Review on trends and recent development on Yagi-Uda antenna designs for 5G

communication applications
Zhaira Marianne Ferrancol Ferran, Luisa Ann Tamayo Ongquit * and Edwin Romeroso Arboleda

Department of Computer, Electronics and Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Information Technology,
Cavite State University, Philippines.

International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 2024, 12(02), 391–407

Publication history: Received on 29 May 2024; revised on 05 July 2024; accepted on 08 July 2024

Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.12.2.1242

Abstract
The Yagi-Uda antenna, renowned for its exceptional performance in radio communications and TV reception since its
inception, continues to be a subject of enhancement by researchers aiming to refine its design for modern
communication needs. This review examines various innovations tailored to fulfill the evolving demands of the
burgeoning 5G network. By integrating multiple driven elements, expansive feeding networks, and comprehensive
impedance matching techniques, a single antenna can now accommodate numerous 5G frequency bands. Efforts to
miniaturize the antenna's design, crucial for maintaining performance while reducing size, include the stacking of
element layers and the adoption of flexible or planar configurations. Additionally, the antenna's coverage is further
optimized for 5G mobile communication through the implementation of dynamic beam steering, which employs phased
arrays, Rotman lenses, and adaptive machine learning algorithms. The incorporation of active elements that allow for
dynamic signal characteristic control also contributes to the enhanced performance of the Yagi antenna. Finally, the
exploration of various array configurations, such as bi-Yagi and quad-Yagi, offers improvements in gain, directivity, and
compatibility with 5G applications.

Keywords: Yagi-Uda Antenna; 5G applications; MIMO; Phased arrays; Antenna

1. Introduction

1.1. History and Development of Yagi-Uda Antennas

One of the key contributors to the growth of broadcasting technology was the development of Yagi-Uda antennas, or the
narrower name Yagi antennas, by Hidetsugu Yagi and Shintaro Uda in 1926. The original plan was constructed on the
parasitic array principle, where a riding element is coupled to other passive elements to mold the radiation pattern and
achieve high directivity.

The Yagi-Uda antenna design gained its higher and higher popularity in the 1930s and 1940s, principally in the fields of
radio and television broadcasting. Its simplicity and effectiveness, along with the great gain it provided and its perfect
directionality, made it an antenna solution used by the majority of the point-to-point communication systems.

During the past years, the Yagi-Uda antenna has seen its innovative stages where designers and engineers have tried
various changes and betterments to enhance its working capacity, bandwidth, and adaptability. These adjustments have
been instrumental in the broad utilization of Yagi-Uda antennas in different wireless communication systems of the
present time like cellular networks, satellite communications, and radar applications.

* Corresponding author: Luisa Ann Tamayo Ongquit

Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0.
 International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 2024, 12(02), 391–407

1.2. Fundamental Principles and Characteristics of Yagi-Uda Antennas

The Yagi-Uda antenna is a form of a directional antenna that is made up of two parasitic elements called directors and
reflectors and a driven element which is the passive element (usually a dipole). The driven section is the one that
converts the incoming electric signals into electromagnetic waves while the passive section models the radiation
pattern and also enhances the antenna's directivity.

Electromagnetic coupling between the driven and parasitic elements is a key feature of the Yagi-Uda principle of
operation. The length of the reflector, which is slightly longer than the driven element, sends the backward waves to the
directions in which the radiation is wanted. The directors, which are shorter than the driven element, are doing the
operations with the electromagnetic field to aim the beam in that particular direction.

Most important features of Yagi-Uda antenna are as follows:

 High directivity and gain, which makes it a perfect one for long-range, point-to-point communication
 Frequency-dependent performance, which can restrict bandwidth and wideband operation
 Simplicity and cost efficiency that affect widespread adaption
 Versatility in configuration, like linear, circular, or planar arrangements

The profound understanding of the fundamental principles and characteristics that lie behind the Yagi-Uda antennas is
very important in the design, optimization, and implementation of these antennas in today's wireless systems, like 5G
networks.

2. Evolution of Yagi-Uda Antennas for 5G Applications

2.1. Challenges and Requirements of 5G Wireless Networks

Changes in our network technology to the 5G ones have given rise to new standards and difficulties which traditional
antennas including Yagi-Uda must meet. The important factors for the next generation of mobile communication will
include bigger capacity and higher data rates, which are difficult to reach with narrowband Yagi-Uda. Additionally, 5G
uses higher frequency bands such as millimeter waves (mmWave), requiring antenna types that can operate efficiently
at these frequencies. For 5G, beamforming and beam steering capabilities are needed to increase spectral efficiency and
help overcome path loss problems experienced at high frequencies. Lastly, there is a growing need for smaller,
integrated antenna solutions required for 5G networks that can be adapted to mobile handsets or base stations physical
restrictions.

2.2. Adaptations and Modifications to Traditional Yagi-Uda Designs for 5G

The challenges of 5G have prompted many researchers and engineers to develop alternative revisions or modifications
to the traditional Yagi-Uda designs. To augment the operational bandwidth, wide band Yagi-Uda antennas have been
developed through techniques such as tapered elements, additional director elements and multi-resonant driven
elements. For 5G applications at mmWave frequencies, Yagi-Uda antennas are chosen due to their compact size; by
using these miniaturization techniques as well as higher-permittivity substrates, development of mmWave Yagi-Uda
antennas has become possible. To accommodate 5G beamforming capabilities that necessitate dynamic beam steering
and reconfigurability, switchable or tunable PIN diodes or varactor diodes have been incorporated into reconfigurable
and beam-steerable Yagi-Uda antennas. For 5G base stations and user equipment antenna systems that are compact but
highly integrated include the use of amplifiers, phase shifters in conjunction with a yagi-uda antenna. Different changes
and modifications to the usual Yagi-Uda antenna designs have guaranteed that this kind of an antenna is still in use in
the 5th generation wireless market, where its distinct features and flexibility make it possible to satisfy the needs of
next-generation communication networks.

