METALs &

NON--
METALs
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 METALS

Those elements which form positive ions by losing

electrons are called Metals.

Physical Properties of Metals -

1. Good Conductor of Heat and Electricity.

2. High melting and Boiling Point

3. Solid at room temperature except mercury (liquid)

4. Are Sonorous (means they produce a sound on

striking)

5. Are Malleable, i.e., they can be hammered into thin

sheets.

6. Are Ductile (means they can be used to make wires)

Gold is the most ductile metal means wires of gold

can be made easily because gold is very soft for
bending.

But we can’t use Wires of Gold in our Home (क्यंfू क

Gold

इतना महँगा है क� पूरा घर हk fबक जाएगा �–�? )

Copper Gold Wire

Wire
Chemical properties of Metals -

1. Reaction of Metals with Oxygen -

Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide

Examples -
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

2Cu + O2 → 2CuO

Diff erent metals react in diff erent ways with

O2

i) Metals like Potassium and Sodium react so strongly with

Oxygen that they catch fire if kept in open. So they are
kept in Kerosene oil to avoid accidental fires.

Sodium stored in Magnesium covered with Oxide

Kerosene layer
ii) At room temperature, surfaces of metals such as
Magnesium, Aluminium, Zinc etc. are covered with
a thin layer of oxide, to prevent further oxidation.

iii) Silver and Gold do not react with oxygen even at

high temperatures.

Amphoteric Oxides - Metals oxides which react with both

acids as well as bases to produce salts and water are called
Amphoteric Oxides.

Examples -
Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + H2O

Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O

2. Reaction of Metals with Water -

Metal + Water → Metal Oxide +

Hydrogen Metal Oxide + Water → Metal

Hydroxide
i) For Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) - Reaction is
violent even with cold water and so exothermic
that hydrogen immediately catches fire.

Examples -

2Na + → 2NaOH + H2 +
2H2O Heat
 2K + → 2KOH + H2 +
2H2O Heat

ii) For Calcium (Ca) - Reaction is less violent for

hydrogen to catch fire.

Examples -

Ca + → Ca(OH)2 +
2H2O H2

iii) For Aluminium (Al) and Iron (Fe) - These do not

form hydroxide as their oxides are not soluble.
They do not react with hot water but with steam.

Examples -

2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 3H2

3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2

3. Reaction of Metals with Acids -

Metal + Dilute Acid → Salt +

Hydrogen Examples -
Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2

Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 +

H2 Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2

+ H2
 Some metals like Silver, Gold and copper do not react
with acid.

4. Reaction of Metals with Solutions of other Metal Salts -

Metal A + Salt Solution B → Salt Solution A + Metal

B

Only more reactive metal can displace a less reactive

metal from compound.
Examples -
Fe + → FeSO4 + Cu
CuSO4
→ No Reaction
Cu + (Because Cu is less reactive than
FeSO4 Fe)

No
Reaction
 Reactivity Series

Reactivity Series is a list of metals arranged in order of

their decreasing activities

K Most Reactive

Metal Na

Ca

Mg
More
reactive than Al
Hydrogen
Z

Fe
Hydroge P
n
b

H
Less reactive
than C
Hydrogen u

g
 NON - METALS

Those elements which form negative ions by gaining

electrons are called Non-Metals.

Physical Properties of Non - Metals -

1. Are solids or gases except Bromine (liquid)

2. Low melting and Boiling Point

3. Bad conductor of Heat and Electricity (except Graphite)

4. Are Non - Sonorous (don’t produce a sound on striking)

5. Are Non – Malleable (brittle), means they will break

when hammered or stretched

6. Are Non – Ductile.

Chemical properties of Non - Metals -

7. Reaction of Non-Metal with Water -

Non-Metal + Water → No
Reaction

2. Reaction of Non-Metals with Acids -

Non-Metal + Acid → No
Reaction
 3. Reaction of Non-Metals with Oxygen -

Non-Metal + Oxygen → Non-Metal

Oxide Examples -
C + O2 → CO2

4. Reaction of Non-Metals with Metal -

Non-Metal + Metal → Salt/ Metal

Oxide Examples -
Na + Cl → NaCl

Ionic - Compounds

The compounds formed by the transfer of electrons from a

metal to a non-metal are called Ionic Compounds.

