Alexandrou, B. Eder, and E. Held; layout M. Frauenglas.
46 SIGRID DEGER-JALKOTZY

During both phases of the Submycenaean peri- with a globular head of bronze appeared for the
od at Elateia, the deposit of metal objects reached first time.
a pinnacle. Individual skeletons had rings on ev- Three new burial customs were practiced at
ery finger of both hands, and the numbers of dress Elateia-Alonaki in or after the end of LH IIIC Late
fasteners and other forms of personal adornment (Deger-Jalkotzy 2009). First, corpses were depos-
exceeded anything previously observed at the tran- ited one above another in extremely contracted
sition from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron positions. This was in contrast to prior tradition,
Age. The metal finds will be published by Dakoro- according to which the deceased were deposit-
nia (for a first survey, see Dakoronia 2004). There- ed outstretched with slightly contracted legs. The
fore, the present text will refer only to the first new practice was mainly performed during the first
appearances of novel metal objects and refrain from (LH IIIC Final/Early Submycenaean) phase and
entering into technical details. may have been discontinued before the end of the
During the first (LH IIIC Final/Early Submyce- Submycenaean period (Deger-Jalkotzy 2009, 97).
naean) phase, long dress pins with oblong swell- Second, new tombs of very small size and of an “a-
ings on the upper part and nail heads or other canonical” shape were dug. Despite their small size,
terminals on top of the shaft (Fig. 4.2:a) made their these tombs were used for multiple burials and thus
first appearance, occurring singly rather than in still adhered to the Mycenaean tradition (Deger-
pairs. Some were additionally decorated with in- Jalkotzy 2009, 78, fig. 1). Third, cremation was in-
cisions and/or ring-like moldings. Most of them troduced at Elateia in LH IIIC Late and continued
reached a considerable length of 30 cm or more. to be performed for Submycenaean and PG burials.
Violin bow–shaped fibulae with twisted bows or Although the number of cremations at Elateia was
with leaf-shaped bows decorated with patterns in marginal (less than 2% of the burials), it is never-
dot repoussé were still in use and indeed may have theless worth mentioning that this burial practice
still been made during this phase. However, these reached a peak during the LH IIIC Final/Early Sub-
objects had had their heyday during LH IIIC Late. mycenaean span of time (Deger-Jalkotzy 2009, 84).
The largest group of metal objects consisted of fin- The question arises as to why it was just in the
ger rings, which were found in great numbers. The final phase of LH IIIC Late and the Early Sub-
rings consisted of hammered bands with open or mycenaean that a change in burial practices took
overlapping terminals with flat or plano-convex place. Elsewhere we have connected this phenom-
sections. A few rings had a midrib, too. Other enon with the fact that during that period the num-
types consisted of cast rings of modest width and bers of burials in the Elateia-Alonaki cemetery
with plano-convex sections, spiral rings, and shield reached a maximum (Dakoronia, Deger-Jalkotzy,
rings decorated with dot repoussé. Some of these and Fabrizii-Reuer 2000–2001). Even pits in the
types may have already appeared in LH IIIC Late, chamber floors were used for primary burials.
but it was during the first Submycenaean phase Moreover, vases of LH IIIC Final/Early Submy-
that they were all fully established and richly rep- cenaean were deposited both on the floor and in
resented among the burial gifts (Deger-Jalkotzy the pits of the chambers. Therefore, the conclusion
2009, 82–84). Novelties of the second Submyce- suggests itself that at the end of LH IIIC and in the
naean phase at Elateia consisted of dress pins with first phase of the Submycenaean period a growth
a globular head (Fig. 4.2:b), arched fibulae with a of population took place at Elateia.
twisted bow (Fig. 4.2:c), and massive cast finger Summing up, the evidence from cemeteries and
rings with a midrib and triangular section. Dress a sanctuary in the region of ancient Phocis and
pins were now deposited in pairs, as were other from two settlements of East Locris suggests that
types, too, such as pins with a rolled top or pins in central Greece the end of the Mycenaean Age
with swellings on the upper end of the shaft. Apart and the beginning of the Early Iron Age took a dif-
from these novel elements, bronze adornments that ferent course from that seen in Attica or the Pelo-
had been introduced previously continued to be ponnese. In those regions and on many islands, the
in use for burial gifts (Deger-Jalkotzy 2009, 96). end of LH IIIC appears to have been marked by
Finds of iron were extremely rare. During the third decline and abandonment, after which a new be-
(Submycenaean/EPG) phase, long iron dress pins ginning was inaugurated under different cultural
 A VERY UNDERESTIMATED PERIOD: THE SUBMYCENAEAN PHASE OF EARLY GREEK CULTURE 47

