METALS

Those elements which form positive ions by losing electrons are

called Metals.

Physical Properties of Metals -

1. Good Conductor of Heat and Electricity.

2. High melting and Boiling Point

3. Solid at room temperature except mercury (liquid)

4. Are Sonorous (means they produce a sound on striking)

5. Are Malleable, i.e., they can be hammered into thin sheets.

6. Are Ductile (means they can be used to make wires)

Gold is the most ductile metal means wires of gold can be

made easily because gold is very soft for bending.

But we can’t use Wires of Gold in our Home (क्यं�ू क Gold

इतना महँगा है क� परू ा घर ह� �बक जाएगा �)

Copper Wire Gold Wire

Chemical properties of Metals -

1. Reaction of Metals with Oxygen -

Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide

Examples -
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

2Cu + O2 → 2CuO

Different metals react in different ways with O2

i) Metals like Potassium and Sodium react so strongly with

Oxygen that they catch fire if kept in open. So they are kept
in Kerosene oil to avoid accidental fires.

Sodium stored in Kerosene Magnesium covered with Oxide layer

ii) At room temperature, surfaces of metals such as Magnesium,
Aluminium, Zinc etc. are covered with a thin layer of oxide, to
prevent further oxidation.

iii) Silver and Gold do not react with oxygen even at high
temperatures.

Amphoteric Oxides - Metals oxides which react with both acids

as well as bases to produce salts and water are called Amphoteric
Oxides.

Examples -
Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + H2O

Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O

2. Reaction of Metals with Water -

Metal + Water → Metal Oxide + Hydrogen

Metal Oxide + Water → Metal Hydroxide

i) For Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) - Reaction is violent

even with cold water and so exothermic that hydrogen
immediately catches fire.

Examples -

2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 + Heat

 2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2 + Heat

ii) For Calcium (Ca) - Reaction is less violent for hydrogen to

catch fire.

Examples -

Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2

iii) For Aluminium (Al) and Iron (Fe) - These do not form
hydroxide as their oxides are not soluble. They do not
react with hot water but with steam.

Examples -

2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 3H2

3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2

3. Reaction of Metals with Acids -

Metal + Dilute Acid → Salt + Hydrogen

Examples -
Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2

Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
 Some metals like Silver, Gold and copper do not react with
acid.

4. Reaction of Metals with Solutions of other Metal Salts -

Metal A + Salt Solution B → Salt Solution A + Metal B

Only more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal

from compound.

Examples -
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu

Cu + FeSO4 → No Reaction
(Because Cu is less reactive than Fe)

No Reaction
 Reactivity Series

Reactivity Series is a list of metals arranged in order of their

decreasing activities

K Most Reactive Metal

Na

Ca

Mg
More reactive
than Hydrogen Al

Zn

Fe

Pb
Hydrogen H

Cu

Hg
Less reactive
than Hydrogen Ag

Au Least Reactive Metal

 NON - METALS

Those elements which form negative ions by gaining electrons are

called Non-Metals.

Physical Properties of Non - Metals -

1. Are solids or gases except Bromine (liquid)

2. Low melting and Boiling Point

3. Bad conductor of Heat and Electricity (except Graphite)

4. Are Non - Sonorous (don’t produce a sound on striking)

5. Are Non – Malleable (brittle), means they will break when

hammered or stretched

6. Are Non – Ductile.

Chemical properties of Non - Metals -

1. Reaction of Non-Metal with Water -

Non-Metal + Water → No Reaction

2. Reaction of Non-Metals with Acids -

Non-Metal + Acid → No Reaction

 3. Reaction of Non-Metals with Oxygen -

Non-Metal + Oxygen → Non-Metal Oxide

Examples -
C + O2 → CO2

4. Reaction of Non-Metals with Metal -

Non-Metal + Metal → Salt/ Metal Oxide

Examples -
Na + Cl → NaCl

Ionic - Compounds

The compounds formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal

to a non-metal are called Ionic Compounds.

Properties of Ionic Compounds -

1. They are Solid and Hard

2. High Melting and Boiling Point

3. Soluble in Water and insoluble in Petrol, Kerosene

4. Good Conductors of electricity in Aqueous Solution and
Molten state but do not conduct in Solid state.

Examples –

Formation of NaCl

Na → Na+ + e- Cl + e- → Cl-
(2,8,1) (2,8) (2,8,7) (2,8,8)
stable octet

Na + Cl → Na Cl

(2,8) (2,8,8)
stable octet stable octet

Common Salt - (Tata Salt - दे श का नमक �)

Occurrence of Metals

Minerals - The elements or compounds which occur naturally in

the earth’s crust are called minerals.

Ores - Minerals that contain very high percentage of particular

metal and the metal can be profitably extracted from it, such
minerals are called ores.

K
Na
Not found in free state
Very Reactive Metals Ca
Extraction by electrolysis
Mg
Al

Zn
Fe Occur as sulphides, oxides,
Moderately Reactive carbonates
Pb
Cu Reduction by using carbon

Hg

Ag
Least Reactive Occur in free state
Au

Extraction of Metals from Ores

Step 1) Enrichment of Ores.

Step 2) Extraction of Metals.

Step 3) Refining of Metals.

 Ore

Concentration of Ore

Metals with High Metals of Medium Metals with Low

reactivity reactivity reactivity

Electrolysis of Sulphide Ores

Molten Ore Carbonate Ores Sulphide Ores
ZnCO3 ZnS

Pure Metal Calcination Roasting Roasting

Oxides of Metal

Reduction to Metal Metal

Purification of Metal Refining

Carbonate Ores Sulphide Ores

 Steps involved in Extraction of Metals from Ores

Some Important Terms

a) Gangue - Ores are usually contaminated with large amount of

impurities such as soil, sand etc. This is called gangue.

b) Roasting - The sulphide ores are converted into oxides by

heating strongly in the presence of excess air.

2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2

c) Calcination - The carbonate ores are changed into oxides by

heating strongly in limited air.

ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2

d) Reduction - Metal oxides are reduced to corresponding metals

by using reducing agent like carbon.

ZnO + C → Zn + CO

Refining of Metals

The most widely used method for refining impure metal is

electrolytic refining.
 e- e-

Cathode Anode

Anode - Impure copper

Cathode - Strip of pure copper

Electrolyte - Solution of acidified copper sulphate

a) On passing the current through electrolyte, the impure metal

from anode dissolves into the electrolyte.

b) An equivalent amount of pure metal from the electrolyte is

deposited at cathode.

c) The insoluble impurities settle down at the bottom of the

anode and is called anode mud.

Corrosion

The surface of some metals such as iron is corroded when they

are exposed to moist air for a long period of time.
 i) Silver becomes black when exposed to air as it reacts with
air to form a coating of silver sulphide.

ii) Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air and gains
a green coat of copper carbonate.

iii) Iron when exposed to moist air acquires a coating of a

brown color called Rust.

Prevention of Corossion

The rusting of iron can be prevented by painting, oiling, greasing,

galvanizing, chrome plating, or make alloys.

Galvanization - It is a method of protecting steel and iron from

rusting by coating them with a thin layer of zinc.

Alloy - An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals

or a metal and a non-metal.

Iron - Mixed with small amount of carbon becomes hard and

strong.

Steel - Iron + Nickel and Chromium

Brass - Copper + Zinc

Bronze - Copper + Tin