Pst Ayub Khan (1)

Ayub Khan
1958-1969
Basic Democracies
Constitution of 1962
Agricultural Reforms
Industrial Reforms
Social Reforms
The New Capital
Reasons for Downfall
Basic Democracies
• In 1959 local committees were named Basic
Democrats (BD).
• 80 000 BD’s.
• No political parties to take place in the elections
held December 1959 to January 1960.
• Newly elected BD’s able to vote in referendum on
Ayub Khan remaining President, 95% voted yes.
Basic Democracies Structure
Constitution 1962
Powers of the President
All executive authority vested in the office of the President.
Only a Muslim citizen of Pakistan with an age over 35
years would be eligible for the post of president.
President appointed his Cabinet members.
No court and legislature would challenge presidential
orders.
The president could appoint and remove ministers and
provincial governors
The president could veto any law made by the national
assembly
President could not be removed until impeached.
Basic Democrats’, for both wings were declared
Electoral College for the purpose of electing the
Assemblies and the President.
The total membership of the National Assembly was
156, one half of whom was to be elected from East
Pakistan and other halves from West Pakistan.
If the President was from West Pakistan, the Speaker
was to be from East Pakistan and vice versa.
Urdu and Bangla were made official languages.
The members of the National Assembly were elected by
the basic democrats.
National Assembly could suggest laws subjected to the
approval of the President.
Federal court was appointed by the President and was
under the National Assembly.
The members of the Provincial Assemblies were elected
by the basic democrats.
Provincial Assemblies could suggest laws subjected to the
approval of the President.
High courts were under the Provincial Assemblies.
The constitution of 1962 was a one-man show. It was

designed for a single man. Apparently, it gave many rights
and securities to the people but actually it deprived the
people of all kinds of political rights.
Decade of Development
Agricultural Reforms
In 1959, Ayub Khan introduced the Land reforms and the
Green revolution.
Law was passed that no farm could be smaller in size than
12.5 acres or larger than 500 acres (irrigated)/ 1000 acres
(unirrigated).
The land reforms turned bigger inefficient farms into
medium-sized efficient farms.
Mechanization was introduced. Use of machines like
tractors, tube wells, threshers, etc. was encouraged.
High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) were introduced.
Dam, Link Canals and Barrages were constructed.
Indus Water Treaty 1960
Industrial reforms
In 1962, an oil refinery was established in
Karachi.
Mineral Development Corporation was set
up for the exploration of mineral deposits.
An Export Bonus Scheme was set up
offering incentives to industrialists who
increased exports.
The reforms led to the average annual rate
by which the economy grew in the 1960s,
7% that was thrice of India.
Ayub Khan inaugurating Oil Refinery
Social and Educational Reforms
The government began an extensive literacy programme,
building new schools and colleges.
New curriculum was designed and text books were
written.
75,000 refugees of the partition era were settled in newly
built dwellings near Karachi.
There was also an attempt to control population growth
by setting up the Family Planning Programme.
Medical facilities improved and more medical and
nursing training schools were set up to increase the
number of doctors and nurses.
Consequences of the Reforms
The industrial reforms improved the economy but the
wealth created did not benefit the large number of
Pakistanis living near the poverty line.
It was revealed in 1968 that only 22 families controlled
66% of Pakistan’s industrial assets. These families also
controlled 80% of Pakistan’s banking and insurance
companies. Hence, a small elite group of Pakistanis had
almost complete control of Pakistan’s wealth.
almost all these families were in West Pakistan, creating
an economic disparity between both the wings.
Pakistan was also becoming increasingly dependent on
foreign aid for industrial development.
The New Capital
Karachi had become overcrowded due the coming of refugees and the
rural-urban migration, as it was the hub of commercial activities. Karachi
had a busy port and important industries were located in the city. The
growth of the city was unplanned, which was affecting the government
affairs. An unused land was required for a new capital where a planned
city could be developed with a desired layout. The suburbs of Rawalpindi
were ideal for the development of a new capital.
Islamabad was located at a better
place. Ayub Khan wanted to be
closer to the army’s headquarters
(GHQ) in Rawalpindi in the
northern Punjab which he
considered vital in times of Martial
Law. Also, he got closer to Punjab
and NWFP that provided bulk of
troops for the armed forces of
Pakistan.
⚫ Karachi was located on the coast, which made it vulnerable to
attacks by the Indian navy. In such a case, there was a fear of
huge cost of reconstruction if it was destroyed during a war.
Islamabad was a landlocked area and was located at a
reasonable distance from the Pakistan-India border.
Therefore, it was chosen as a site for the new capital and was
officially announced as a new capital in 1967.
Tashkent Agreement
The Tashkent Declaration was a peace agreement
between Pakistan and India.
It was signed between President Ayub Khan and
Prime Minister Shashtri on 10th January, 1966.
The agreement was signed to maintain peace
between the two countries.
Ayub signed the agreement against the advice of
the Foreign Minister Z.A. Bhutto.
Ayub Khan agreed to the term that Kashmir issue
will be discussed only between Pakistan and India
and no international forum will be involved.
Upon coming back from Tashkent, Bhutto started