3. Methodology
This review explores the current trends and developments in Yagi-Uda antenna designs for 5G communication
applications. To establish the validity of findings, the researchers searched several academic online databases and
journals relevant to this field, including IEEE Explore, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and other technology-focused
publications. The search results were further refined by capitalizing relevant phrases such as "Yagi-Uda Antenna," "5G

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applications," "MIMO," "phased arrays," and "antenna," in addition to the suitable operators. To make sure that only the
essential and pertinent publications were assessed, each search result was carefully examined in accordance with the
inclusion and exclusion criteria. The researchers selected peer-reviewed articles, conference papers, and reviews
published between 2006 and the present, focusing on trends and current breakthroughs in Yagi-Uda antenna designs
for 5G communication applications. The chosen studies were categorized into four main areas: broadband Yagi-Uda
antenna designs for 5G, compact and miniaturized Yagi-Uda antennas for 5G, reconfigurable and adaptive Yagi-Uda
antennas for 5G, and Yagi-Uda antenna arrays for 5G beamforming. Upon having the final list of included papers, the
researchers conducted a manual and systematic assessment to extract the necessary data and information, such as the
title, author, and relevant antenna parameters. This review addresses thirty-four papers deemed relevant and obtained
from various databases.

4. Results and Discussions

4.1. Broadband Yagi-Uda Antenna Designs for 5G

4.1.1. Bandwidth and Frequency Enhancing Technique

Enhancing the performance of Yagi-Uda Antennas in 5G applications includes adding more parasitic elements or
reflectors to get broadened operational bandwidths, loading dielectric or ferrite materials for wider frequency coverage,
and using frequency selective surfaces or metamaterials for improved wideband performance.

Table 1 Comparison Table of Yagi-Uda Antennas having Bandwidth and Frequency Enhancing

Antenna Frequency Gain Directivity Dimension Feeding Application Ref

mechanism
Bi-band Quasi 24.25 GHz – Maximum 3 dB beam 15x20 mm2 Utilizes 50 Ω Worldwide 5G [1]
Yagi-Uda 28.5 GHz Gain: 8.5 dB width: microstrip applications
Antenna for 47.2 GHz – (higher (Lower Band) line (especially in
Worldwide 48.2 GHz band) 42° at 25 GHz Europe, South
5G 8.2 dB 32° at 27GHz Asia, and North
Applications (lower (Higher band) America)
band) 30° at 48.5GHz
32° at 50GHz
Bandwidth 3.67 GHz – 6.65 dBi Omnidirection Rectangular DRA: Single feeding 5G applications [2]
Enhancement 4.60 GHz al radiation 26.1 mm x 14.3 mm mechanism
and pattern x 25.4 mm (H x W x with a Yagi-
Generation of (typical for B) Uda shaped
CP of dipole Yagi-Uda Shaped flat surface
Yagi‐Uda‐ antenna) Feeding Strip: metal strip
Shape Feed Overall width: 1 mm
on a Breadth: 1mm
Rectangular Gap: 2 mm
DRA for Lengths (Lf1, Lf2.
5G Lf3): 3 mm, 5 mm,
Applications and 7 mm,
respectively
Parasitic Patch:
Height: 11.75 mm
Width: 1.00 mm

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Dual-Band Lower band Peak gain of Lower band: Ws: 1.5 mm; Wle: Microstrip fed Drone [3]
Microstrip (amateur 5 dBi Omnidirection 15.75 mm; application:
Quasi-Yagi radio, al Wa: 4mm; W1: 38 Communication
Antenna amateur Upper band: mm; between drones
Design for satellite): 2.3 Directional W2: 38 mm; W3: using the
Free Band GHz – 2.4 GHz 9.75 mm amateur radio
and 5G Higher band Lg: 5mm; L1: 19 band and
Mobile (planned 5G mm; S: 0.5 mm connects users to
Communicati mobile 5G mobile
on communicati communication
on): 3.4 GHz – in disaster
3.8 GHz scenarios.

A High Gain Main band: 28 Realized High Parameters (mm) Microstrip 5G [6]
Broadband GHz – 38 GHz Gain: 11 dBi directivity a: 4.500; b: 44.65; feeding with a communication
Quasi-Yagi Demonstrate -13 dBi (28 wf: 0.235; ws: 0.330; U-shaped MS- systems
Dielectric scaling: 60 GHz – 38 wp: 0.178; wd1: to-SL balun (backhaul)
Lens Antenna GHz – 77 GHz) GHz) 0.924; wd2: 1.050; for single- Imaging
for 5G and rh: 0.500; Ld: 3.350; ended to High data-rate
Millimeter Ld1: 2.050; Ld2: differential communication
Wave 1.050; Lp: 0.723 conversion Automotive
Applications Gd1: 0.260; Gd2: radars
1.940; Millimeter-wave
sx: 0.254; sz:0.254; applications:
Scaling factor: 0.508
Gain 28 GHz With lens: Highly Substrate: Micro-strip 5G wireless [5]
Enhancement (Millimeter- 15.5 dBi directive Rectangular (width line feed to a communication
of Quasi Yagi wave band) Without radiation W = 13 mm, length L driven dipole systems
Antenna lens: 11.38 pattern with = 24 mm, thickness h
Using Lens dBi main lobe = 0.123 mm)
Technique for (improvem Permittivity of
5G Wireless ent of 4.12 substrate: 3
Systems dBi) Dielectric
hemisphere lens:
Radius: 9 mm
Material: Roger RT-
5880 (ε = 2.2)
Elevation from fifth
director: 5.12 mm
A Broadband Designed for Single Primarily Uses Rogers RT Unequal 5G and other [4]
High Gain 28 GHz element: 8.8 radiates in the Duroid 5880 microstrip millimeter-wave
Microstrip (operates dBi at 28 direction of substrate with 0.254 power divider wireless
Yagi Antenna from 25.8 GHz GHz the dipole mm thickness communications
Array for to 35.3 GHz) (average (broadside Array: 8-element
Mm-wave gain of 7.5 radiation) linear arrangement
Communicati dBi across with overall size of
on Systems the 22 x 80 mm2
bandwidth) single element in
Array: 15.2 mm
dBi at 28 a = 1.4; b = 1.6; h =
GHz (stable 1.6;
gain above Wt = 0.6; Wf = 0.79;
13 dBi from Wg = 1.4; W1 = 0.6;
22 GHz to W2 = 0.6; W3 = 0.6;
35.8 GHz Ws = 14; Ls = 14; Lt
= 1.2;
L1 = 2.3; L2 = 2.6; L3
= 3.4; d1 = 1.5; d2 =
2.2; d3 = 2.6

