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    ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - TERMINOLOGIES

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    Lavin Bhawnani

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    ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - TERMINOLOGIES

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    13 views20 pages

    ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - TERMINOLOGIES

    Uploaded by

    Lavin Bhawnani

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

    BASIC TERMINOLOGIES

    Getting Started

    First things first, what is Artificial intelligence (AI)?

    MS quote it as: “The creation of software that imitates


    human behaviours and capabilities.”

    Keywords can be broken out into the following:

     Machine learning — Think, teaching a computer


    model to make predictions and draw conclusions from
    data.

     Anomaly detection — Think automatically detecting


    errors or unusual activity in a system.

     Computer vision — Think software that can interpret


    the world visually through cameras, video, and images.

     Natural Language processing — Think computers


    that can interpret written or spoken language and
    respond in kind.

     Knowledge mining — Think extracting information


    from large volumes of data, often unstructured to create
    a searchable knowledge store.

    Machine Learning

    This is the core of most AI solutions.

    Data scientists can use the data they have and train
    machine learning models so that they can make
    predications and inferences based on the relationships
    they find In the data.
    As you can see, the data scientists provide both the images
    and names of wildflowers. The names of the flowers would
    be classed as a label. This data is then processed so that
    the algorithm can identify wildflowers based on the data it
    receives (Flower matches name).

    Anomaly Detection

    “A machine learning based technique that analyzes data


    over time and identifies unusual changes.”

    Things of an AI that can spot something that doesn’t look


    right. Like other AIs, the service will be more accurate
    ingested rich data. Often the data used for anomaly
    detection is telemetry.

    Anomaly detector

    “The Anomaly Detector API enables you to monitor and


    detect abnormalities in your time series data without
    having to know machine learning. The Anomaly Detector
    API’s algorithms adapt by automatically identifying and
    applying the best-fitting models to your data, regardless of
    industry, scenario, or data volume. Using your time series
    data, the API determines boundaries for anomaly
    detection, expected values, and which data points are
    anomalies.”
    What is the Univariate Anomaly Detector? — Azure
    Cognitive Services | Microsoft Docs

    Computer Vision

    Seeing AI is a great example of Computer Vision in


    action: Seeing-AI page

    This is an area of AI that can handle visual processing.


    Sort of like a pair of eyes.

    Computer Vision is broken out into a few models and


    capabilities. This are listed below:

    Image Classification:

    Involves training a machine to classify what it is seeing.


    This of a traffic monitoring system that knows the different
    types of vehicles are, such as a taxi.
    Object Detection:

    OD goes a step further than image classification as it adds


    a bounding box. This can help a monitoring system know
    what type of vehicle and where it is.
    Semantic Segmentation:

    This is similar to OD however, instead of a bounding box, it


    classifies individual pixels and classifies what they belong
    to. Sort of like highlighting objects and creating a key.

    Image Analysis
    IA extracts information from an image and helps catalog or
    describe what it is seeing. Think of closing your eyes and a
    friend describing what they can see.

    Face Detection, Analysis and Recognition

    This is a specializes form of OD that locates human faces


    within an image. This can be combined with classification
    and facial geometry analysis to infer details such as age,
    emotion or facial features.
    Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

    Think of detecting and reading text within an image.


    Reading text from a scanned document or from an image
    you took with your camera; street names, building names,
    brands etc…
    The below are features that are broken out under
    Computer Vision services:

    Natural Language Processing

    This is an area of AI that deals with creating software that


    understand written and spoken language.

     Analyze and interpret text in documents, email


    messages, and other sources.

     Interpret spoken language, and synthesize speech


    responses.
     Automatically translate spoken or written phrases
    between languages.

     Interpret commands and determine appropriate actions.

    An example this is a VR games called Starship


    Commander. In this game you can interact with the game
    using your voice. Another example is the LUIS demo here.

    Here you can write full sentences and it will pick up on key
    words around lighting.

    Below are some of the solutions within Azure:


    Knowledge Mining

    The name is one of the easier to remember what it does.


    This mines data to extract information in order to create a
    knowledge store.

    Thing of creating search functionality for a huge


    unstructured data store that would be impossible for a
    human to index.

    Responsibility around AI

    Microsoft and others understand the risk around AI. I often


    link back to the phrase “An AI is only as good as the
    person programming it”. This would be true as if you had
    an unexperienced person, then the AI may not get results.
    If you had a person who is bias, then they will train that AI
    to be bias. It may seem like it’s giving good results, but in
    fact it would be focused on the scientist’s agenda.

    Microsoft break out some of the AI risks here:


    To counter, or reduce these risks, Microsoft follow the six
    principles which they refer to as Responsible AI principles.

    Fairness

    A personal loan is often the example to understand this


    principle. A loan review should be done on the facts and
    not based on attributes that aren’t related: gender or
    ethnicity for example. It’s essentially avoided bias outputs.

    Reliability and Safety

    Self driving cars, or auto medical diagnosis are great


    examples for this. The AI will need to be rigorously tested
    so that it doesn’t bring harm to human life due to error.

    Privacy and Security

    The AI should be secure, as with anything. This is often


    targeted around handling the data and the security around
    it. This goes alongside privacy as some of the data being
    processed could be sensitive. Having the AI reviewed is
    key so that no data is access or leaked due to unexpected
    outcomes.

    Inclusiveness

    AI systems should empower and engage people. They


    shouldn’t leave anyone out, so testing and design should
    be aimed to provide value to all, regardless of gender,
    sexual orientation or ethnicity.

