REVIEWER IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

REVIEWER IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
John Needham - contributed to the development of cell theory by developing an experiment through
which spontaneous generation could be disproven.
Lazaro Spallanzani - an Italian Catholic priest, biologist and physiologist who made important
contributions to the experimental study of bodily functions, animal reproduction, and animal
echolocation.
Louis Pasteur - a French chemist, pharmacist, and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the
principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization, the last of which was named after
him.
Francesco Redi - He opposed the idea of spontaneous generation and thus designed a scientific
experiment to test the idea that maggots were generated from rotting meat. He placed meat in three
flasks, one open, one sealed and one with a filter.
THEODORE SCHWANN -animals are made up of cells
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN – plants are made up of cells
UNIFYING THEMES ABOUT LIFE
Bacteria do not contain any genetic material because they lack a true nucleus. Thus, a bacterium lacks
capacity for heredity.
A bacteria can become resistant to an antibiotic. Same is through with a population of fish that survives
in a polluted lake or river. Their resistance to pollutants is due to genetic changes. And this is an
example of adaptation.
Red blood cells carry oxygen to the different parts of the body. As they perform this function, they do
need energy and they get their energy NOT from the mitochondria where aerobic respiration takes
place. Instead, they use the energy provided by anaerobic respiration. Both aerobic respiration and
anaerobic respiration supply energy in the form of ATP.
Gonads are sex hormones. They do NOT regulate body temperature. Thus, they are NOT responsible for
homeostasis.
SEXUAL and ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Sexual Reproduction happens when a sperm cell meets with an egg cell.
In sexual reproduction, it takes longer time for an embryo to develop into a zygote then into a fetus. But
it’s shorter with asexual reproduction since only one parent is involved and no fertilization takes place.
Both sperm cells and egg cells are haploids. The type of cell division that takes place is meiosis.
For asexual reproduction, there is no fusion between the sperm and the egg cells. Mitosis takes place.
Example of fragmentation:
External fertilization with high egg production should happen for a population of fish that lives in a lake
with poor water quality and low oxygen levels. The reason for this is to increase their population since
some of them are dying and cannot adapt to their polluted environment. External fertilization is sperm
and egg cells are released in the environment.
Examples of external fertilization: frogs and toads, fish like salmon, cod and trout.
Asexual reproduction allows organisms to reproduce faster and colonize new regions rapidly.
An ECOSYSTEM is an interaction of living and nonliving things.

EXAMPLES of symbiotic relationship:
Parasitism – a flea sucking a dog’s blood;
Commensalism – barnacle (shell) and a whale
Mutualism –a fungus and a lichen
CELLS
Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis
Mitochondria – site of energy production
Cell wall is found only in plant cells but NOT in animal cells. It is made of a cellulose and it keeps out
foreign substances that lysosomes (in animal cells) would typically digest.
Ribosomes – are responsible for protein synthesis
Vacuole – storage of water and makes up 90% of the plant cell
Golgi apparatus – responsible for packaging and transporting proteins
Nucleus – site of DNA
Lysosomes – waste disposal system of the cell; can destroy invading virus or bacteria; digests or breaks
down the trash
Vacuole – site for the storage of water
Stroma – found within a chloroplast; a solution around thylakoids
Respiration – the process in which glucose and oxygen interact in cells to release energy
ATP - currency of living things
Photosynthesis and respiration in a plant occur during midday.
Cell membrane has phospholipid bilayer.

Prokaryotes are single – celled organisms.
Cyanobacteria are single-celled and are prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes are multicellular organisms.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 with light energy in the reactants
RESPIRATION EQUATION:
GMO – genetically modified organisms; can be engineered to have desired traits; an organism that has
been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the main source of Ti plasmids that is used in biotechnology.
A FRUIT has its parts. The skin or its outermost layer is exocarp, the flesh that can be eaten is mesocarp.
Artificial Vegetative Propagation is asexual propagation. These are done through grafting, cutting,
layering and tissue culture.
Kalanchoe or Katakataka is an example of natural vegetative propagation. This is also an example of

asexual reproduction.
HOW ANIMALS SURVIVE

Filter Feeding – a method of feeding where animals strain small food particles and organisms from water.
Example: Green lip mussel or tahong which are attached directly by the base and not raised on a stalk
(sessile)
Arctic Beetle
An arctic beetle produces an alcohol called glycerol that prevents its blood and other fluids from
freezing.
Snakes can swallow their prey much larger than their heads because of their musculoskeletal system
that allows for a flexible jaw.
Cheetahs can move at an exceptional speed and are known for their ability to sprint because of their
musculoskeletal system and circulatory system.
A bird can fly because of its wings which are part of the musculoskeletal system.

REVIEWER IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

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REVIEWER IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

SEXUAL and ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

An ECOSYSTEM is an interaction of living and nonliving things.

Cell membrane has phospholipid bilayer.

Kalanchoe or Katakataka is an example of natural vegetative propagation. This is also an example of

HOW ANIMALS SURVIVE

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