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Machine 3.5 GHz, Maximum Directional, Compact size: RLC 5G [7]

Learning- suitable for gain: focusing its 0.6420 x 0.5830 equivalent communication
Based mid-band 5G 6.57dB signal in a circuit model systems, with
Technique for applications Efficiency: single is used for potential use in
Gain and specially the 97% direction to impedance satellite
Resonance n78 band (indicating reduce matching, communication
Prediction of strong interference
Mid Band 5G signal
Yagi Antenna strength
and
coverage)
Machine Designed for 7.95 dB Directional Dipole: D = 31 mm Coaxial cable N77 band (5G) [8]
Learning- the n77 band antenna with Reflector: R = 41 mm
Based (3.3 - 4.2 GHz) high radiation Directors: Dir1 =
Approach for efficiency Dir2 = 27 mm
bandwidth Other: Ls = 52 mm,
and Ws = 49 mm; Wg =
frequency 49 mm;
Prediction for Lg = 9.50 mm; S1 =
N77 band 5G 32 mm;
Antenna S2 = S3 = 8 mm; F =
3 mm

A quasi-Yagi-Uda antenna with bi-band radiator, patterned ground, and three radiator sets achieved 8.5 dB gain in
24.25-28.5 GHz and 8.2 dB in 47.2-48.2 GHz, providing a practical 5G solution with balanced performance and simplified
manufacturing [1].

A T-shaped feed was transformed into a Yagi-Uda shaped feed (antenna-B), improving impedance bandwidth and
generating circular polarization. This antenna design operates from 3.67-4.60 GHz with a simulated 6.65 dBi gain,
making it suitable for 5G applications [2].

Versatile Yagi-Uda antennas for 5G include a dual-band microstrip quasi-Yagi with loop resonator and dipole, covering
amateur and 5G bands for drone mobile base stations [3]. Another millimeter-wave array used bow tie and arc
chamfering for 46.4% bandwidth, with three directors and unequal divider to maintain stable high gain for 5G
beamforming [4].

A quasi-Yagi with dielectric lens achieved 15.5 dBi gain and 2 GHz bandwidth, enhancing 5G performance in a cost-
effective design [5]. The planar perforated lens maintained efficiency and low cross-polarization, using a dielectric slab
waveguide for broadband operation [6].

In terms of machine learning utilization, A 3.5 GHz design achieved 6.57 dB gain, 520 MHz bandwidth, and -43.45 dB
return loss using linear regression and Gaussian processes for 99% prediction accuracy [7]. Another study used Random
Forest Regression to optimize an N77 band 5G antenna's bandwidth and frequency [8].

Yagi-Uda antennas have been enhanced for 5G applications through various modifications. These enhancements have
enabled Yagi-Uda antennas to cover a wide range of 5G frequency bands with optimized performance characteristics
predicted using machine learning techniques.

4.1.2. Multiband and Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Yagi-Uda Configurations.

Enhancing the performance of Yagi-Uda Antennas in 5G applications includes designing Yagi-Uda antennas with
multiple driven elements tuned to different frequency bands for multiband operation, incorporating wideband feeding
networks and broadband impedance matching to enable ultra-wideband Yagi-Uda designs, and exploring log-periodic-
inspired Yagi-Uda topologies for inherent multi-octave bandwidth.

A log-periodic Yagi-Uda with coaxial feed and BALUN can operate across multiple bands, including 5G's lower
frequencies. With suitable resonances, it's well-suited for diverse wireless uses, especially 5G, providing excellent FBR
and gain [9].

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The design consists of four quasi-Yagi antennas with bow-tie monopoles, achieving a 1.37 to 16 GHz bandwidth, suitable
for 5G and other wireless applications. Its compact structure and port isolation cater to high-speed, high-capacity
communication needs [10].

The UWB Yagi-Uda with NZIM, ME dipole, and coaxial feed is well-suited for 5G, including V2X. It ensures efficient,
reliable 5G connectivity [11].

Printed quasi-Yagi antennas with adjustable stubs provide wideband 5G coverage, improved bandwidth/gain, stable
patterns, and low cross-pol [12]. A flexible 28 GHz quasi-Yagi delivers wideband, high gain (avg 6.2 dBi, up to 10.15 dBi
in array) performance even when bent [13].

A substrate lens Yagi-Uda antenna was designed for wideband sub-THz 5G operation. The optimized design offers 82
GHz bandwidth and 38 degree beamwidth, addressing the need for wideband sub-THz antennas in 5G [14].