anti-Ayub campaign.
Downfall Of Ayub Khan
Consequences of the Reforms
Ayub had become unpopular by 1969.
Agricultural reforms had created a huge disparity
between rich and poor farmers.
As a result of Industrial reforms only 22 families had
become the owner of 66% of the industries and 80% of
the Banking and Insurance companies.
The price hike in food commodities in 1967 caused
massive restlessness among the people.
Decade of Development Celebrations
People were angry on the celebrations of Decade of

Development from October 1967 to October 1968 in
which millions of rupees were spent while there was large
scale unemployment.
East Pakistanis felt frustrated as most of the beneficiaries

of the reform were from the West Pakistan.
East Pakistan complained of being left unguarded in the

1965 Pakistan-India war.
Failure of Political Reforms
Ayub was accused of vote-rigging in
the Election of 1965.
Concentration of power in the
president was highly opposed after the
Tashkent agreement.
Constitution was now seen as
undemocratic as the National
assembly could not pass any law
without the consent of the President.
Mujib ur Reman’s Movement
Mujib was the most popular leader of East

Pakistan.
He presented his Six Point Agenda, asking for
greater autonomy for the East Pakistan in 1966.
He started mobilizing people against Ayub.
He was arrested in Agartalla Conspiracy Case,
but was later on released unconditionally.
Mujib’s anti-Ayub Movenment led to the riots
in East Pakistan.
Political Unrest in West Pakistan
Ayub had claimed victory in the war of 1965, but in
the Tashkent Agreement, there was no reference to
the Kashmir issue.
Pakistan had fought the war over the issue of
Kashmir.
Z.A. Butto resigned from the post of Foreign
Minister, as the agreement was signed against his
advice.
He founded the Pakistan Peoples’ Party in 1967
and started an anti-Ayub campaign.
He emerged as a popular leader and was able to
undermine the stability of Ayub’s government by
mobilising the people of West Pakistan.
General Protests
Eight political parties formed the Direct Action
Committee in January 1969.
They demanded general elections.
Ayub tried to negotiate with the opposition but now
it was too late.
There were protest against Ayub by students, lawyers,
farmers, political workers, etc. leading to wide-
spread clashes in both the wings of Pakistan.
Ayub’s failed to deal with the situation and resigned
on 25th March 1969.
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Pst Ayub Khan (1)

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Ayub Khan

The constitution of 1962 was a one-man show. It was

Upon coming back from Tashkent, Bhutto started

People were angry on the celebrations of Decade of

East Pakistanis felt frustrated as most of the beneﬁciaries

East Pakistan complained of being left unguarded in the

Mujib was the most popular leader of East

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