conditions. However, even this view may have to regions. Settlement evidence from Achaea is no-
be revised in view of recent archaeological data. toriously poor. However, Moschos argues that Tei-
Two particular cases will be examined below. chos Dymaion, Chalandritsa-Stavros, and Pagona
In the region of Achaea, the cultural and histor- survived in Phase 6a and were abandoned there-
ical development at the end of the Mycenaean civ- after, while Hagia Kyriaki (the settlement con-
ilization appears to have partly resembled that of nected with the Voudeni cemetery, see above) was
the Upper Kephissos valley. It was suggested long still inhabited in Phase 6b (Moschos 2009, 242–
ago that the Mycenaean chamber tombs of Achaea 243). This would agree with my own impression
were still in use when in the eastern regions of that the LH IIIC settlement at Aigeira in eastern
the Peloponnese LH IIIC had already given way Achaea survived into the Submycenaean period
to Submycenaean or even PG (e.g., Papadopoulos and even later (Deger-Jalkotzy 1991, 27). Toward
1978–1979, 184–185). This opinion met with some the end of Phase 6b, which was probably overlap-
skepticism because it was not supported by strong ping with the beginning of EPG elsewhere, several
material evidence (Eder 2009, 135). It has now Mycenaean chamber tombs in the Patras area and
been corroborated, however, by the finds from re- tholos tombs (Kallithea) in western Achaea were
cent excavations of chamber tomb cemeteries such reused. The burial gifts now included iron knives
as Portes and Voudeni in western Achaea, analyzed and swords and handmade pottery. The reuse of
by Moschos (2009). According to this author, the Mycenaean tombs in Achaea is quite in contrast to
prosperous period of LH IIIC Late was followed by the neighboring regions of Elis and Aetolia, where
a short phase labeled “Phase 6a: Final Mycenaean.” cist graves and pithos burials prevailed. It has been
The pottery style may be characterized as a “de- explained by Moschos in terms of social and de-
clining phase of LH IIIC Late,” which at the same mographic changes (Moschos 2009, 245, 250–254).
time displayed Submycenaean features (Moschos We shall return to this point later on.
2009, 256–259, figs. 11–30). During this phase, the From the island of Euboea, new excavations on
communities of western Achaea remained pros- the Xeropolis hill at Lefkandi will lead to a revision
perous and continued to entertain a wide network of the picture that has until recently prevailed on the
of external connections, which even extended as transition from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron
far as the east coast of southern Italy and Cyprus. Age. In the first place, the settlement on Xeropolis
The pottery finds allow for synchronizations with did not come to an end with LH IIIC Late. Domestic
Elis, Arcadia, Aetolia, the Ionian islands, and cen- structures (cf. Lemos 2008, 39), buildings of larger
tral Greece (Elateia!), as well as with the Submyce- dimensions and higher quality (dwellings probably
naean graves in Attica and in the east Peloponnese reserved for members of a local elite; on the Early
(Moschos 2009, 260–261). The subsequent “Phase Iron Age “megaron” and its LH IIIC predecessor,
6b” according to Moschos was clearly Submyce- see Lemos 2008; 2009a; 2009b, 182), and special
naean. This phase was of longer duration than the structures of possibly nonprivate functions (Lemos
previous one. The local pottery style was a blend 2009a, 54) built during the transition from LH IIIC
of Submycenaean and late Mycenaean features Late to EPG testify to a continuous settlement. At
(Moschos 2009, 259–260, figs. 31–40). Arched and the same time, well-known new single grave cem-
twisted fibulae, however, as well as long dress pins eteries were established in its vicinity, and the My-
in pairs, appeared along with Mycenaean weap- cenaean tradition of burial customs came to a close
ons (Moschos 2009, 241, nos. 38, 39). Together, the (Popham, Sackett, and Themelis, eds., 1980).
two phases 6a (“Final Mycenaean”) and 6b (“Sub- There is no doubt that the new archaeological
mycenaean”) constituted the Submycenaean period evidence requires a fresh approach to the transi-
in Achaea. During the earlier Phase 6a, the Myce- tional period from LH IIIC to the Early Iron Age
naean chamber tombs continued to be used and in its own right. Clearly, the vision of a uniform
burial customs did not change. In contrast, during “Submycenaean culture” has to be abandoned.
Phase 6b many cemeteries were abandoned (except The post–LH IIIC developments expressed them-
for the Patras region with the settlement at Hagia selves in greatly varying fashions throughout the
Kyriaki and the cemetery at Voudeni), and exter- regions of Greece. The instances of central Greece
nal contacts became restricted to the neighboring and Achaea suggest that in some regions, indeed,
48 SIGRID DEGER-JALKOTZY