ML-based surrogate optimization can enhance traditional Yagi-Uda for 5G. Using Kriging and adaptive sampling, the
final optimized antenna achieved 9.9 dB gain and 20% bandwidth covering global 5G millimeter-wave bands,
demonstrating significant performance improvements for 5G [15].

In summary, Yagi-Uda antennas have been enhanced for 5G applications through various methods, including multiband
design, wideband feeding networks, broadband impedance matching, and log-periodic-inspired topologies. Examples
include a log-periodic structure antenna, a super-wideband response, and a flexible quasi-Yagi antenna. Metamaterials
and flexible substrates have also been explored. Machine learning techniques have been used to optimize Yagi-Uda
antennas, achieving a gain of 9.9 dB and 20% impedance bandwidth.

Table 2 Comparison Table of Yagi-Uda Antennas having Multiband and Ultra Wideband Configurations

Antenna Frequency Gain Directivity Dimension Feeding Application Ref.

mechanism
A Log-Periodic Center Multi-band End-fire Length: 75 mm Coaxial feed 5G (lower [9]
Structure Frequencies: Values: 5.61 radiation (reflector) with a band) and
Based Quasi- 1.795 GHz, dBi (dominant pattern Width: 15.74 mm balanced multi-band
Yagi Antenna 2.54 GHz, mode), 4.91 (driven element 1) microstrip wireless
for Multiband 3.835 GHz, dBi, 4.48 dBi, Substrate balun applications
Wireless 5.1 GHz, 7.11 3.25 dBi, 2.44 Thickness: 3.12
Applications GHz dBi mm

[10]
A single-layer
Directive Large capacity
compact four-
radiation and high-speed
element quasi- Microstrip
patterns with communication
Yagi MIMO 1.37 – 16 3.5 dBi and line-fed bow-
four - systems
antenna design GHz 5.4 dBi tie monopole
orthogonal covering
for super- element
directional multiple
wideband
beams) wireless bands
response

Stereoscopic 3.5 GHz – 5.5 Peak gain: 8.5 Mainly Length: 60 mm Combination Vehicular [11]
UWB Yagi–Uda GHz dBi unidirectional Width: 60 mm of coaxial feed communication
Antenna with Flat in-hand with low Height: 8.5 mm and ME
Stable Gain by gain: ripple cross- structure
Metamaterial lower than 0.5 polarization using
for Vehicular dBi electromagne
5G tic
Communication superposition
A wideband Wideband: Wideband: 6.3 Single L = 20 mm Microstrip-to- 5G wireless [12]
millimeter- 24.8 – 40 – 8.9 dBi antenna: W = 23 mm slot line feed cellular
wave Omnidirection systems

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antenna based GHz(47% Multiband: 7.2 al radiation Substrate

on quasi-Yagi bandwidth – 7.9 dBi pattern. thickness (h) = 0.8
antenna with Multiband: MIMO circular mm
MIMO circular 27 – 29 GHz array:
array antenna and 36 – 40 Steerable
beamforming GHz bands beam within
for 5G wireless the azimuthal
networks plane
Flexible Quasi- Center Single End-fire Utilizes MFLEX Grounded 5G [13]
Yagi-Uda Frequency: Antenna: 5.2 radiation flexible material coplanar communication
antenna for 5G 28 GHz dBi - 6.2 dBi pattern with a thickness of waveguide systems
communication (measured) Radiation 0.120 mm. (GCPW) to a
Array patterns have Designed on a microstrip
Antenna: 9.2 HPBW (Half single-substrate- line and a
dBi - 10.2 dBi Power layer flexible dipole
(measured) Beamwidth) printed circuit
(FPC).
Wideband Sub- 300 GHz The SLYA Directional Parameter Values Most likely a Sub-THz [14]
THz Substrate offers high radiation h1 = 6 µm; h2 = 50 coaxial cable communication
lens Yagi- Uda gain (13.1 dBi) pattern µm; such as wireless
antenna for 5G li = 575 µm; wi = data transfer
Communication 300 µm; and imaging
s and beyond R = 300 µm; Ld =
Communication 272 µm;
Systems S = 125 µm
Lens axis length =
2100 µm
Optimized 5G- Designed for Initial design: Directive W = 23.5 mm Microstrip fed 5G [15]
MMW Compact 5G MMW 9 dB at 28 GHz beam pattern L = 34.7mm line with Z0 = communication
Yagi-Uda bands, Optimized due to the 50 Ω (MMW bands)
Antenna Based including design: presence of
on Machine FCC (27.5- Maximum directors.
Learning 29.5 GHz), simulated
Methodology ETSI (26.5- gain: 8.1 dB at
27.5 GHz), 28.5 GHz
China, Japan, Measured
India and gain: near 7.9
Korea bands. dB at 28 GHz

4.2. Compact and Miniaturized Yagi-Uda Antennas for 5G

4.2.1. Size Reduction Methods without Compromising Performance

Designers of antennas have been searching for ways to minimize the size of Yagi-Uda antennas physically while still
maintaining their gain, bandwidth, and radiation patterns. This could include techniques such as using high permittivity
loading dielectrics, applying metamaterials, or integrating folding/meandering structures.

Multilayer Yagi-Uda structures have been explored, stacking antenna elements at optimized distances. This improves
the antenna's performance, making it more suitable for 5G. The vertical integration allows a more compact, efficient
design for IoT and other 5G devices [16]. Another multilayer dielectric substrate Yagi-Uda provides wide bandwidth
and high gain, meeting 5G's requirements [17].