Properties of Ionic Compounds -

1. They are Solid and Hard

2. High Melting and Boiling Point

3. Soluble in Water and insoluble in Petrol, Kerosene

4. Good Conductors of electricity in Aqueous Solution
and Molten state but do not conduct in Solid state.

Examples –

Formation of NaCl

Na → Na+ e- Cl + e- →
(2,8,1 +
)
Cl-
(2,8) (2,8,7)
stable octet (2,8,8)

Na + Cl → Na
Cl
(2,8) (2,8,8)
stable octet stable
octet

Common Salt - (Tata Salt - देश का नमक

�j�)
Occurrence of Metals

Minerals - The elements or compounds which occur

naturally in the earth’s crust are called minerals.

Ores - Minerals that contain very high percentage of

particular metal and the metal can be profitably extracted
from it, such minerals are called ores.

K
Na
Not found in free state
Very Reactive C
Metals Extraction by
a electrolysis
M
g
Al Occur as sulphides,
Moderately Zn oxides, carbonates
Reactive Reduction by using
Fe
carbon
Pb
Cu
Least H Occur in free
Reactive state
g

Ag
Extraction of Metals from
Au
Ores
Step Enrichment of Ores.
1)
Extraction of
Step
2) Metals. Refining of

Step Metals.
3)
 Ore

Concentration of
Ore

Metals with Metals of Metals with

High Medium Low
reactivity reactivity reactivity

Electrolysis Sulphide
of Molten Carbonate Sulphide Ores
Ore Ores Ores
ZnCO3 ZnS

Pure Calcinatio Roastin Roastin

Metal n g g

Oxides of
Metal

Reduction to Metal
Metal

Purification of Refinin
Metal g

Carbonate Sulphide
Ores Ores
Steps involved in Extraction of Metals from Ores

Some Important Terms

a) Gangue - Ores are usually contaminated with large

amount of impurities such as soil, sand etc. This
is called gangue.

b) Roasting - The sulphide ores are converted into

oxides by heating strongly in the presence of
excess air.

2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2

c) Calcination - The carbonate ores are changed into

oxides by heating strongly in limited air.

ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2

d) Reduction - Metal oxides are reduced to corresponding

metals by using reducing agent like carbon.

ZnO + C → Zn + CO

Refining of Metals

The most widely used method for refining impure

metal is electrolytic refining.
 e- e-

Cathod Anod
e e

Anode - Impure copper

Cathode - Strip of pure copper

Electrolyte - Solution of acidified copper sulphate

a) On passing the current through electrolyte, the impure

metal from anode dissolves into the electrolyte.

b) An equivalent amount of pure metal from the

electrolyte is deposited at cathode.

c) The insoluble impurities settle down at the bottom of

the anode and is called anode mud.

Corrosion

The surface of some metals such as iron is corroded when

they are exposed to moist air for a long period of time.
 i) Silver becomes black when exposed to air as it reacts
with air to form a coating of silver sulphide.

ii) Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air and
gains a green coat of copper carbonate.

iii) Iron when exposed to moist air acquires a coating

of a brown color called Rust.

Prevention of Corossion

The rusting of iron can be prevented by painting, oiling,

greasing, galvanizing, chrome plating, or make alloys.

Galvanization - It is a method of protecting steel and iron

from rusting by coating them with a thin layer of zinc.

Alloy - An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more

metals or a metal and a non-metal.

Iron - Mixed with small amount of carbon becomes hard

and strong.

Steel - Iron + Nickel and

Chromium Brass - Copper + Zinc

Bronze - Copper + Tin

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