the Mycenaean tombs continued to be used. How- objects of so-called Submycenaean types. Nev-
ever, it is not tenable that LH IIIC Late and Submy- ertheless, the crucial question still remains as to
cenaean settlements and cemeteries were entirely when and where those cultural features common-
synchronous. Even if some regional pottery styles ly associated with the term “Submycenaean” were
still adhered to the Mycenaean tradition, it can be first developed and adopted.
shown that they were influenced by those ceram- From the numerous topics pertaining to the tran-
ic characteristics that we have come to label as sitional period from the Late Bronze to the Early
“Submycenaean” (Deger-Jalkotzy 2009; Moschos Iron Age, I would like to select two major problems.
2009). Moreover, the burial gifts included metal

Phasing, Chronology, and Synchronisms

With regard to chronology, we have no more has to remain speculative. The first (LH IIIC
than two key dates for the postpalatial Mycenaean Final/Early Submycenaean) phase can be synchro-
era: ca. 1200 b.c. for the beginning of LH IIIC and nized with Phase 6a in Achaea (Moschos 2009,
ca. 1050/40 b.c. for the beginning of the PG. The 239). However, it appears to have been of a longer
span of time enclosed by these dates, ca. 150 years, duration than the incipient Submycenaean phase
must have comprised the entire LH IIIC and the in the northwest Peloponnese. During the mature
Submycenaean periods (Weninger and Jung 2009, Submycenaean phase of Elateia, the contacts with
fig. 14). I have tentatively assigned the Submyce- Achaea had come to a close. Instead, a useful hint
naean span of time in central Greece to ca. 1080– may be gained from the lekythoi (Fig. 4.1:a, b) be-
1040 b.c. (see also further below). cause in Athens and Attica vertical wavy lines
A great problem is posed by the chronology of were more or less confined to the lekythoi of the
the Submycenaean burials of the Kerameikos cem- second phase of the Submycenaean period. The
etery. Pottery collected from ca. 140 graves was handmade pottery establishes a further chronolog-
subdivided into four stylistic and chronological ical link between the mature Submycenaean phase
groups. Groups I–III can definitely be called Sub- at Elateia and the mature Submycenaean phase(s)
mycenaean, while group IV represents a transi- of the Kerameikos. On the whole, it seems rea-
tional stage between the Submycenaean and EPG. sonable to allocate two generations for the two
The duration of time attributed by Ruppenstein to Submycenaean phases at Elateia (Deger-Jalkotzy
these four groups was “not significantly less than 2009, esp. 98–99).
100 years” (Ruppenstein 2007, 269). In contrast, In contrast to Ruppenstein, Lemos has viewed
Moschos has subdivided the post–LH IIIC period Submycenaean as a short “intermediate stage be-
of Achaea into a short Phase 6a and a longer Phase tween the Late Mycenaean period and the following
6b. Only vases of the first phase are said to dis- PG period” (Lemos 2002, 7–8). This view certain-
play parallels with the pottery from the Keramei- ly applies to the evidence from the Skoubris ceme-
kos (Moschos 2009, 261). tery and from the new excavations on the Xeropolis
As for Elateia, the considerable increase in buri- hill, which do not warrant the idea of a long dura-
als during the two Submycenaean phases may or tion of time.
may not have taken place over a long span of time. Time calculations with regard to the sanctuary
It is possible that the increase in burial numbers, at Kalapodi are rendered difficult by the paucity
combined with the change in burial habits and the of material from levels 13–15 (Jacob-Felsch 1996,
use of cremation, may be ascribed to demograph- 98–99). Moreover, the pottery style hardly differs
ic developments rather than to an extended span from that found in the levels of LH IIIC Late. It is
of time (see further below). The stylistic devel- significant, however, that during the Submycenae-
opment of the wheelmade pottery was slow and an period the percentage of handmade pottery rose
adhered to the Mycenaean tradition, so that any to 50% and more. This fact brings to mind the fact
calculation on the basis of the pottery development that the first appearance of handmade pots in the
 A VERY UNDERESTIMATED PERIOD: THE SUBMYCENAEAN PHASE OF EARLY GREEK CULTURE 49

Elateia-Alonaki tombs occurred during the second synchronistic elements. Moreover, it has to be asked
(mature) Submycenaean phase. whether or not there was a correlation between the
Under these circumstances, the problem of the number of burials and the duration of time. Is it con-
relative chronology of the Submycenaean period ceivable that in certain regions, such as Attica, the
and where it should be placed within the framework stylistic development was more dynamic than in
of absolute chronology between 1200 and 1040 others? In other words, is it feasible that the Sub-
b.c. remains to be discussed anew. First, research mycenaean phases I–III of the Kerameikos covered,
into the chronology of the period must take pains- in fact, no more time than the two Submycenaean
taking regard of regional diversities and seek out phases of Elateia and Achaea?