A miniaturized dual-band loop quasi-Yagi antenna was developed for 5G, targeting efficient spectrum use in indoor
applications. It uses a virtual array to enhance gain without increasing complexity [18].

Multilayer glass packaging with low-loss polymer addresses mmWave 5G, enabling compact system-in-package. A
monopole taper Yagi-Uda, in this packaging, covers all 5G NR bands [19].

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In summary, Yagi-Uda antennas have been miniaturized using high permittivity dielectric loading, metamaterials, and
folding/meandering structures. Examples include a multilayer structure for improved gain and bandwidth, a dual-band
loop quasi-Yagi antenna design for efficient operation in various bands, and a monopole taper radiator antenna covering
all 5G New Radio bands with high gain.

Table 3 Comparison Table of Yagi-Uda Antennas having Size Reduction Methods

Antenna Frequency Gain Directivity Dimension Feeding Application Ref

mechanism
Compact 24 GHz 10.9 dBi Vertical plane Lengths of the lines Coaxial feed Microstrip-to- [16]
Multilayer (higher than (aligned with used (in mm) with a coplanar strip
Yagi-Uda Based the 8.9 dBi of directors) Ldip = 3; Ldir = balanced line transition
Antenna for the planar 1.68; Lref = 3.47; microstrip
IoT/5G Sensors Yagi antenna) Lcps = 5.32; Lt1 = balun
1.88; Lt2 =
1.918
Widths of the lines
used (in mm)
Wdip = 0.80; Wdir
= 0.715; Wcps =
0.25; Wmsc = 0.25;
Wt1 = 0.78; Wt2 =
0.48
Other parameters
(in mm)
hdir = 2.286; href =
3.048; subs = 10;
gap = 0.3
Integrated 24 GHz Simulated Directional Cubic structure Microstrip 5G in Europe [17]
Multilayer Yagi gain: 10.9 dBi radiation side length = 10 section.
Antenna for 5G pattern with mm IoT Devices
main lobe in Dipole length = 3
the vertical mm
plane Gap = 0.3 mm
Director length =
1.68 mm
Reflector length =
3.47 mm
Miniaturized Dual-band: W/O virtual - Single antenna Single-ended Indoor [18]
Virtual Array Lower band: ground: element: (in mm) feeding based applications in
Dual Band 2.4 GHz - Lower band: length_1 = 10; on the factories and
Loop Quasi- 2.48 GHz 1.59 dBi length_2 = 4.5; antenna shopping malls:
Yagi Antenna (Wi-Fi) Upper band: Wm_1 = 10.5; design Remote
Design for 5G Upper band: 4.7 dBi Wm_2 = 8.75; tracking and
Application 3.4 GHz - 3.8 With virtual dist_1 = 0.5; control of
GHz (sub-6 ground: dist_2 = 0.5; automated and
GHz 5G) Lower band: thick = 1.5; gnd = mobile systems
5.0 dBi 4.2; L1 = 22; L2 = using 5G
Upper band: 38 technology
6.84 dBi Virtual ground
plate:
58 mm x 58 mm
Broadband and Designed for Single Primarily Single element: Unequal 5G [19]
Miniaturized 5G NR bands: element: radiates in the 3.05 mm x 5.56 mm microstrip communication
Antenna-in- n257 (26.5- higher than 4 endfire (0.25λ0 x 0.45λ0 at power divider (24.25 GHz to
Package (AiP) 29.5 GHz), dBi within the direction (0°) 24.25 GHz) for the array 40 GHz bands)
Design for 5G n258 (24.25- entire band Simple
Applications 27.5 GHz), (24.25 GHz to coplanar
40 GHz) waveguide

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and n260 Array: higher (CPW) for the

(37-40 GHz) than 6.2 dBi single
element

4.2.2. Planar and Printed Yagi-Uda Structures

Planar and printed Yagi-Uda antenna configurations are being developed for compact, easier-to-integrate designs.
These designs exploit low profile, lightweight, and conformance capabilities, enabled by printed circuit board or thin
film fabrication.

A Yagi-Uda antenna designed for 5G uses a printed monopole driver on an FR4 substrate. It achieves -36 dB return loss,
and 640 MHz bandwidth, meeting 5G requirements. Its compact, high-gain design makes it suitable for 5G microwave
circuits [20].

A printed Yagi-Uda antenna with corrugated dipole and capacitive extension delivers enhanced gain for millimeter-
wave mobiles. Reflectors and director enable high gain and efficiency to overcome path losses. Its radiation pattern and
low coupling suit MIMO, ensuring diverse signals and reduced interference. The compact design enables seamless
mobile integration [21].

A microstrip Yagi antenna on FR-4 uses a corporate feed to connect two branches, achieving 9.5 dB gain. Parasitic
directors and reflectors enhance performance by improving signal quality and range, essential for 5G high-frequency
needs [22].

In summary, the development of planar and printed Yagi-Uda antenna configurations is aimed at providing more
compact and integrated designs for 5G applications. The printed monopole antenna on an FR4 substrate achieves 6.9
dBi gain, -36 dB return loss, and 640 MHz bandwidth, making it suitable for 5G microwave circuits. Novel printed Yagi-
Uda antennas with a corrugated strip dipole, capacitively coupled extension, reflectors, and director provide enhanced
gain and efficiency at millimeter-wave frequencies, enabling good performance for 5G MIMO systems.