    Transparency

    How the AI system is working and what are its limits. If it


    has limits, the users will need to be aware so that they
    there is no false positives or confusion.

    Accountability

    Designers and developers should be working within a


    framework of governances and organisational principles
    that ensures the solution meets ethical and legal
    standards. Asking yourself if it went wrong, who is
    responsible?

    Azure Machine Learning

    “Machine learning is a technique that uses mathematics


    and statistics to create a model that can predict unknown
    values.”
    In order to get the intended outcome, we use features and
    labels. This applies to both classification and regression
    problems.

    Using a pet shop as an example. We want to predict the


    type of pet someone will choose.

     Feature/s: This is the input. Think of it as data per


    column. For this example, our features would be a
    person’s age, location, #dependencies and income.

     Label: This is the output. For this, the output would be


    what pet did they chose: dog, cat, fish etc…

    With this information, we can now train our model to


    predict what type of pet a person is most likely going to
    choose (Label) based on their attributes (Features).

    Azure Machine Learning Workspaces

    We can create our ML workspace by using the Azure


    portal and creating an AML resource:
    It can also be done via the ML studio:

    Once we have our workspace, we would need to manage


    the compute. This is broken out into 4:

     Compute Instances: Development workstations that


    data scientists can use to work with data and models.

     Compute Clusters: Scalable clusters of virtual machines


    for on-demand processing of experiment code.

     Inference Clusters: Deployment targets for predictive


    services that use your trained models.

     Attached Compute: Links to existing Azure compute


    resources, such as Virtual Machines or Azure
    Databricks clusters.

    Once we have our compute, we go on to datasets. This


    dataset is what the model will use to train. Within Azure,
    here is an example of what is needed during creation:

    Basic Info:
     Web URL: https://aka.ms/bike-rentals

     Name: bike-rentals

     Dataset type: Tabular

     Description: Bicycle rental data

     Skip data validation: do not select

     Settings and preview:

     File format: Delimited

     Delimiter: Comma

     Encoding: UTF-8

     Column headers: Only first file has headers

     Skip rows: None

     Dataset contains multi-line data: do not select

    Schema:

     Include all columns other than Path

     Review the automatically detected types

     Confirm details:

     Do not profile the dataset after creation

    Now that we have our data, we will need to train our ML


    model. Within Azure, there are automated machine
    learning capabilities. These are laid out as:

     Classification (predicting categories or classes)


     Regression (predicting numeric values)

     Time series forecasting (predicting numeric values at a


    future point in time)

    Azure will then give you multiple options and outputs in


    order to choose the best model via experiments.

    Model as a service

    Once you have completed your training of models, you can


    deploy the best performing model as a service for client
    applications to use.

    In Azure ML, you can deploy a service as an Azure


    container instances (ACI) or Azure Kubernetes Service
    (AKS). For anything production, AKS is recommended. ACI
    is designed for testing and development.

    Exploring Computer Vision

    This is creating AI solutions that can “see” the world


    around us and to make sense of it.

    Examples of use cases:

    · Content Organization: Identify people or objects in photos


    and organize them based on that identification. Photo
    recognition applications like this are commonly used in
    photo storage and social media applications.

    · Text Extraction: Analyze images and PDF documents that


    contain text and extract the text into a structured format.
    · Spatial Analysis: Identify people or objects, such as cars,
    in a space and map their movement within that space.

    The important thing to understand is that AI doesn’t have


    eyes. It’s vision works in different ways. To an AI, an image
    is just an array of pixel values:

     Computer Vision: A specific resource for the Computer


    Vision service. Use this resource type if you don’t intend
    to use any other cognitive services, or if you want to
    track utilization and costs for your Computer Vision
    resource separately.

     Cognitive Services: A general cognitive services


    resource that includes Computer Vision along with
    many other cognitive services; such as Text Analytics,
    Translator Text, and others. Use this resource type if
    you plan to use multiple cognitive services and want to
    simplify administration and development.
    Whichever type of resource you choose to create, it will
    provide two pieces of information that you will need to use
    it:

     A key that is used to authenticate client applications.

     An endpoint that provides the HTTP address at which


    your resource can be accessed.

    Once we have our resource created, we can run multiple


    options:
    Using this image as an example.

    Describing an image — What am I see: A black and white


    photo of a city.

    Tagging Visual Features (Metadata) — Specifics:


    Skyscraper, tower, building.

    Detecting Objects (Within the image) — This is the


    boundary boxes mentioned earlier.

    Detecting Brands — Logos for companies without the


    text. Microsoft, Apple, IBM logo.

    Detecting Faces — Human face detection within an


    image.

    Categorizing an image — Categories within an image —


    people or people_group (Others).

    Detecting Domain Specific content — Celebrities or


    landmarks (Famous and well known).

    Optical character recognition (OCR) — Read text


    within an image.

    Detect image types — Identifying clip art images or line


    drawings.

    Detect image color schemes — specifically, identifying


    the dominant foreground, background, and overall colors
    in an image.
    Generate thumbnails — creating small versions of
    images.

    Moderate content — detecting images that contain adult


    content or depict violent, gory scenes.

    The thing to note is that Computer Vision cognitive service


    uses pre-trained ML Models to analyse images and extract
    information about them.

    Learning Note: Cognitive services resource support both


    computer vision and language. This means that the
    developers can use the same key and endpoint to access
    all services.

    #### more to come …..

    Outside of Microsoft…

    Some great resource on Youtube:

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