Possible Demographic and Political Changes

It is only natural that the obvious cultural chang- cultural changes may be ascribed to the immigra-
es during the transitional period have often been tion of new population groups.
explained in terms of demographic causes. In par- It is possible that they did not come from afar. At
ticular, dissolution of political organization, cul- the sanctuary at Kalapodi, where the deposition of
tural decline, and depopulation were taken into handmade jugs and jars had been a long-standing
consideration. Even so, explanatory models based custom, the percentage of handmade pottery rose
on migrations have received much criticism during to 50% during the transition from LH IIIC Late to
the last 40 years. the Early Protogeometric. This was the same time
At Elateia the considerable increase in buri- when handmade jars and jugs were first deposited
als during the two Submycenaean phases may in the tombs of Elateia. Thus, it may be suggested
or may not have required a long span of time, that the inhabitants of the surrounding mountain-
as discussed above. However, the decline-and- ous areas, who had previously gathered in the wor-
depopulation model is not applicable. We have ship of a “goddess of (wild) animals” (Felsch 2001)
already referred to the community’s continuing at the sanctuary at Kalapodi, now moved and set-
prosperity during the transitional period. At the tled in the plain. However, the origin of the incised
same time, from the end of LH IIIC onward a pop- handmade ceramics found at Elateia and of certain
ulation increase took place, reaching a peak in the metal objects (Dakoronia 2004) has to be sought
first phase of the Submycenaean period, and this in more distant regions. Moreover, in view of the
may have led to a change in burial customs. In this abandonment of Mycenaean settlements during
connection, it may be pointed out that it is not easy and after LH IIIC Late, it cannot be excluded that
to cremate an adult. Therefore, there must have Mycenaean refugees, too, arrived in the Upper Ke-
been a group of people at Elateia who were expe- phissos valley. Nevertheless, if the increase in buri-
rienced in this burial practice (Dakoronia, Deger- als during the Submycenaean period at Elateia was,
Jalkotzy, and Fabrizii-Reuer 2000–2001, 147–149). indeed, caused by immigrants, these people did not
The practice of burying corpses in an extremely stay for good—or, at least, not all of them stayed.
contracted position, too, may have been associated During the EPG period, the number of burials de-
not only with the increase in burials, but it could clined, and only a limited number of tombs of the
also have been a reflection of nonindigenous buri- Elateia-Alonaki cemetery were used after the 10th
al customs. In this connection, it was perhaps no century b.c.
mere chance that the increase in burials and the At the present state of study, it is still too soon to
use of cremation did not extend to all tombs of the make conclusive statements on the social and polit-
Elateia-Alonaki cemetery (Deger-Jalkotzy 2009, ical organization that may have prevailed at Elate-