Table 4 Comparison Table of Yagi-Uda Antennas under Planar and Printed Structures

Antenna Frequency Gain Directivity Dimension Feeding Application Ref.

mechanism
Design of Designed for Average gain Directional Substrate size: 50 Microstrip fed 5G [20]
printed Yagi- central of 6.9 dBi in antenna with mm x 50 mm communication
antenna for frequency the range of good systems
5G (f0) of 3.5 3.4 GHz to 3.6 directivity
communication GHz GHz
Bandwidth: Maximum gain
640 MHz of 6.9 dBi at
(3.24 GHz to Ɵ=90° and
3.88 GHz) ψ=270° (E-
plane and H-
plane)
Dual-band Dual-band Simulated: Radiation Parameters (mm): Mic strip line 5G mobile [21]
(28/38 GHz) (28 GHz and 8.84 dBi at 28 pattern: End- La = 2.4; Lt1 = 3.62; with a phone MIMO
Yagi–Uda 38 GHz GHz, 9.97 dBi fire pattern Wr2 = 1.0; transition to a antenna
Antenna with at 38 GHz suitable for Lr2 = 3.4; Wt2 = coplanar strip systems
Corrugated Measured: 8.7 MIMO systems 0.62; Lt3 = 2.5; line
Radiator and dB at 28 GHz, WG = 6.72; Lext =
Triangular 9.5 dB at 38 0.8; Wt1 = 0.5;
Reflectors for GHz Lt2 = 4.02; Dr =
5G Mobile 1.95; Ld = 2.79;
Phones Wt3 = 0.35; Wr1 =
1.0; Lr1 = 7.6;
Wext = 0.2

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Design and Designed for One branch Highly Substrate size: 65 Microstrip Wi-Fi [22]
Analysis of Wi-Fi design: 6.69 directional mm x 80 mm line feed with application
Microstrip Yagi frequency dB - 6.89 dB with main lobe quarter-wave (IEEE 802.11
Antenna for range (5.15 (depending on forward transformer standard in 5
Wi-Fi GHz - 5.875 the number of Front-to-back for impedance GHz band)
Application GHz) parasitic ratio of 17.8 matching
Operating elements) dB
bandwidth: Two branches (simulated)
5.47 GHz - (proposed
5.57 GHz design): 9.5 dB
Resonant (16%
frequency of improvement
5.8 GHz for from one
single branch)
element
design

4.3. Reconfigurable and Adaptive Yagi-Uda Antennas for 5G

4.3.1. Dynamic Beam Steering and Pattern Reconfiguration

Yagi-Uda antennas enable dynamic beam steering and pattern reconfigurability. Electronic beam steering targets
receivers to enhance signal quality and minimize interference - crucial for 5G beamforming and adaptive coverage.
Integrating tunable components allows real-time adjustment of the radiation beam.

One system uses a modified Rotman lens to feed the array, enabling 5-way beam steering over 45 degrees with less than
1 dB power variation between ports [23].

A 26-30 GHz 5G phased array uses Yagi-Uda elements. More directors enhance performance across scanning, even with
interference, for reliable 5G [24]. A phased quasi-Yagi with reflector, driver and directors enables beam steering and
mobile integration, providing wide bandwidth, high gain, and meeting SAR for handhelds [25].

Another antenna has a fan-beam pattern with a wide 256.72° HPBW and 11.16 dBi peak gain. It covers ±48° using beam
steering, crucial for wide 5G communication coverage. These enhancements enable effective 5G beamforming [26].

A shared-aperture quasi-Yagi has complementary pattern and polarization for 5G-NR. Combining even-odd modes
enables switching between omnidirectional, broadside and tilted patterns, enabling versatile, adaptable 5G antennas
[27].

Unsupervised ML can calibrate Yagi-Uda parameters. Adjusting director-driver distance controls phase to direct
radiation. This reconfigurable approach allows 60-degree scattering, improving signals in complex environments [28].

Yagi-Uda antennas are being enhanced with dynamic beam steering and pattern reconfigurability capabilities, crucial
for 5G systems, using techniques like modified Rotman lenses, phased arrays, and fan-beam radiation patterns. Machine
learning is also being explored to achieve wide-angle beam steering, essential for high-performance, adaptable antennas
required for 5G networks and devices.

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Table 5 Comparison Table of Yagi-Uda Antennas under Dynamic Beam Steering and Pattern Reconfiguration

Antenna Frequency Gain Directivity Dimension Feeding App. Ref.

mechanism
A 28GHz beam Center Simulated Electronically Parameters (in Rotman lens 5G [23]
switching Yagi frequency: gain of the steerable beam: mm) feeding an communicat
Uda Array 28 GHz antenna array: Main beam: w1 = 0.5; w2 = w3 array of ion base
using Rotman (millimeter- Varies from steer ±20° from = w4 = w5 = 0.4; L1 antipodal Yagi- stations
Lens for 5G wave band 8.3 dBi to 8.7 broadside = 2.1; L2 = 2.9; L3 = Uda antennas (covering a
Wireless for 5G dBi when direction. 2.5; L4 = 2.3; L5 = 45° sector)
Communication switching Covers 45° 2.1; d1 = 1.7; d2 =
beam ports. angular space 1.2; d3 = d4 = d5 =
symmetrically 0.8; wline = 0.34;
Scalable to wa = 0.48; La = 2.1,
cover 360° Da = 1

High- 26 GHz - 30 12 dB - 16 dB End-fire Single Yagi-Uda microstrip 5G [24]

