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    1028574411

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    Acids, alkalis and neutralisation

     Acids and alkalis : are very common substances which are found in
    the home , in industry and in our bodies.
     Types of solutions
     All solutions in water are either acidic , alkaline or neutral
     We can differentiate between them by using special indicators
     Indicators: Substance that change color depending on type of
    solution. ( Ex. Litmus and universal indicators)
     Litmus: is a well known indicator , which is Red in acidic
    solutions and Blue in alkaline solutions and doesn’t change in neutral.
    ● Strong acids and strong alkalis are corrosive ( can burn and
    destroy living tissues) so they have to handled carefully.
    ▪ ● Many solutions are neither acidic nor alkaline , these solutions
    are said to be neutral.
    Examples of common acids , alkalis and neutral solutions
    at home
    ➢ Acids ( sour tasting ) : vinegar , lemon juice , orange juice, tea ,
    coffee, fizzy drinks like coca – cola.
    ➢ Alkalis : Antacid drugs , Tooth paste , Bleach( Clorox) , Oven
    cleanser, Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate).
    ➢ Neutral : table salt , vodka .
    ➢ Water is neutral.
    Examples of common acids , alkalis in the laboratory
    Acids Alkalis
     Hydrochloric acid. Sodium Hydroxide.
     Sulfuric acid. Potassium Hydroxide.
     Nitric acid. Ammonia.
    pH scale
     Measures how acidic or alkaline a solution is.
     Scale runs from 0 to 14.
     Neutral solutions have pH of 7.
     Acids have pH less than 7.
     Alkalis have pH more than 7.
     Strong acids are corrosive and have lowest pH value.( PH = 0 , 1 , 2 )
     Strong alkalis are corrosive and have highest pH value. ( PH = 13 ,14 )
    Universal indicator
     Mixture of indicators that has a range of colors depending on the pH of the
    solution. ( red or orange in acidic , blue or purple in alkaline and green in
    neutral )
     It is a very useful indicators
     It can found in most chemistry labs as liquid or soaked into paper.
     Neutralisation reaction
    ➢ Type of chemical reaction when the correct amount of acid is added to
    the correct amount of an alkali or an alkali added to an acid so that they
    cancel each other out and neutral solution can be formed .
    ➢ We have to be careful to add the exact amount of alkali needed to neutralize the acid
    ➢ If we add too much alkali the solution will become alkaline.
    ➢ If we add too little alkali the solution will still be acidic.The same reaction occurs if
    the acid is added to the alkali.
    ➢ If we add the correct amount of acid to neutralise the alkali.
    Neutralisation in the laboratory
    ➢ The amount of acid or alkali required for neutralisation will depend
    on the nature and concentration of each solution.
    ➢ To follow a neutralisation reaction, chemists use special apparatus to
    measure the volumes of liquids accurately ( burette) .

    ➢ The technique is called titration, and it is used in all chemistry


    laboratories to investigate the concentration and nature of acidic and
    alkaline solutions
    Neutralization in real life
     Too much acid in the stomach cause indigestion, treated by
    alkaline drugs ( Antacids ) such as magnesium hydroxide to neutralize excess
    stomach acid.
     Some plants do not grow well in acidic soil. Farmers put Lime (alkali) to
    neutralize acidity of the soil. (acidity decrease )

     Alkali like baking soda ( Sodium bicarbonate) is used to neutralize a bee


    sting ( bee sting is acidic).
     Acid like vinegar is used to neutralize a wasp sting ( wasp sting is
    alkaine )

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