84). Moreover, new metal adornments and hand- ia during the Submycenaean span of time. In view
made pottery were introduced for burial gifts, and of the general prosperity of the community and
many Mycenaean pottery shapes became obsolete. the absence of weapons and other distinctive pres-
Therefore, the growth of population and certain tige objects, it will certainly require more subtle
50 SIGRID DEGER-JALKOTZY

criteria to define possible social differentiations. Gulf arrived in the northwest Peloponnese and ad-
In contrast, the burials of the Early Iron Age clear- jacent islands. Toward the end of Phase 6b, sever-
ly testify to elite status of certain individuals and al Mycenaean tombs were reused in Achaea and
families (Dakoronia, Deger-Jalkotzy, and Fabrizii- Kephallonia, while cist graves were introduced in
Reuer 2009). Elis. Doubtless the historical sketch presented by
The archaeological evidence from Achaea has Moschos is fascinating. But is it the only possible
been recently interpreted by Moschos in terms interpretation?
of political changes and migrations that affected In contrast to earlier views, it is now evident
the western regions of Greece during the transi- that even distant external contacts did not come to
tion from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Ages a close during the Submycenaean period. Howev-
(Moschos 2009). In his view, people from Achaea er, partners may have changed. For instance, the
settled during the Final Mycenaean/Early Submy- long-standing relations between central Greece and
cenaean Phase 6a in neighboring regions such as Achaea seem not to have continued during the ma-
Elis, Aetolia, and Kephallonia. In Phase 6b, the im- ture Submycenaean phase (Deger-Jalkotzy 2009,
migration movement became extensive, leading to 98; Moschos 2009, 261). Moreover, in the light
the abandonment of many sites. Moschos believes of the recent archaeological evidence, it does not
that the ancient myths about migration movements seem out of place to resume the old discussion on
from Achaea to Attica and other regions of eastern Greek migrations across the Aegean to Asia Minor
Greece and above all to Cyprus may well have con- and farther on to Cyprus.
tained some kind of a collective historical memo- In conclusion, research of the last two decades
ry, and that these migrations were organized by a into the LH IIIC period has led us to believe that
political authority that was probably centralized in the “last Mycenaeans” managed to retain their cul-
the Patras area. During Phase 6b of Achaea, a local tural heritage and to adapt it to the conditions that
EPG style emerged in Aetolia and Acarnania that set in after the breakdown of the palatial system.
was apparently a blend of Mycenaean survivals and Now the question also has to be asked as to what
novel “northern” features (Moschos 2009, 240– extent their “successors” were able to preserve and/
253). Population movements were now reversed. or transform this heritage and to hand it down to
Newcomers from the regions across the Corinthian the Early Iron Age.

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