Performance GHz (28 GHz (depending on radiation mode element: 5.35 mm feeding smartphone
Yagi-Uda is the scanning with beam- x 9 mm mechanism antenna
Antenna Array designed angle) steering Entire Antenna based on the
for center capability (0° to Array: 75 mm x design on a PCB
28 GHz Mobile frequency) 60°) 150 mm
Communication
s
MM-Wave 26 GHz 4.4 dB (single End-fire Single element: Coax-to- 5G [25]
Phased Array element) radiation Wsub × Lsub × hS = microstrip line smartphone
Quasi-Yagi pattern 60 × 120 × 0.8 with truncated antenna
Antenna for the mm3 (on Arlon Ad crown of vias
Upcoming 5G 350 substrate) around the
Cellular Linear array: Wa × coaxial cable
Communication La = 9 × 40 mm2
s (with 5 mm
spacing between
elements)
Quasi-Yagi 28 GHz 11.16 dBi Fan-beam with a modified ground Microstrip 5G mobile [26]
Slotted Array (target band: (simulated HPBW of plane with the feeding line terminals
Antenna with 27.5 GHz - peak gain) 256.72° dimensions of 31 ×
Fan-Beam 28.35 GHz) (hemispheric 70 mm was
Characteristics beam coverage considered.
for 28 GHz 5G in ±y direction) 1 × 8 array antenna
Mobile
Terminals
Compact 5G-N78 band Monopole Monopole 0.511 λ0 × 0.244 λ0 CPW-type 5G-NR [27]
Shared (3.30 GHz to mode (P1 mode: × 0.005 λ0 (λ0 is feeding with communicat
Aperture 3.80 GHz) excitation): Omnidirectiona the free space even-odd mode ion
Quasi-Yagi 3.15 dBi l with a tilt wavelength at 3.30 excitation (microcell
Antenna with Yagi antenna towards theta = GHz) application)
Pattern mode (P2 60°
Diversity for excitation): Yagi antenna
5G-NR 7.38 dBi mode:
Applications In-phase Broadside
excitation: radiation
4.53 dBi pattern in the Y
Out-of-phase to Z plane
excitation: In-phase
4.92 dBi excitation:
Tilted pattern
in the Y to Z

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plane with peak

radiation at -
45°
Out-of-phase
excitation:
Tilted pattern
in the Y to Z
plane with peak
radiation at
+45°
Design of 5G - Dual-antenna Directional Microstrip Patch Coaxial probe 5G [28]
Dual-Antenna total gain: 6.1 antenna with a Antenna: for the communicat
Passive dB scattering angle Patch size: 9.1 mm microstrip ion -
Repeater Based Improvement of nearly 60° (X-axis) x 8.5 mm patch antenna specifically
On over receiving (Y-axis) addressing
Machine patch antenna Coaxial probe blind spot
Learning alone: 2 to 6.1 radius: 0.8 mm, signal
dB (depending height: 0.64 mm coverage.
on Yagi-Uda Antenna:
transmitting Reflectors: 5.5 mm
power) (X-axis) x 2 mm (Y-
axis)
Directors: Varied
lengths based on a
multiple of
wavelength

4.3.2. Integration of Active Elements and Feeding Networks

Embedding active components in Yagi-Uda allows dynamic control of signal amplitude, phase and polarization. With
reconfigurable feeds, this enables adaptive radiation for changing 5G conditions.

A bi-Yagi or quad-Yagi array achieved gains over 10 dB and high F/B ratios. It integrates active elements and feeding
networks to enhance WLAN/mmWave performance. The 6-element structure has a driven patch, gap-loaded reflector,
and multiple directors. The feeding network excites multiple Yagi arrays in phase, boosting gain and directivity [29].

In summary, the Yagi-Uda antenna design allows for dynamic control over signal amplitude, phase, and polarization,
adapting to changing 5G network conditions. A study developed bi-Yagi and quad-Yagi arrays for enhanced
performance, achieving gains above 10 dB and high front-to-back ratios. The antenna structure includes six patch
elements, a driven element, a gap-loaded reflector, and multiple director elements. The feeding network uses a 50Ω
feedline and a quarter-wave transformer.

Table 6 Comparison Table of Yagi-Uda Antennas under Integration of Active Elements and Feeding Networks

Antenna Frequency Gain Directivity Dimension Feeding App Ref.

mechanism
Design of Designed for Single Quasi-endfire Described for each 50Ω feedline Potential [29]
microstrip bi- 5.2 GHz microstrip radiation element of the transformed to a applications
Yagi and Yagi array: (between single microstrip high impedance include
microstrip 11.6 dBi broadside and Yagi array line through a WLAN
quad-Yagi Microstrip bi- endfire) with Dimensions of bi- quarter-wave (WiFi,
antenna arrays Yagi array : maximum Yagi and quad-Yagi transformer WiMax) and
for WLAN and 13.4 dBi radiation at arrays not Feeding structure millimeter-
millimeter- Microstrip angles explicitly given, but on the same layer wave
wave quad-Yagi between 35° they are larger due as the antenna frequencies
applications array : 16.1 and 45° in the to the additional elements for
dBi E-plane elements simpler
fabrication

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4.4. Yagi-Uda Antenna Arrays for 5G Beamforming

4.4.1. Array Configurations and Feeding Techniques

Research on Yagi-Uda 5G arrays explores linear, planar and circular designs to improve radiation and beamforming.
Enhanced feeding networks, including corporate, series and series-corporate, distribute signals effectively through the
array.

A linear 2-element array, with 8 parasitic elements per element, on Rogers Duroid substrate. This microstrip Yagi-Uda
combines Yagi's directivity with microstrip's compact size and easy fabrication, suitable for vehicular and 5G [30].

A microstrip-fed Yagi-Uda dipole array, designed in Antenna Magus and CST, has a driven element, directors and
reflector. The microstrip feed enables a compact, lightweight design for mobile integration [31]. Another microstrip
patch array antenna combines Yagi elements with corporate series feeding for 5G communications. This results in a
compact, high-performance antenna suitable for the millimeter-wave bands used in 5G networks [32].

Edge-mounted arrays achieve wide 24-44 GHz TARC bandwidth with variable scan ranges and notable gains. Corner-
mounted arrays are less complex but have lower peak gains. Reducing mutual coupling and optimizing element spacing
is key for improving array efficiency [33].

