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    2.Phonetics_phonology (1)

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    2.Phonetics_phonology (1)

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    Phonetics and phonology

    Prof. UAM dr hab. Paula Orzechowska


    winter term 2024/2025
    Phonetics vs. phonology
    Phonetics vs. phonology
    ● Phonology

    ● Phonetics
    Phonetics vs. phonology
    ● Phonology – study of sound system of
    languages
    ● Phonetics – study of physical properties of
    speech sounds
    ● Articulatory – sound articulation
    ● Acoustic – sound transmission
    ● Auditory – sound perception
    Phonetics and phonology
    ● Phonology ● Phonetics
    ● Sounds as parts of a ● Physical properties of
    sound system sounds as such
    ● Phoneme ● (Allo)phone (+diacritics)
    ● Function ● Substance
    ● Language-specific ● Universal
    ● Abstract ● Concrete
    ● Parallel distribution ● Complementary distr.
    ● // ● []
    1. Sounds
    Phonology:
    Phonology
    system of sounds, their organization and
    distribution, e.g. in English /e/, /t/, /n/ →
    /ten/, /net/ → */tne/, /nte/, /ent/

    Phonetics:
    Phonetics
    physical properties of sounds, e.g. in the
    production of the vowel /a/ in any language,
    there is no constriction in the vocal tract.
    1. Sounds
    Phonology:
    Phonology Language-specific
    system of sounds, their organization and
    distribution, e.g. in English /e/, /t/, /n/ →
    /ten/, /net/ → */tne/, /nte/, /ent/

    Phonetics:
    Phonetics
    physical properties of sounds, e.g. in the
    production of the vowel /a/ in any language,
    there is no constriction in the vocal tract.
    universal
    2. Basic units

    ● A phoneme (abstract unit) has more than one


    allophone (concrete contextual realization).
    ● Allophones are variants in pronunciation,
    realizations of a particular phoneme by
    more than one phone.
    ● A phone is a single realization of a phoneme.
    2. Basic units
    Phoneme /l/

    allophone1 allophone2 allophone3

    clear [l] dark [ɫ] voiceless [l ̦]


    like doll play
    traveling sold clean
    [diacritics]!!!
    2. Basic units
    abstract Phoneme /l/

    allophone1 allophone2 allophone3

    clear [l] dark [ɫ] voiceless [l ̦]


    like doll play
    traveling sold clean
    concrete [diacritics]!!!
    2. Basic units – more examples
    Phoneme /p/

    allophone 1 allophone 2

    [p] aspirated [p ͪ]
    spin pin
    keep poke
    repe'tition a'ppearance
    3. Function and substance
    ● Phonemes have contrastive function –
    minimal pairs
    tin-teen /tɪn-ti:n/
    pat-pack /pæt-pæk/
    kid-lid /kɪd-lɪd/

    ● (Allo)phones have no contrastive function, we


    are concerned with their physical properties.
    Principles of phonemic contrast:
    minimal pairs
    - provide a test for finding phonemes in a given language
    - pairs of words that vary by just one segment
    - this segment is found in the same context in the two
    words
    - this segment introduces semantic change ->
    contrastive function
    - segments that differentiate between words are
    phonemes
    Minimal pairs: examples
    When finding minimal pairs, remember:
    - not to confuse phonemes with graphemes:
    chill – Jill /ʧɪl/ - /ʤɪl/
    shy – lie /ʃaɪ/ - /laɪ/
    - to distinguish between varieties:
    park - bark /pa:k/ - /ba:k/ (RP)
    /pa:rk/ - /ba:rk/ (GenAm)
    4. Distribution
    ● Phonemes have parallel distribution:
    pin – tin – kin – bin – fin – sin – thin – win
    - the same position and context in a word

    ● Allophones have complementary distribution


    - every allophone is assigned to a particular
    phonetic context (either-or-relationship)
    Complementary distribution
    [p ͪin] vs. [spin]
    [t ͪake] vs. [stake]
    [k ͪate] vs. [skate]

    Aspirated /p/ /t/ /k/


    - initial in a stressed syllable
    - followed by V
    - not preceded by /s/
    Branches of phonetics
    1. Articulatory – studies articulation, production of
    speech sounds by looking at speech mechanisms
    2. Acoustic – studies acoustic aspects of speech
    sounds, transmission of a sound
    3. Auditory – hearing and perception of speech
    sounds
    Which facts about English are
    phonetic / phonological?
    1. If you prolong consonant /w/, you produce vowel /u/.
    2. In clusters composed of 3 consonants, the first one is always /s/.
    3. The length of a vowel depends on the following consonant.
    4. Consonant /j/ never occurs word-finally.
    5. An initial consonant in change /ʧ/ is shorter than constituent consonants /t/ and /ʃ/
    together.
    5. Vowel /i:/ is higher than /e/.
    6. For the production of 'th', the tip of the tongue needs to be positioned between the
    teeth.
    7. /r/ can follow but not proceed /t/ syllable-initially, i.e. /tr/ vs. */rt/.
    8. When producing BrE vs. AmE rhotic, the position of the tongue is different.
    9. Sounds such as /s/ and /z/ are characterized by high frequency noise.
    10. Consonant /ʒ/ never occurs at the beginning of the syllable in native words.
    Phonemes proposed by the
    International Phonetic Association
    Allophones proposed by the
    International Phonetic Association

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