In summary, the Yagi-Uda antenna array is being actively researched for 5G applications, with a focus on improving
radiation patterns, beamforming performance, and signal distribution through various feeding network configurations.
The designs offer promising results in terms of gain, bandwidth, and suitability for integration into mobile devices and
5G networks.

Table 7 Comparison Table of Yagi-Uda Antennas under Array Configuration and Feeding Techniques

Antenna Frequency Gain Directivity Dimension Feeding App. Ref.

mechanism
Linear array Center Simulated Directional Overall Microstrip Vehicular [30]
Yagi-Uda 5G frequency: gain: 10.5 dB antenna dimensions: 110 feed communication
antenna for 3.5 GHz (low (peak value) mm x 60 mm x 1.6 for 5G (3.5 GHz
vehicular band 5G) mm low band)
application Substrate
thickness: 1.6 mm
Microstrip-Fed Operating Simulated Unidirectional Simulated Microstrip 5G [31]
Yagi-Uda frequency: gain: 10.01 radiation dimensions: 140.1 feed communication
Dipole Array 3.4 - 3.8 GHz dBi pattern with a mm x 84.66 mm x devices
Antenna At (designed for Measured main lobe 1.6 mm
3.6 Ghz 5G gain: 6.1 dBi at directed along Measured
Frequency For applications) 3.6 GHz the 0° axis dimensions: 141
5G Application (similar to a mm x 85 mm x 1.6
Yagi-Uda mm (slightly larger
antenna) than simulated)

Four-Element The target Highest gain of end-fire Substrate: 16 mm × Corporate 5G [32]

Microstrip operating 9.5 dB radiation 15 mm × 1.6 mm series feeding communication
Patch Array frequency of pattern (for single element technique, applications
Antenna with the antenna design) which
Corporate- is 28 GHz. Overall antenna combines the
Series Feed (proposed advantages of
Network for 5G corporate series series and
Communication fed): 35 mm × 37 corporate
mm feed
networks.
mmWave Yagi- 22 GHz to 44 Original Steerable Not directly - 5G mobile [33]
Uda Element GHz (covers design: 5.4 to beam through specified in the text terminals
and Array on 3GPP 6.7 dBi (25 phased array but refers to
Liquid GHz), 6 to 7.1 approach clearance

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Crystal mmWave dBi (28 GHz), (linear or arc- distances in

Polymer for 5G bands) 7.7 to 9.2 dBi shaped array) relation to
(40 GHz) Scan range wavelength (λ)
Improved limited by − E-plane
design with mutual clearance: 0.6λ at
corner array: coupling at 22 GHz
slight gain lower (minimum)
improvement frequencies, − H-plane
over original improved by clearance: Not
design decoupling specified
modification

4.4.2. Adaptive Beamforming and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Systems

Yagi-Uda antennas are being integrated into 5G adaptive beamforming and MIMO systems. By combining beamforming
algorithms, MIMO processing, and Yagi-Uda's directionality, antenna arrays can dynamically steer beams for targeted
coverage, interference mitigation, and capacity increase - critical for 5G.

A MIMO system uses QYUA antennas designed for mmWave to achieve high isolation and performance. The CMOS 6-
layer design optimizes size and efficiency. MIMO configs with 2, 4, and 8 elements show improvements in key
parameters, supporting high-rate 5G and multigigabit communications [34].

In summary, Yagi-Uda antenna arrays are being increasingly integrated into adaptive beamforming and MIMO systems
for 5G, enabling sophisticated beamforming techniques through electronic control of signal characteristics. This
integration allows for dynamic beam steering, targeted coverage, interference mitigation, and increased capacity –
crucial for the successful deployment of 5G networks. The development of QYUA-based MIMO systems further
demonstrates the potential of Yagi-Uda antennas in supporting high-performance, multigigabit 5G and beyond
communication systems.

Table 8 Comparison Table of Yagi-Uda Antennas under Adaptive Beamforming and MIMO Systems

Antenna Frequency Gain Directivity Dimension Feeding Application Ref.

mechanism

A multiple- 60GHz - Focuses on end- Four elements with Coplanar Multigigabit [34]
input-multiple- (which is fire radiation, total length of waveguide communication
output on-chip unlicensed directing the 1.722 x 1.262 mm2 (CPW) systems,
Quasi-Yagi-Uda and suitable energy towards feeding particularly for
antenna for for the front, which mechanism is short-range
multigigabit applications is beneficial for used, with a communication
communication like video point-to-point transition to s at 60GHz,
s: Preliminary streaming, communication coplanar-slot relevant to 5G
study wireless to technology.
gaming, and accommodate
indoor millimeter-
networking) wave circuits

5. Conclusion
The evolution of Yagi-Uda antenna design has been remarkable, keeping pace with the ever-advancing field of wireless
communication. With the advent of 5G technology, the diversity in requirements has spurred a wave of innovation. A
plethora of methods have been developed to boost the antenna's performance and adaptability, catering to the
burgeoning needs of 5G networks. These enhancements include expanding bandwidth, amplifying gain, enabling
dynamic beam steering, and promoting seamless integration. Each innovation has tailored the Yagi-Uda antenna to be
more adept for specific 5G applications, demonstrating its versatility and importance in modern communication
infrastructure.

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Compliance with ethical standards

Acknowledgment
The researchers extend their gratitude to all contributors who made this literature review possible, with special
appreciation for Dr. Edwin R. Arboleda for his invaluable guidance. Sincere thanks are also offered to the authors of the
examined literature for sharing their findings in the specific field.

Disclosure of conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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